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By John E. Greenawalt

In view of the increasing importance of sintering in the beneficiation of iron ores preparatory to their reduction in the blast furnace, the writer believes the time is opportune for an up-to-date, though brief, discussion of the general principles of sintering, as well as a discussion of some of the recent improvements and mechanical developments that have been achieved in this industry, its present trend and future possibilities. Sintering may be defined as the agglomeration of fine mineral particles into a porous mass by incipient fusion caused by heat produced by combustion within the mass itself. Its first successful application, in connection with the treatment of lead sulphide ores, was known as blast roasting. In this process the lead ore was given a preliminary roasting in a reverber-atory furnace, then the incandescent mass was placed in a pot with a grate and an updraft was applied. It was soon discovered that much better results were obtained by cooling the ore, moistening it, and placing it upon an incandescent layer of fuel previously placed upon a grate, and then applying the updraft blast of air until the charge was converted into a more or less agglomerated mass. The fuel was sulphur and the process one of desulphurization, which was the principal result desired. The application of downdraft to blast roasting brought about tremendous results; the principal one of which was that an air blast of high pressure could be passed through a layer of ore deposited on a grate, or on a grate covered by a layer of coarse porous material, without disturbing the particles of which the layer is composed. The air current is compelled to filter through the pores of the charge, whereas if the same pressure applied to the top surface of the charge with downdraft were applied to the bottom of the charge with updraft, the charge would be completely blow11 off the grate. Another result of reversing the draft was that a flame could readily be applied to the top surface of the charge for igniting purposes. Broadly speaking, sintering is an oxidizing or burning process, therefore the volume of air passing through the charge is the all-important factor. The air must pass through with sufficient rapidity to produce the necessary heat, and if sufficiently rapid the combustiorl will take place

Jan 1, 1938

By H. E. Brauer

PART I INTRODUCTION Among the zinc base alloys used for casting in metal moulds, particularly die casting, those alloys containing aluminum usually together with copper, are probably the most widely used. The reason lies in their desirable mechanical properties and the fluidity and absence of hot shortness which facilitate casting. Objection to the use of these alloys may bee raised on account of the rather frequent instances of failure of a type variously described as disintegration, exfoliation and intercrystalline corrosion. In all cases which have come to our knowledge where the conditions of service were known, failure has occurred upon exposure to moisture and heat varying from a hot moist atmosphere to high pressure steam. Moreover, the alloys described in all such cases contain impurities or alloying metals which the present authors have found to have enormous accelerating effects on intercrystalline oxidation in zinc-aluminum alloys. Thus Williams1 experimented with an alloy containing a large percentage of tin exposed in Cuba. Bauer2 reports failure of a boiler plug containing over 1 per cent. of impurities, doubtless lead for the most part, and Rawdon's3 examinations were made on an alloy containing 0.4 per cent. lead also exposed to the Tropics. No thorough investigation of the nature and cause of this type of failure has been made heretofore, so far as the authors are aware, although Rawdon correctly classified it as internal oxidation. We have, therefore, carried out this investigation in order to determine the exact nature of this phenomenon and the effect of other metals present as impurities or intentional additions in accelerating or-retarding it. In the appendix we include a considerable amount of data which may be valuable in selecting an alloy combining good physical properties with high resistance to oxidation.

