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By C. A. Stetefeldt

Jan 1, 1892

By AIME AIME

The following changes of address of members have been received at the Secretary's office during the period of March 15 to May 1, 1907. This list, together with the list of changes of address published in Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 14, March, 1907, supplements the annual list of members corrected to Jan. 1, 1907, and brings it up to the date of May 1, 1907. The names of members who have accepted election during March and April, 1907 (new members), are printed in italics. The large number of changes of address since Jan. 1, 1907; shows the importance of publishing these changes as frequently as possible, and the Bi-Monthly Bulletin has. been selected as the means to present this information to the members of the Institute. By the simple method of cutting out these names and addresses and pasting them directly over the corresponding names in the annual list of members, the record can be kept practically up to date, and the value of the list correspondingly increased. For this purpose the changes of address have been printed only on one side of the page. The names of new members, being in italics, are readily distinguished from the others, and can be pasted in approximate alphabetical order on the margins of the pages.

May 1, 1907

By H. Y. Hunsicker

A graphic method has been devised for three-di-mensional analysis of hot deformation and for correlating the amount and directionality of the deformation with resulting directional properties. Deformation is evaluated in terms of dimensional change ratios referred to three orthogonal axes. Since all combinations of the three ratios can be represented in a triangular coordinate field with logarithmic scales, a two-dimensional chart of extent of deformation and degree of asymetry is possible. The entire gamut of shape changes from upsetting through flat-rolling to rod-rolling is accommodated. The resulting coordinate system is a base upon which can be represented the properties of the wrought products measured in the directions of the axes employed fir evaluating the deformation. When property data are available for many types and amounts of deformation, a three-dimensional figure can be constructed, and the projection of this figure is referred to as a ''3d'' chart. Experience in using such charts to plan fabricating operations for a variety of thick-section forged and rolled products of heat-treated aluminum alloys has verified its practical value for optimizing directionality relationships. MechANICAL anisotropy of thick section products of heat-treatable aluminum alloys is recognized by producers and users of these products, and the extent of the directional differences is apparent in property tabulations included in handbooks, standards, and specifications.' Attention has also been directed to the existence of important directional differences in the resistance of these products to stress-corrosion cracking. Metallurgical structure factors responsible for these directional differences include, among other possibilities, shape and alignment of grains, voids and nonmetallic inclusions (when present), volume fraction and spatial distribution of secondary phase particles and solid-state precipitates, crystal-lographic textures, and Bauschinger effect. The contributions of the individual factors vary with alloy composition, heat-treated temper, type of working process (forging, rolling, extrusion), and the amount and directional nature of the deformation. In general, the cast ingot used as the starting material for producing these wrought products exhibits only a modest degree of directionality. A monotonic and continuous transition from this nearly isotropic state with progressive hot deformation would appear probable, assuming that the working temperature is sufficiently high to cause continuous dynamic recovery. Several years ago a project was undertaken to evaluate the effects of hot deformation and metallurgical structures on the directionality of thick wrought aluminum alloy products, and the method to be described was developed as an analytical tool in this investigation. DIRECTION NOMENCLATURE The nomenclature system adopted by industry for the three mutually perpendicular directions employed in testing aluminum alloy products includes four terms: "longitudinal", "transverse", "long transverse", and "short transverse". These terms are conventionally related to the external geometry of the product but also by implication to the deformation and resulting metallurgical structure. Occasions arise in which through use of unusual fabricating methods, intentional or otherwise, the structure does not have the usual relationship to external geometry or may be very complex because of inhomogeneity of deformation throughout the piece. The longitudinal direction is generally parallel to the primary rolling direction or to the direction of extrusion. In the case of forging, it is parallel to the direction of maximum extension (not maximum "working" or "flow", as frequently stated). The term transverse is applied to any direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction in a product having symmetry about the longitudinal axis, and generally, although not always, the deformation to produce these forms is nearly symmetrical in the transverse plane. This term then may be applied to a round, square, hexagon, or other polygonal, symmetrical shape produced by extrusion or rolling or by forging, if produced by a simple, symmetrical drawing procedure. The type of microstructure generally associated

