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By Kenneth S. Ritchie

The natural emulsion samples used in this study were shipped directly from twelve California oil fields, through the courtesy of the superintendents of the main producing companies in those fields. Representative parts of each sample were chosen for the slides. Preparation of the slides was generally made in less than two minutes, including time of exposure; in a few cases, about five minutes was required. The short time was intended to minirmize the changes in conditions. Whenever comparison was of value, standard conditions were established. Spreading by gravity was adopted instead of smearing. Cover glasses were not allowed to rest on the films. General Characteristics of Emulsions The main purpose of the general views (Figs. 1-16) is to illustrate the general characteristics of the dispersed droplets together with any other constituent or impurity that may be found in each emulsion. The magnification is given so that dimensions could be measured from the plates. The slides used for these views had spherical recesses; they gave the best light. Where crystals were intended to be shown in the picture a filter (green was the best') was usually used. Emulsions that showed a tendency to move by concentrated light were pictured without a condenser.

Jan 1, 1931

By P. V. Faragher

A METAL or alloy finds its place in commerce in proportion to its ability to serve certain purposes better and more economically than other materials. While there is some overlapping of the fields of application of the various metals under discussion in this symposium, each one has its uses for which it is especially adapted. While aluminum is the most recent of the metals to enter the field, the development of the industry has been based on its peculiar properties, by virtue of which new uses for non-ferrous metals have been created. There has been substitution of this new metal for other members of the group but there has been a far greater development in entirely new fields. In common with the other non-ferrous metals, aluminum is resistant to atmospheric corrosion. It also withstands the action of many of the common chemical reagents, strongly alkaline substances being the notable exceptions. The outstanding properties on which the application of aluminum is based are its low specific gravity and its ease of fabrication into the forms in which it is used. It is noteworthy that this property of specific lightness is retained in all the commercial aluminum-base alloys. This statement does not apply to aluminum bronze; this is more properly a copper-base alloy, since aluminum enters into its composition to the extent of only about 10 per cent. None of the commercial casting alloys of aluminum has a density exceeding that of the parent metal by more than about 10 per cent., and some are actually lighter. In the so-called "strong alloys" of aluminum in which strengths comparable to that of mild steel are developed by heat treatment, the greatest increase in density is only slightly more than 3 per cent., and one of these, also, is lighter than aluminum. This property of lightness combined with the desirable mechanical properties of the alloys, makes aluminum especially suited for parts of moving assemblies where saving in power, as well as a decrease in stresses resulting from inertia and vibration, are of importance.

Jan 1, 1928

By Lord Marley

ACTIVE participation by the United States in the war acted as a stimulant on the Annual Institute Meeting in New York rather than a retardant as feared. Attendance was about 10 per cent under the all-time high reached last year, but considering the number of men who could not possibly come because of active military service and the additional number who are devoting their whole time and effort to turning out vital war materials, the registration was really greater than might have been expected. But all in all the Institute put on a show that taxed the capacity of the Engineering Societies Building as well as the capacity of the visitors to find time to attend everything that promised to be of interest.

Jan 1, 1942

By W. G. Matteson

The Gulf Coastal plain of the southern United States is that area bordering for a large part, the Gulf of Mexico and extending inland and northward to the main interior highland region. It is more or less V-shaped and includes the States of Florida, extreme southern Alabama, all .of Mississippi and Louisiana, the eastern and southern half of Arkansas, and the eastern, southeastern, and southern portions of Texas. While the contents of this paper apply to. the Gulf Coastal plain in general, they are intended to refer more specifically to that portion of the plain included between the 90th and 97th meridians, and the 29th and 33d parallels, an area that may be described geographically as comprising western Mississippi, all of Louisiana, part of eastern and all of south-eastern Texas. It is within this area that numerous and prolific oil pools have been developed during the last 17 years.

Jan 2, 1918

By Thomas T. Read

REVIEWING the events of the year in mineral industry education, a certain amount of either amusement or irritation, depending upon one's viewpoint, can be derived front the section dealing with mining engineering in Walter B. Pitkin's "New Careers for Youth" which appeared during the summer. On p. 102 Prof. Pitkin says "The mining engineer is disappearing .. . because . . . the profits of mining decline rapidly with the age of the mine." In his "Are Too Many Students Taking Mining Courses?" published in the May issue of this journal, W. B. Plank presents statistics showing that there was some decline in student enrollment in mining and metallurgical courses in 1932-3 and 1933-4, compared with 1930-31, but that the decline was proportionate to that in all lines of engineering study combined. Informal reports from Institute officials that have visited tinning schools during the fall indicate that nearly all schools showed an increase in enrollment for the current school year. Pre else statistics will be made available by Prof. Plank at the Annual Meeting. His study last year provided, for the first time, accurate and complete information on the enrollment in mining schools, as well as the number of various courses and the degree granted, and it will be interesting to have comparable figures for this year. Prof. Pitkin's views on the future opportunities for mining engineers were discussed at some length - on pages 439-4.40 of the November issue of MINING AND METALLURGY.