Jan 8, 1922

By E. H. Wells, A. Andreas

New Mexico retained its position as the sixth largest oil-producing state for the year 1937 with a total production of 38,484,630 bbl. This was an increase of 11,680,184 bbl. over the 1936 production of 26,804,446 bbl., or a gain of 43 per cent. The production for Lea County during 1937 was 35,961,056 bbl.; for Eddy County, 2,136,251 bbl.; and for northwestern New Mexico (San Juan and McKinley Counties), 387,323 bbl. The average daily non-marginal well allowable for Lea County on Jan. 1, 1937, was 92 bbl.; at the close of the year it was 67 bbl. The average daily pipe-line runs were less than the allocations of the New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission, but slightly in excess of the state allowables recommended by the United States Bureau of Mines. The average daily production for the year was 105,437 barrels. The total number of completions in the state was 742, of which 638 were oil wells; 19 hydrocarbon gas wells; 5 carbon dioxide gas wells and 80 dry holes. Of the dry holes, 46 were in proven fields. Of these 46 dry holes, 13 were in the Artesia-Grayburg-Jackson-Maljamar area, Eddy County, two in the Getty Extension field, Eddy County, 11 in the Red Mountain field, McKinley County, three in the Rattlesnake field, San Juan County, and nine in the Aztec-Bloomfield area, San Juan County. There were only eight dry holes in the proven fields in Lea County. Southeastern New Mexico Lea County.—The Monument field was the largest producing field in Lea County, with 10,945,788 bbl., closely followed by the Eunice field with 10,927,929 bbl. The Hobbs field, formerly the largest producing field in Lea County, was relegated to third .place, with 7,292,522 barrels. Drjlling during the year closed the gap between the northern part of the Eunice field and the southern part of the Monument field. The wells in this area were relatively small, because of decreased porosity in the lime. The greatest activity in Lea County was in the Monument pool, with 199 completions, 197 being oil wells, one a gas well and one a dry hole.

Jan 1, 1938

By Samuel D. Warriner

(Wilkes-Barre Meeting, June, 1911.) THE dealings between concentrated capital invested in the conduct of our various industries and the combinations of labor known as "trade union organizations," have produced not only in the United States, but abroad, many novel methods of negotiation between employers and wage-workers. The size and strength of these organizations have destroyed the personal elements formerly governing the dealings between employer and employee and have produced various forms of trade-agreements now in more or less successful operation. The difficulty, however, has- been to secure consent of both parties to an equitable agreement. For this purpose there have been devised various forms of arbitration, either compulsory under the shadow of governmental legislation, or voluntary by mutual agreement. But these have not been altogether successful from a technical stand-point, for the reason that a compromise has generally been necessary, and in an effort to reach an agreement, terms have been made which have been neither fair nor satisfactory to either of the contending parties. The Anthracite Board of Conciliation represents one of the few thoroughly successful courts for the settlement of trade-disputes, if not the only one which has yet been evolved. The prestige of this board rests upon its successful treatment of the labor-troubles of the anthracite region for a period of more than eight years, and upon the fact that it has been able not only to reach decisions based upon the merits of the controversies, but to enforce its decisions upon both the employees and the employers. It has never been obliged to shape its conduct to secure the consent of the contending parties, and its decisions have been strictly and, in the main, cheerfully observed. The remarkable feature of this board has been that it has

Aug 1, 1911

By J. B. Umpleby

The function of gas in the development and production of oil has far-reaching consequences that should be emphasized. The technical aspects of the subject have recently had a great deal of attention but less thought has been given to fundamental concepts underlying oil and gas law and the many customs and practices that have grown up in the industry. I shall review briefly the advance in knowledge of the subject and attempt to relate these concepts to legislative, judicial and operating problems. Early writers on oil and gas in Pennsylvania noted their close association in oil pools and their contemporaneous decline in output; also, that as gas pressure decreases so does production, that new offset wells reduce the output of existing wells, and even that tubing a well lengthens its flowing life. Expanding gas was deduced as the principal expulsive force. These fundamental observations had been made at least as early as 1880.1 They were treated, however, as academic considerations and did not greatly influence law or practice for many years except to instill into all operators an urgent desire to hasten offset drilling in order to obtain as much of the flush as possible. The most noteworthy later advance in knowledge came in 1926 when Beecher and Parkhurst published their paper on Effects of Dissolved Gas upon the Viscosity and Surface Tension of OiL.² This paper added to the old idea of an expelling force the concept of a modifying agent that actually changes the physical characteristics of the oil and facilitates its movement through the pore spaces of the reservoir rock. Largely since the publication of this paper, intensive study and concerted effort have been given to means of using to a maximum, in producing oil, these combined properties of gas. This is shown clearly by the number of papers dealing with the subject, and the new and revived terms now widely used to express thought, such as the expressions gas energy, reservoir pressure, reservoir energy, gas-oil ratio, bottom-hole pressure, beaning, tapered tubing and back-pressure. These terms, some of which are