Jan 1, 1970

By August Wendel

weight, and deflection, and recommends that the Pennsylvania Railroad Company denland that rails be made on specifications, based on these six variables, so narrow, that to fill them would cause the constant rejection of enormous quantities of steel, and a consequent enhancement of the price of rails, probably ten or twenty per cent., without any certainty that such rails would be any better than those the steel-mills are now making. I earnestly hope that the investigation which Dr. Dudley has so ably carried on will be continued. I hope the Pennsylvarlia Sailroad Company, or preferably a combination of several railroads, will institute the prolonged investigation which I think will be necessary to solve this deep problem; that they will take a hundred or more rails, watching and noting down carefully every detail of their manufacture as well as their analysis; that they will be carefully weighed before, during, and after service; that their crop-ends will be tested before service, and the rails themselves after removal; that all the sources of error which Dr. Dudley admits in the present investigation may be removed, and that enough facts may be gathered and tabulated so that the conclusions which may be drawn from them may be apparent to every one without labored discussion or heated argument. But I venture to prophesy that after this investigation shall have been completed, and a formula adopted which shall be satiefactory to both manufacturers and consumcrs, that formula will not be the one now under discussion. I hope Dr. Durlley will pardon me if I have been unduly severe in my criticism, and consider that I have written my remarks hastily and at a time which should have been given to needed rest. I differ with him only as regards the conclusions which he has drawn. I appreciate the value of his labors, and only make public my own conclusions in the hope of contributing to the advancement of the science of steelmaking, in which we are ail so deeply interested. Dr. August WENDEL, Troy, K. Y.: Dr. Dudley's last paper gives, certainly, very valuable and interesting information regarding the wear of rails under different conditions. His results concernillg the composition of rails, explotle, rather startlingly, some old theories regarding the wear of rails, and 1 think after his formula is silnplified it will be one good formula to work by. As he now arrives at the same conclusions reached ill his first paper, some of my remarks will apply to both, althougl~ I would

Jan 1, 1881

By B. B. Zavoico

Considerable progress has been made during the past year throughout the Russian petroleum industry. Perhaps the most remarkable achievement is the execution of the programs set out by the Central Planning Bureau of the Department of Commerce. These programs have been increased twice during the past operating year, necessitating drilling the richest reserves, instead of developing gradually as originally planned. The fulfillment of the set-out programs during the past few years makes therefore the present five-year plan of considerable importance to the international oil statisticians in approximating actual supply conditions up till 1933. The production of all Russian fields increased by 14,200,000 bbl. as compared with the 1927-1928 operating year, while the next year's program anticipates a further increase of 15,700,000 barrels. It appears therefore that production for 1932-33 will total 187,000,000 bbl., or approximately double that of the operating year just closed. It is also evident that the old fields are counted upon to produce only about 67 per cent. of the total, the new fields, not yet discovered, to furnish the balance of 33 per cent. The Soviet oil leaders therefore are hoping to have new fields discovered and developed by 1932-33. However, as in the past wildcatting

Jan 1, 1930

By W. E. D. Jr. Stokes

THE application of aviation to mining and petroleum operations, on the basis of economy and attainment, has become a demonstrated fact. According to Dominion Government records, 30. Canadian companies engaged in air transportation with northland mining camps, carried 13,000 tons of freight in 1935, and in 1936 carried 16,000 tons. In addition, many mining companies used planes to transport prospectors with canoes, outboard motors, gasoline drums and supplies to remote locations, and one company maintained a plane to take radium-bearing ore from its mine on Great Bear Lake nearly 1000 miles south to the rail-way at Waterways, Alberta. Heavy pieces of mining machinery weighing 2 tons are being carried by Ford trimotor planes over the Andes, at an altitude of not less than 15,000 feet. At Bulolo, New Guinea, 17,500 tons of disassembled gold-dredging equipment has been flown over inaccessible terrain, while supplies and building materials for a, community of 1000 whites have been transported by airplane. A 31..4-ton shaft was carried on one notable trip, while at another time an automobile, 2 tons of rice and a large safe went over the mountains in one plane. Fig. 1 shows an electric generator that was carried by plane to Bulolo. Many large American oil companies operated fleets of planes during 19:36, ranging from fast, luxurious air liners for executives to elaborate geological prospecting units, ambulance planes, freight carriers and pipe-line repair crews. According to the U. S. Geological Survey, commercial firms photo-graphed 16,291 square miles during 1935, while the Government compiled from aerial photographs by the Geological Survey in the United States 85,544 square miles. It was found that information could be determined in a fraction of the time required by surface methods.