Jan 1, 1935

The Goodman Mfg. Co., Chicago, builders of underground electric mining machinery, celebrated its 50th Anniversary on April 23rd. The company has a complete line of cutting machines, loaders, conveyors, locomotives, and shuttle cars for service in both coal and metal mines. The Joy Mfg. Co. has received, under the provisions of the Economic Cooperation Administration, an initial order in excess of $1,000,000 for equipment to be used in the mechanization of iron ore mines in France. While the equipment will be used in various privately owned mines, the order was placed through the French Society for the Development of Mechanical Mining. Included in the equipment are the company's recently developed hard rock loaders and shuttle cars. American Brake Shoe Co. has consolidated all operations of its Canadian subsidiaries into one corporation, the Dominion Brake Shoe Co. Ltd., Montreal, Canada. The products of Dominion Brake Shoe include brake shoes, track equipment, manganese steel castings, automotive brake lining, air compressors, and paint spray equipment. Exhibits of more than 2000 electrical products, processes, and techniques, ranging from precise aircraft instruments to complex working models of steel mill, textile and other industry equipment, will be displayed in the "More Power To America Special" when it makes its nationwide tour this spring. C. H. Lang, Vice-President in charge of sales for General Electric's apparatus department, said that the train will visit the country's key industrial centers for inspection by utility and industrial executives and municipal leaders. The train will be hauled by an Alco¬G-E two-unit, 4000-hp., Diesel-electric locomotive which in itself will be part of the unusual series of displays. Sizing of Excavators and Hauling Equipment. The Power Crane and Shovel Association has released a 24-page bulletin dealing with the proper sizing of excavators and hauling equipment, Technical Bulletin No. 3. Rubber Conveyor Belting. "Installation, Care and Maintenance of Rubber Conveyor Belting" is the title of a booklet just published by the Carlyle Rubber Co., New York. Power Transformers. The manufacturing procedure of Allis-Chalmers small power transformers is described in a new 28-page bulletin, 61B6094A, covering the core and coil unit, no-load tap changer, tank construction, cooling methods, oil preserving systems, bushings, terminal compartments, indicators and testing of transformers. Safety Equipment. General Scientific Equipment Co., Philadelphia, has released a 46-page, fully illustrated catalog on personal protective equipment and industrial safety devices. This new catalog covers respiratory devices, eye protection, hats, gloves, carboy pumps, drum pumps, and miscellaneous safety equipment for use in mines, industries, etc. Osmosalts. The Osmose Wood Preserving Co., Buffalo, N. Y., has issued a bulletin on Osmosalts, the wood preservative which, say the manufacturers, makes timber last three to five times longer, slashes maintenace costs, stops rot, and resists wood-destroying insects. Jigs. The Dorr Co. has acquired the Pan American jigs and they are now known as the Dorrco-Pan American jigs. Originally developed as a gold-saving device for dredges, the simplicity, ease of operation. efficiency, and negligible maintenance of these jigs have resulted in wide adoption on all types of placer operations, in the closed grinding circuits of gold mills, and on many applications where a coarse bed concentrate is separated from the ore gangue.