Jan 1, 1932

By Sadao Maruyama

INTRODUCTION Since the big discovery of Kuroko deposits in Kosaka mine, Akita Pref., northeastern Japan in 1959, major Japanese mining companies have been engaged in extensive exploration for the deposits expending large amounts of money. Above all their exploration activities have been particularly fruitful in discovering new deposits in northern Akita Pref. It is estimated that the total ore reserves newly found in the area are at least 50 million tons. Kuroko deposits are the most important ore source of copper, lead and zinc in Japan and have been mined since last century in the said area. Kuroko (black ore) is fine, compact aggregates with sphalerite , glena and barite as principal constituents and chalco- pyrite, pyrite and tetrahedrite as subsequent constituents. The name Kuroko comes from its appearance. It is not rare that total grade of copper, lead and zinc reaches 20 - 30% and the gold and silver content is also fairly good. Accordingly the unit value of the ore is much higher than the ore from other types of deposits. Besides the Kuroko ore, the Kuroko deposits consists of Ohko (yellow ore, massive cupriferous pyritic ore), Keikoh (silicious ore, cupriferous network ore) and gypsum ore. This type of deposit is considered to be not only an important source of base metal but also a source of gypsum and barite. Although the importance of this type of deposit had been commonly recognized, sub-surface nature of the occurrence hampered exploration work. In recent years the improved exploration techniques and increased knowledge of the Kuroko deposits have met with remarkable success in the location of new deposits. This outburst of exploration and dis-

Jan 1, 1970

By Henry M. Howe

THIS meeting was held at the home of the Institute in the United Engineering Society Building, 29. West 39th St., New York, N. Y., Feb. 18 to 21, 1908. The first session, held in the large auditorium Tuesday evening, Feb. 18, was called to order at 8 p.m. by Prof. Henry M. Howe, Past-President of the Institute, who welcomed the members and guests in a few cordial and well-chosen remarks. The following papers, accompanied by lantern-illustrations, were presented in oral abstract by their authors Swedenborg and Humboldt, by R. W. Raymond, New York, N. Y. Electric Power in Steel Mills, by David B. Rushmore and Karl A. Pauly, Syracuse, N. Y. At the close of the session, an informal reception in the offices of the Institute was tendered to members and guests. The second session, held in Assembly Room No. 1 in the same building, Wednesday, Feb. 19, was called to order at 10 a.m. by Prof. Robert H. Richards, Past-President of the Institute. Before proceeding with the papers on iron and steel, which were scheduled for presentation at this session, Mr. F. E. Junge, a representative of the gas-engine and electric motor industry of Berlin, Germany, gave a short oral discussion of the paper by Mr. Rushmore and Mr. Pauly, Electric Power in Steel Mills. Printed copies of the paper, Uniform Nomenclature of Iron and Steel, were distributed among the members and guests present, and the request was made for a later discussion of this important subject by letter. This paper constitutes the Report of Committee No. 24, of the International Association for Testing Materials, which was presented at the Brussels Congress in 1906. The following paper was presented in oral abstract by the author

Mar 1, 1908

By Frank Firmstone

The furnace from which the brick here referred to were taken, was lined under my supervision and blown-in in May, 1902. It was 75 ft. high and 18 ft. in greatest diameter, and used coke to smelt a lean magnetic iron-ore. The lining was put in as follows:—First, blocks 14 in. long by 6 in. thick; second, 2 in. of loam; third, 13.5 in. of 9-in. fire-brick (one-and-ahalf brick wall) laid in English bond; fourth, red brick to within 2 in. of the iron shell; and fifth, 2 in. of slag-wool between the red brick and the shell. The brand of brick used has been known to me for over 20 years, and in my observation had always proved very durable, notably when used in a small furnace 50 k. high which treated the same magnetic. ore. On revisiting and examining the furnace in March, 1903, it was found that the whole of the lining of 14in. blocks at the top, and for an unknown distance (more than 20 ft.) below, had completely disappeared; and a few weeks later the 13.5-in. lining and the red brick at the top likewise vanished, and the furnace was blown out. N~twithstanding the complete failure of the lining higher up, measurements taken after blowing-out showed no unusual wear in the lower part of the furnace. The exact position in the furnace of the piece of brick-work used in the analysis, given below, is not known; but it came from between 30 and 40 ft. above the bottom. It had formed part of the 13.5-in. wall (no 14-in. brick remaining at that level) and consisted of parts of several bricks so firmly sintered together that fracture occurred indifferently through the joints and through the body of the brick. The joints could, however, be traced by a close examination. The surface which had been in contact with the material in the furnace was covered with a yellowish, translucent glaze, somewhat vesicular, and from