Jan 1, 1937

By E. P. Mathewson

(Butte Meeting, August, 1913.) IN a discussion -of a paper on " The Basic Process as Applied to Copper Smelting," by Percy C. Gilchrist, read before the Society of Chemical Industry, London, Jan. 5, 1S91,1 Prof. W. C. Roberts Austen asked Mr. Gilchrist whether he thought that the substitution of a basic lining for acid lining in the Marshes process would afford anything like the service which it had been shown to render in the metallurgy, of iron. Claude Vautin stated that he had experimented for over two years with basic linings for Bessemer converters for copper mattes at Cobar, but had given up the attempt on the score of cost. Mr. Gilchrist in his reply stated that he did not believe in applying any system of Bessemerizing to copper. About the time of the presentation of the paper mentioned, Herman Keller, Superintendent of the Parrott smelter, in Butte, was experimenting on a large scale with converters lined with magnesite brick. He gave up the idea on account of the cost of linings and because no particular advantage was observed. My belief is that his tuyeres and converters were -too small. A short time; afterward similar experiments were tried at the Great Falls plant of the Boston & Montana Co., said at the Old Works of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. in Anaconda. These were abandoned on the score of cost and the lack of advantages. The same cause of failure, in my opinion, holds here. The Anaconda Copper Mining Co., however, adopted the magnesite brick lining for its tilting casting machines.

Jan 6, 1913

By Henry J. Sandri

The use of economic models for forecasting purposes is an inexact yet necessary tool for mineral decision making. One method not commonly used is cyclical analysis because of its "non-scientific approach". However, under certain circumstances a modified cyclical approach can provide useful insight to mining companies. The current paper discusses mineral modeling, the type of economic models and the use of cyclical forecasting for mining firms (not speculators) involved in precious metals.

Jan 1, 1984

By Homer Griffield Turner

The nature and comparative features of anthracite and bituminous coals have been discussed by the writer in two previous papers.' Although this paper is offered as a further contribution to the subject, it seems desirable at the outset to repeat some of the descriptive matter of the early works in order to show the actual connection between various constituents of both coals and the new photomicrographs and other physical and chemical properties. Structure of Anthracite and Bituminous Coals A lump of bituminous coal (Fig. 1) is readily seen to be composed of layers differing from one another in texture, luster and thickness. There are, in general, three kinds of layers, although only two are usually seen. One is deep black, very compact, and has a bright luster; another is grayish black, has a duller luster and is less compact; the third is black, dull and porous in appearance, but because of its thinness is not often seen except on parting surfaces. This last material is charcoal. American students of coal morphology use the names anthraxylon, attritus, and fusain to designate these three constituents of laminated coal. Anthraxylon refers to the brightest bands, attritus to the duller layers, and fusain to the charcoal. Close examination of a lump of bituminous coal shows the brightest deep black layers to be embedded in the duller grayish black laminae. These deep black layers are lens-shaped and vary in thickness from thin sheets to over half an inch. They are often so continuous through the lump that their tapering terminae are not noticeable. On careful examination the duller grayish black laminae (Fig. 7) are seen to contain many very thin sheets of this very bright black material. The charcoal

Jan 1, 1930

By L. J. Howell, A. S. Roy, H. H. Kellogg

KNOWLEDGE of the phase diagram of salt systems is important for selection of the optimum con- ditions for electro winning of the refractory metals from fused salts. This note summarizes the studies of the NaC1-rich portion (0 to 22 mol pct HfC14) of the NaC1-HfC14 phase diagram. Melts in this composition range have vapor pressures well below one atmosphere and melting points between 548° and

Jan 1, 1959

By Christopher G. Atwater

The object of this paper is to describe and discuss the progress that has been made, up to the present date, in the development of the modern by-product coke-oven. There are few members of the Institute who have not heard more or less of the by-product oven-installation, and there are many whose acquaintance with it is intimate and practical. Since the general opinion on the subject has hardly become crystallized as yet, it is hoped that this paper will at least furnish matter for discussion. In order to obtain an idea of the present status of the industry in the principal iron-producing countries, the following table has been prepared : Table Showing Proportion of Coke Made in By-Product Ovens in Various Countries. United Kingdom (1898, Mr. George Beilby). Short Tons. Per Cent. Coal coked in by-product ovens,. .. 1,400,000 7.9 Coal coked in blast-furnaces with by-product recovery,.......2,240,000 12.7 Coal coked in non-by-product ovens,. . 14,000,000 79.4

Jan 1, 1903

By W. L. Batt

MODERN war means mechanization, and mechanization means raw materials, especially minerals-and lots of them. Let me recall a few events of recent history-events that constitute mile- stones down the road to the war now blazing on three continents and threatening to spread still farther. In 1932, Japan took Manchuria, largely upon the excuse that she needed raw materials; in 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia, largely upon the excuse that Mussolini's growing nation needed raw materials-in this case oil; from 1933 to 1935, Germany cried out for a greater share of the world's natural wealth, and since 1938 has invaded or occupied ten other countries, frequently upon the excuse that she needed-and had a right to-more raw materials.