Jan 5, 1950

By C. C. Wright, R. J. Day

Although data on the exact tonnage of recoverable coal silt are not known, the quantity produced in 1943 was estimated to be over five million tons for the anthracite region of Pennsylvania alone. Since that time the recovery of the No. 5 buckwheat size previously included in silt estimates has increased greatly thus reducing the total silt tonnage. As a compensating factor, however, the methods of recovering silt previously escaping into the rivers and streams have been markedly improved so that the net figure may not have changed materially. Comparable estimates for bituminous coal are lacking, but undoubtedly the silt represents a significant tonnage. With the trend toward increased wet cleaning of the smaller sizes of bituminous coal, it is to be expected that even greater quantities of silt will be available in the future. The raw silt from anthracite collieries usually contains a high mineral matter content, but technological developments in fine coal cleaning have been making rapid advances and it appears probable that more extensive use of these methods will be employed in the near future. Bituminous coal silt in many instances contains a similar high mineral matter content. As with anthracite silt, however, the cleaning of this material, where necessary, appears both technologically and economically feasible. With a view to upgrading the size and value of silt, considerable laboratory and pilot plant work has been conducted by a number of organizations on what is commonly known as pelletization. Actually the process is one of extrusion in which the moist silt is extruded from a die in the form of rods, which usually break into relatively short lengths—a few inches long—as they fall from the die. Fig I is a photograph of some extruded 3/8-in. diam pellets and of the anthracite silt from which they were produced This technique of producing larger sized material from fines is by no means new, having been used extensively by the industrial carbon and clay industries for years.' The application of the process to coal silt appears, however, to be relatively new. The first major program of investigation dates back only to July 1945, when a group of engineers representing the Anthracite Institute, The Pennsylvania State College and the J. F. Pritchard and Co. conducted preliminary tests on the extrusion of anthracite silt at the Floridin Co. plant at Warren, Pa. Since that time these three organiza-tions—individually, together, and in cooperation with other interested groups— have actively pursued work on various phases of the problem. Much of the early history and details of the laboratory and pilot plant work by the Anthracite Institute, has been reported by Mulcey and Eckerd.2 It is the purpose of this paper to report additional information on the process, especially with respect to the factors influencing the quality and use properties of the product, and the current develop-

Jan 1, 1949

By AIME AIME

BUFFALO, Queen City of the Lakes, singularly accessible by land, water and air, will be the mecca for metallurgists throughout the United States and Canada during the week of the National Metal Congress, Oct. 3 to 7. Headquarters during the National Metal Congress will be the Hotel Statler and there on Wednesday and Thursday, Oct. 5 and 6, the Institute of Metals and Iron and Steel Divisions, A.I.M.E., will hold a series of technical sessions, the annual Science Lecture, a dinner and executive committee meetings. The American Society for Steel Treating, American Welding Society, Production Division of the Society of Automotive Engineers, the Iron and Steel and Machine Shop Practice Divisions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Wire Association and the American Drop Forging Institute will present a carefully planned program extending throughout the week.\

Jan 1, 1932

By Edward H. Bzirdick

THE territory under particular consideration in this article comprises portions of La Plata and Montezuma Counties, situated in the southwestern corner of Colorado, and around the base of the La Plata Mountains. (See Fig. 1.) In southeastern Utah and northeastern Arizona there are several mountain systems whose origin and structure are practically identical with the La Platas so that ore occurrences found in the latter can be hopefully looked for in the former. With this assumption, there is an area around the laccolithic ranges which offers promise for a successful exploration for gold ores. Ore occurrences of the Silverton, Telluride, Rico, or Ouray Districts will not be discussed, although in these areas the Mesozoic sediments are more or less involved within the ore-bearing complex. These have been intensively studied and developed. The idea is to set forth what my mining experience has been within the largely unaltered . Mesozoic horizon which remains around the extreme bases of the La Plazas. This, until recent years, has been almost entirely neglected by prospectors and operators and, so far as similar territory in Utah and Arizona is concerned, so remains.

Jan 1, 1934

By F. W. Clark

At the present time, when lixiviation versus amalgamation is being so thoroughly discussed by practical men, and published information is so meagre, the following tests, made by students in the mining laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, may be of interest to others. The ore experimented upon was obtained from the Sombrerete mines near Zacatecas, Mexico. A careful analysis of the dried sample resulted as follows : Per cent. SiO2,............62.79 S.............13.86 Al2O3............4.39 Fe,............11.26 Zn,............1.57 CaO.............2.91 MgO,........... 0.06 Cu,.............0.12 Pb,.............0.40 Sb and As,..........trace CO2,............2.35 Ag,.............0.16 99.87

Jan 1, 1886

By A. T. Yu

Over the last 80 years the conveyor belt has advanced from the troughed rubber belt to those with standard steel cable cores and those which can navigate curves or climb steep inclines. Now the latest generation of belt conveyors can claim hitherto unheard of capacities of 20,000 tph and single flight lengths well exceeding 16,000 feet. The stranded steel cable core belt is principally responsible for the spectacular improvement in load carrying ability of belt conveyors. The allowable working tension of these belts ranges from 2,500 lb per in. of belt width for 1/4 in. diam cable to 4,000 lb per in, for 3/8 in. diam cable. These ratings far exceed the 240 lb per in. per ply for rayon or nylon construction, and 30 lb per in. per ply for a lowcost cotton fabric.