Jan 1, 1904

By Howard N. Eavenson

AN analysis of the bituminous coal situation by an authority who traces the production, mining, safety, markets and labor trends in comparison with other fuels. BEFORE 1918 the production of coal experienced a steady growth, with slight recessions in ouput in only twelve years (1837, 1841, 1852, 1855, 1861, 1874, 1876, 1889, 1894, 1905, 1909, 1914), and in each of these cases the loss was recovered in the following year and the increase continued. In each decade the output was doubled. Prices, while not high, allowed some profit. In 1918 during World War I, an output of 580 million tons was reached and with the exception of 1923 this total was not again reached until 1942, in World War 11. Losses of output in this period were much greater than ever before; in 1932 the total was 270 million tons less than in 1918 or 1923, and the loss after 1923 was not recovered until 1942. The greatest output was 631 million tons in 1947.

Jan 1, 1950

By Walter Miller

DURING the second year of America's active participation in the war the main objectives of the petroleum refining industry were again to provide the four most important product needs for war: 100-octane aviation gasoline, toluene for TNT production, high-quality lubricating oils for the needs of aviation and the armed forces, and petroleum chemicals for synthetic rubber manufacture. All other materials supplied by the petroleum industry took an inferior priority ranking, depending on the degree of essentiality. To accomplish the above objectives the industry initiated and carried on a building program during 1942 and 1943 which will put those two years down in petroleum refining history as the greatest construction years of all time, a record which will hold for decades to come. Led by an estimated total of $900,000,000 going into 100octane and contributory plant investment, it is easy to picture a total of two billion dollars and more going into additional refining-industry plant investment during 1942 and 1943, most of it privately paid for, but a substantial part covered by R.F.C. Government money financing.

Jan 1, 1944

By L. E. Porter

The demand for crude oil on the Pacific Coast during the year 1945. was so acute that the California crude supply had to be augmented by tank-car imports from the Texas and Rocky Mountain fields. Crude imports reached a high of 64,800 bbl. per day during June, with a total of 14,259,000 bbl. imported during the first 11 .months. The U. S. Navy also implemented the crude output from California pools by drilling and completing approximately 300 wells in the Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 (Elk Hills), from which an established production of 65,000. bbl. per day was reached in late February and maintained until Aug. 17, 1945, when it was reduced to its preprogram level of 15,000 bbl. per day. Even with the conclusion of the Pacific war on V-J day (Aug. 14), the military petroleum product requirements have permitted little material reduction in output of California crude to prewar rates. During the year, a total of 327-760,000 bbl. of crude was produced, or 19 per cent of the total crude production within the United States during the same period, as compared with 310,996,000 bbl. or 18.4 per cent of the nation's crude production in 1944.