Jan 1, 1940

By M. R. Campbell

You have just heard several papers on the classification of coal as this subject appears to the chemist; I shall approach it from the point of view of the geologist who, perforce, has to deal with coal as it occurs in the ground and with the miner of coal who knows certain phases of the physical characteristics of coal better than the scientist can possibly know them. The chemist is familiar with coal as it reaches him in the laboratory, but he seldom has an opportunity to see it in its native condition and to study its physical characteristics and its behavior under varying conditions of weather, transportation and use. He naturally regards the chemical composition of coal as the all-important feature upon which to base a system of classification and he is sometimes inclined to ignore as unscientific any scheme of classification that is based on characteristics other than chemical. The geologist, on the other hand, although he is glad to use the data furnished by the chemist, must depend largely upon the differences that he can see and feel. Classification Understandable to the Layman In the very comprehensive program of examination of the coal fields of the West which the U. S. Geological Survey undertook in 1906, it fell to my lot, as the responsible head of the work, to classify the coals in advance of much knowledge of their chemical composition and in regions where mining had not begun. In this work I was forced to devise some sort of classification that would work practically and that would be understandable to the layman in the field. Much of the classification was based on the work of those who had gone before me, but in the low rank coals of the West the field was unoccupied and I was forced to devise a scheme embracing both chemical and physical characteristics. This scheme has stood the test of actual practical application for several years but it needs revision and the sharpening of the limits between the different ranks. I feel that my experience warrants my saying that physical characteristics must be considered and I have faith to believe that some scheme embodying both can be devised.

Jan 1, 1930

HENRY TRAPHAGEN, * Toledo, Ohio (written discussion t).-The occurrence of flakes in steel is a perplexing problem, if we consider this condition as a disease rather than a symptom. But if considered as an exaggerated phase of a common disease, flakes will be recognized as old and well-known enemies. I have frequently found flakes in open-hearth steel, converter steel, and even electric steel; and not only in the so-called alloy steels but in dead soft 12-point carbon castings. In fact, I have some twenty flaky test bars that came from a foundry that manufactures converter steel castings. The physical characteristics of such material are striking in their constancy, for the yield point and elastic limit are always high, the elongation is variable, and the reduction of area is nearly always negligible. Soft steels of this kind can easily be bent to an angle of 150° and the only bad symptom is the appearance of incipient cracks on the surface; when the carbon exceeds 30 points, the bending qualities are seriously affected; and when the carbon reaches the neighborhood of 50 points, the bars are generally pulled short. The elongation is peculiar in that it seems to take place along the whole length of the bar, giving a crinkly appearance such as is found in cast brass and monel metal. Of course, this elongation only takes place in the softer varieties of steel. I have stated that flakes in steel represent exaggerated symptoms of a common disease, and that disease is the presence of higher oxides of iron. In every instance that has come to my attention, this condition is coexistent with the presence of oxides in some form. In open-hearth practice when this condition occurs, almost invariably it will be found that the metal has been loaded with ore or that tons of rusty turnings were being melted. In converter practice, one of three conditions is nearly always present: bad cupola practice, the use of oxygenated pig iron, or faulty tuyeres. With the electric furnace, my experience is quite limited, but the few examples of flaky electric steel that have come to my notice were made from a charge of turnings and low-grade light scrap.

Jan 6, 1919

The Library is a cooperative activity of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. It is administered as a public reference library of engineering and the allied sciences. It contains 133,000 volumes and pamphlets, 6700 maps and receives currently most of the important periodicals in its field. In order to place the resources of the Library at the disposal of those unable to visit it in person, the Library is prepared to furnish lists of references to engineering subjects, copies or translations of articles, and similar assistance. Charges sufficient to cover the cost of this work are made.

Jan 1, 1933

By Robert G. Woolery, S. Ramachandran, James A. Weber, Donald J. Hansen

Union Carbide began looking seriously at heap leaching in 1971. At that time some 1.6 million tons of mineral averaging 0.40 kg U308 /t) (0.80 lb U308) were stockpiled at various sites around the Gas Hills, Wyoming, uranium facility. Several alternatives for economically exploiting these reserves were considered and heap leaching seemed the most attractive. At the time, Western Nuclear Inc. was operating a heap leaching project nearby in which the low-grade ore was leached with sulfuric acid, the product liquor treated in an on site solvent extraction circuit, and the stripped product liquor re-acidified and recycled. The operators were most generous in allowing us to visit their site and in answering our questions. They were also helpful in discussing the problems associated with heap leaching. Their experience confirmed our belief that it was possible to operate a heap leach profitably on material too low grade for conventional milling.