Jan 1, 1946

By T. L. Joseph

A study is made of the amount of solution loss necessary to maintain the reducing power of the gas stream in the blast furnace. Curves are presented to show the effect of solution loss, moisture in the blast, and carbon dioxide from the flux on the nitrogen in the THE blast furnace process is based upon the counter flow of gases and solids. As CO, N, and H, flow upward from the combustion zones, oxygen is acquired from the descending charge. In the reduction of iron ore, a portion of CO is converted to CO, and similarly a portion of H, is converted to water vapor. The inert N,, from the air used in combustion, passes through the furnace with little change. Its concentration is, however, decreased by reactions such as direct reduction and solution loss which increase the volume of CO in the gas stream; Similarly the evolution of C02 from the limestone also dilutes the nitrogen. he purpose of this paper is to illustrate an idealized and simplified method of studying furnace processes by following changes in the gas phase between the tuyeres and the stock line. A more specific objective is to evaluate the effect of solution loss upon the CO/CO, ratio in that region of the furnace in which FeO is reduced to metallic iron. This last stage of reduction requires relatively high CO/CO, ratios to exceed the equilibrium requirements. Solution loss or the reaction of COZ with C to produce CO has a pronounced effect upon the ratio of the carbon gases and is necessary to maintain the reducing power of the gas stream if the consumption of coke is low. It will be explained later that indirect reduction followed by solution loss is stoichiometri-cally equivalent to direct reduction. Calculations will be made to show how the composition of the gas in the region of the mantle varies with coke consumption and with different amounts of solution loss. Such calculations show the condi- tions under which gasification of C with oxygen in the charge is needed to maintain the reducing power of the gas. Equilibrium conditions for FeO and the carbon gases will be used to establish a minimum CO/CO, ratio below which reduction will not proceed. The manner in which carbon is gasified in the furnace, at the tuyeres with oxygen in the air or above the tuyeres with oxygen from the charge, will be a basic feature of all calculations. It is hoped that greater interest in the use of top gas as a means of following furnace reactions will be aroused by the calculations and generalized curves which are presented. Bosh Gas Equations Subject to some alteration by the amount of moisture in the blast and by direct reduction, the gas leaving the combustion zones of a blast furnace has a definite composition. Because a relatively small amount of oxygen is acquired from the charge in the bosh and in the crucible, the products of combustion undergo little change until they enter the shaft. Bosh gas is, therefore, essentially the products of combustion of carbon in a deep fuel bed with air. The relative weights and volumes of reacting materials are expressed by the equation: 2~ + 0? + 3.76N, = 2C0 $ 3.76NZ [I] Air Bosh Gas -air = 79% N? = 3.76) 21% 02 Starting with a known mass of C consumed largely by air, Eq 1, but partly by water vapor, Eq 2, the volume and C + H2O = CO $ H? [21 composition of the bosh gas can be calculated and subsequent changes followed as reactions take place at various elevations in the furnace. As shown in

Jan 1, 1952

W. S. GRESLEY, Erie, Pa. (communication to the Secretary): A six-entry method of opening coal-mines is, or was a short time ago, practiced in the Connellsville coal-region; but Dr. Chance's method has a novel aspect; for while in the Connellsville region the main pillars are formed outside of two pairs

Jan 1, 1901

By E. J. Ripling

TUBES may be produced by a large number of forming processes, the most common of which will be discussed analytically in this paper. In no case will the stress analysis for any given tube producing process be derived formally for where such analyses are available, they may be referred to readily. Rather, emphasis will be placed on the interpretation of the theory of the different processes, few of which are developed to a state that will allow rigorous mathematical analyses, in an attempt to give a rational description of the effects of the different variables involved in each method. Tube producing methods can be divided into two groups: Those used to form shells, and those used to further work these shells into a shape more suitable for their final use. Among the first group are included roll piercing, extrusion and cupping for seamless shells, and bending with welding for welded tubes. The re-forming processes include sinking, drawing with a plug, and drawing with a rod. Only the plastic forming operations will be discussed here; other forming processes such as casting shells will not be considered. PRODUCTION OF SHELLS Shells for Seamless Tubing Piercing: The extremely important process of forming an axial hole in a billet by oblique rolling never has been analyzed satisfactorily, although a certain amount of experimental work relating to this process has been conducted. There are a number of factors that make piercing difficult to analyze; one of these is the fact that piercing is not a problem in plasticity, but one in fracturing, and the laws of fracturing are even less well understood than those of plasticity. If, however, it is assumed that fracturing occurs on a surface as a result of tensile stresses acting normal to this surface, piercing can be analyzed qualitatively by examining the stresses established in the oblique rolling process. To determine the origin of the tensile stresses that are thought to effect piercing, it will be necessary to know the angular relationships between the maximum stresses that are established in piercing. These angles quite frequently can be determined in a plastic deformation process by an examination of the deformed product. For example, consider the stresses established when a tensile test is conducted on a rectangular cross-sectional specimen of pearlitic steel. When stretched, this material first flows plastically, exhibiting the well-known yield jog on a stress-strain curve. The formation of the slip areas that give rise to the yield jog can be detected during the straining, since these flowed areas cause depressions on the specimen surfaces which can be seen if the surfaces are polished highly. The plastically strained areas also can be found after the specimen has been stretched to a strain not exceeding the yield jog, by sectioning the test piece and. etching these sections with Fry's etch. With this etchant, it is possible to dis-

Jan 1, 1951

By T. Egleston

The importance of condensing the gases which escape from furnaces so as to save both the fine particles of ore carried off mechanically and those which are volatilized, has for a long time occupied the serious attention of metallurgists in all parts of the world. It was my good fortune during the last summer to visit the lead and silver works at Ems, near Coblentz on the Rhine, and through the politeness of Mr. Freudenberg, general director of the works, to study in detail their methods of condensation, and to receive from him the important results which have been obtained through a series of experiments lasting over a number of years. I have thought, that these results would be of great interest to the members of the Institute and to other metallurgists in the United States, and I have, therefore, with the assistance of Mr. Freudenberg, prepared a careful, detailed description of the construction of the flues, as well as an account of the various experiments which have been made with them, and the conclusions arrived at as the result of these experiments. It may be said, in general, that the reason why so little attention has been paid in the metallurgical works of the United States to the collection of flue-dust, is that we are not generally aware of the large amount of material carried off by the gases. This is owing partly to the fact that little or no attention is paid to the subject, and also to the fact that the assays, which are almost invariably made in the dry way, show a result so much below the real contents

Jan 1, 1883

By S. F. Emmons

Br far the greater number of the members of this Institute are men who are engaged in the strenuous work of the technical part of their profession, and find little time for the abstract scientific work which is less distinctly practical and pecuniarily emunerative. There is, however, a small but increasingly numerous class whose members devote themselves to broad geological problems which underlie the systematic development, and whose work, theoretically, ought to precede and form a basis of that of their more practical brethren. These are the so-called mining or economic geologists, who are, for the most part, connected with State or National geological surveys. From the character of their work, the life of these men necessarily follows rather different line's than that of most of their colleagues, and is not generally familiar to them. It seems admissible, therefore, that to the life of a prominent member of this class, who died during the past year, having literally sacrified his life to his work, a more extended notice should be given than the relatively small number of his contributions to the Transactions might seem to justify. George Romans Eldridge, son of Ellery and Sarah (Mathews) Eldridge, was born on Cape Cod at Yarmouth, Mass., Christmas day, 1854. His boyhood education in the public school at Yarmouth was followed by a six years' course in the Public Latin School at Boston, from which lie entered Harvard Uni¬versity in 1872, being graduated with the highest rank in his class in the natural sciences in 1876. During his college course he spent the summers of 1875-6 at Cumberland Gap, Ky., as volunteer aid to Prof. N. S. Shaler, who was then in charge of the State Geological Survey of Ken¬tucky. This vacation work, undertaken by him rather as a pastime, gave him his first leaning toward geology. Soon

Mar 1, 1906

By Mark David Rankin

This paper represents a general assessment of the primary factors driving the market for mobile offshore drilling rigs and the utility of those factors as choice variables for the offshore drilling program planner.