Jan 3, 1978

By Benjamin Gi ldersleeve

Uniquely colored, thin-bedded quartzite is quarried between Crossville and Crab Orchard in Cumberland County, Tenn. It is produced in all sizes up to the limits of transportation from beds usually ranging in thickness from less than 1/2 in. to 6 in. The stone is very resistant to wear and weathering and is marketed throughout the country for many different purposes in exterior and interior construction. The annual production exceeds 36,000 tons, valued at nearly $1,000,000.

Jan 1, 1950

By H. G. Moulton

The increasing scale of mining operations over the past decade, particularly in connection with the exploitation of large bodies of comparatively low-grade copper ores, has made necessary the study of the behavior of rock under failure. When extractions of as high as 40,000 tons a day are reached in steam-shovel operations and as high as 20,000 tons per day in underground mining operations, it is evident that excavations soon become of such size that the behavior of the rock will often be dependent on fundamental principles applicable to more or less homogeneous materials under stress, rather than on weathering or local planes of weakness. In the ordinary rock excavations encountered in civil-engineering practice, such as excavations for subways, highways, railroads, etc., rock faces are not carried to depths sufficient to develop any pressures, or consequently any failures, except those due to loose masses resulting from local planes of weakness. When, however, orebodies whose tonnage is measured by hundreds of thousands are to be extracted by steam-shovel operations in open pits, it is necessary to determine if possible in advance the slopes that the sides of the pits will assume, for these slopes influence the shape of the excavations and thereby the amount of ore that may be extracted by the open-pit method. When large orebodies are mined underground at depths of 300 to 500 ft. (91 to 152 m.) by caving methods, the surface subsiding as the ore is withdrawn, it is necessary to determine in advance the outermost limits of fracture in the subsiding surface, for on the delineation of these limits depends the location of surface improvements, mills, smelters, etc. and also the location of development work, such as hoisting shafts, main haulage levels, and all other underground openings that must remain undisturbed during the period of ore extraction. Heretofore, in civil-engineering practice, it has been assumed that earth and rock behave differently in failure. For the calculation of earth pressures, formulas are used in which the assumption is made that earth banks fail by sliding along the slope determined by the frictional resistance of the material. The line of failure and the resulting pressure is held to be dependent on the angle of repose, which is different for varying

Jan 1, 1920

W. R. CRANE, State College, Pa.-The use of mine models for instructional purposes, both in the classroom and for more general work, as in the engineer's office, is of so much importance that I was pleased to FIG. 1.-MODEL OF A TIMBERED STOPE. see Professor Stock's paper which supplements a fairly voluminous literature on the subject. I have been interested in model making for instructional purposes for nearly 20 years and have tried my hand at practically every phase of the work, and have also employed practically every kind of material that

Jan 1, 1918

Arthur Yates, lecturer in the mining department of the Royal School of Mines, London, died at Blackpool, on Feb. 14, 1923, at the age of 47 years. My first acquaintance with him was made in 1902, when taking over the management of the Redjang Lebong gold mines in Sumatra, of which he was the responsible metallurgical officer. For that position he was well qualified by reason of his previous experience with the Rand Central Ore Reduction Co., in South Africa, and particularly by his early training with the Cassel Gold Extracting Co., owners of the MacArthur-Forrest patents, and the first commercial company formed to work the then recently discovered cyanide process; in this connection, Mr. Yates had the advantage of working under J. S. MacArthur himself. Our association in Sumatra was maintained for six years, when I left. Mr. Yates remained and was eventually promoted to the management of the neighboring Soelit mine. During those six years and in the close association inseparable from life in an isolated mining camp, the sterling qualities which made him so good a man were unmistakable: industry and interest in his work, patience with everybody, a quiet and unassuming demeanor. On the exhaustion of the mine to which he had been promoted, he returned to England in 1913. In 1914, the Mining Department of the Imperial College was fortunate in securing his services. Hardly, however, had he settled down when the war broke out and he spent some years in the Cleveland District promoting the efforts of the Government toward greater output. Returning to college in 1919, Mr. Yates met the full flood of Service students. The qualities which made him a man amongst men in the world made him a man among students in the college; a senior student if you like. But, unsuspected, a dread disease had fastened itself upon him, making itself felt for the first time during the summer course he was conducting in the South Wales coal field, in 1922. Against its relentless onset he opposed the bravest optimism, and when at last he realized that he was going under, and was in fact dying, his pronounced regret was that he was leaving the boys. In his death, at the age of forty-seven, staff and students in the Mining Department have experienced a great loss, that of a reliable friend, and their deepest sympathy goes out to the young widow and son in their irreparable loss. S. J. TRuBcott.

Jan 1, 1923