Jan 1, 1982

By L. J. Ingvalson, Roy H. Miller

IN 1948, as part of a program to expand the copper tube mill facilities of the American Brass Co. plant at Kenosha, Wisconsin, plans were formulated to convert the 100 ton capacity anode casting furnace at the Great Falls, Montana plant of the Anaconda Co. to the production of 3 in. phosphor -ized billets. The furnace was rebuilt completely and construction was started on an addition to the building. Members of the Great Falls staff visited various billet casting plants to draw upon the experience of other producers of this type of casting. Many features of other plants were incorporated into the Great Falls plant but, in addition, many new designs were made and perfected to make the plant the most advanced of its type. Construction was begun in 1949, with the intention of having the plant in production in the early part of 1951. In January 1951, as the plant was being rushed to completion, the government placed restrictions on the production of copper tubing. As a result, work was halted and the plant lay idle for two years. Interest was reactivated in May 1953 with the lifting of restrictions on copper. Plans were laid to go into production in July and the first charge was taken out July 1, 1953. Basically the plant is designed to produce from cathode copper a 3 in. diam billet, 50 in. long. weighing 110 lb, and containing 0.013 to 0.036 pct P, at a rate of 150,000 Ib per operating day. These billets are to be pierced and drawn into tubing. Furnace The furnace is a 100 ton capacity reverberatory type, gas fired furnace; 21 ft long and 9 ft wide. Gas is introduced to the furnace through two 38 hole Mettler gas burners. These burners are of chrome nickel alloy with four jets per hole. The furnace is charged with cathodes from the Electrolytic Copper Refinery plus return scrap from the casting operation by means of a Wellman Seaver Morgan Co. 7,000 lb capacity charging machine. The charge crane has a 20 ft boom and fork peel provided with an air ram to push material off the peel. The machine travels on overhead tracks and can be moved in any direction. The boom can be raised and lowered and swung through an arc of 180". With well stacked units of 6,000 lb, an experienced operator can put the first charge into the furnace in 40 min. After charging, the steel framed silica brick charge door is put in place and sealed with clay. After melting and skimming off the slag, the copper is blown until an oxygen content of 0.40 pct is reached. The metal is then heated to 2180°F, covered with coke, and poled. Poling is continued until a 3 in. diam test billet, 8 in. long, shows a flat set. The oxygen content is usually 0.030 pct at this time. At the end of poling, a temperature of 2160" to 2180°F is desired. In the side of the furnace opposite the charging door is the taphole slot, extending 36 in. upward from the bottom of the furnace. It is 4½ in. wide at the outside face and widens to 9 in. at the inside face of the furnace. It is filled with a wet mixture of sand, fireclay, and crushed coal. Flow of metal

Jan 1, 1957

Carlisle: This is April 19, 1961. My good friend Dave Irwin is sitting on the other side of the tape recorder. We are at Rose Dhu Island, Savannah, Ga. Now, let's begin with your first job, where and what was that? Irwin: I started out to Arizona, looking for a job and wound up in Morenci. The next morning I applied at the mine office and was put on as a sampler. I worked as a sampler and as an assistant to Frank Pelton, the geologist, for a year, after which I went back to New Haven to take my last year of postgraduate work. After getting my degree, I went back to the Southwest with W. Rowland Cox and Staff, supposedly as a geologist. Q: But that was not when he was with Spurr? Irwin: That was after he had left Spurr. Henry Smith was with the Spurr end of the outfit and I happened to drop into the W. Rowland Cox end. My first job with him was to do some work on a prospect above Metcalf, Ariz., and from there I would go out on short reconnaissance trips in Arizona, New Mexico and old Mexico.

Jan 6, 1964

DAVID WHITE,* Washington, D. C.-This paper is very timely since the Philippine Islands are presumably open to the enterprise of the American driller, whereas much of the territory in that part of the world is closed to us. The United States has ambitious plans for the operation of a great merchant marine, which is to be oil burning in the main, and it takes but a glance at the world map to see the strategic advantage of oil supplies in the Philippines for such marine operations. It is a little difficult to understand why more attention has not been given to the Philippines, in spite of the difficulties attending development in these islands. A number of American oil companies are, I believe, at the present moment taking an interest in the possibilities of the Philippines. Important factors in the formulation of opinion regarding the importance of the oil deposits of the Philippines, as brought out by Mr. Pratt,1 are the point of view and the breadth of experience of the examining geologist. The average oil geologist, whose experience has been mainly in the Appalachian region, the Mid-continent, or Louisiana, or possibly even in California, on seeing the narrowness of the basins, the closeness of the folding, and the presence of igneous rocks here and there, would be likely to draw unfavorable conclusions as to the possibilities of the Philippine Islands. Geologists visiting that region should be familiar with the geological conditions of oil occurrence in Japan, Formosa, the East Indies, or in the Baku district, and their conclusions should be formulated with the knowledge and understanding of the occurrence of oil in those regions rather than in the United States.

Jan 8, 1920