Jan 1, 1970

I;. D. Godshall, Everett, Wash. (communication to the Secretary) : In Mr. Morse's interesting paper several statements occur which seem to require correction and comment. This is the more appropriate, since Mr. Morse has mentioned me by name, and has cited my "Review of the Russell Process,"* so that silence on my part might be taken as indicating an assent which I cannot give. On the first page of his paper Mr. Morse says that the " goingback " of chlorination was " the only difficulty encountered at Aspen," and adds that he has " never seen any explanation " of the cause. The plain inference is that he now fills this complete

Jan 1, 1896

By L. A. Norman

ANOTHER chapter in the history of Mother Lode mining is being written by operations in the Old Eureka mine near Sutter Creek, Amador County, California. During a two-year period (1938-1939), 85,517 tons of ore averaging 0.62 oz. gold per ton were mined and milled, as compared to the production of approximately 210,000 tons of 0.315-oz. gold ore during the preceding seven years. This is a repetition of mining history in the Mother Lode, where a period of prosperity has followed a long period of lean production. The location of this new ore in the hitherto unproductive hanging-wall greenstones and its mining and geological developments are most interesting. HISTORY OF THE OLD EUREKA MINE The Old Eureka mine, also known as the Hayward, Eureka, Hetty Green and Amador Consolidated, is in the most productive 10-mile length of the 120-mile long Mother Lode of California. The mine was first opened in 1852 with operations more or less continuous for the next 30 years. Production during this period amounted to $12,000,000 from an ore shoot 500 ft. long, which bottomed 1700 ft. below the surface. The shaft was continued as a prospect to 2065 ft. on the incline, where work was stopped in 1881. The mine was sold in 1916 by Hetty Green and the shaft deepened to the 3500-ft. level (3212 ft. vertically) by the new owners. Drifts were run on the 1700, 2100, 3000 and 3500-ft. levels, together with approximately 1500 ft. of crosscuts. No ore was found and work was abandoned in 1921. The present owners, the Central Eureka Mining Co., purchased the mine in 1924 after threatened litigation over rights to the rich ore shoot being mined from the lower levels of the Central Eureka mine on the south. Rehabilitation of the shaft commenced in 1926 and in 1930 mining on the old 2100-ft. level was started. While efforts of the previous owners had been directed for the most part toward the area south of the Old Eureka shaft and adjacent to the productive Central Eureka mine, the present owners started drifting northward on the old 2100-ft. level. On the 2000-ft., 2100 and 2300-ft. levels, drifts were run in part along the

Jan 1, 1939

By K. Huessener

INTRODUCTION THIS paper attempts a survey of the principles involved in the com¬bustion of blast-furnace gas in boilers and stoves. I do not expect to be able to give much information which is actually new, since the laws and methods of calculation pertaining to this problem are contained in a number of handbooks; but, so far as I am aware, they have nowhere been treated exclusively with reference to this one problem of gas economy. The road which I follow is less that of strictly scientific research than that of the practical engineer, faced by operation problems which require a. quick solution by easily accessible means without a prolonged search in scientific handbooks. For this purpose I give a number of tables and diagrams, as well as the results of many years' practical working experience as combustion engineer, which I trust will prove useful to my readers. HISTORICAL Considering the tremendous efforts made during the last 15 years to increase the efficiency of all kinds of power plants, it is highly surprising that until a comparatively very recent period, progress in the economical combustion of blast-furnace gas has been so slow. The explanation generally put forth, that fuel has been so cheap that it was hardly worth while to bother about this economy, will not hold good, for the greatest trouble was taken to improve the combustion of coal and to reduce the consumption of steam. The most plausible explanation appears to be the general impression, held as an accepted fact, that gas, especially hot, uncleaned, blast-furnace gas, was not a good boiler fuel. Many managers of high repute had tried unsuccessfully to improve the conditions of its use, and the dictum went forth that efficiencies of over 60 per cent., particularly with high loads, were impossible. This was the situation not only in the United States, with very cheap fuel, but also in Europe, where fuel prices are twice and three times as high.

Jan 2, 1916

By E. H. Rose

From the more distant members and some not so distant, the plaint is often heard that they cannot justify the expense and time required to attend the AIME Annual Meeting. Almost invariably, the reason given takes this form: "I just don't see that I would get enough out of it." Often the would-be clincher is added: "Besides, the meat of it all comes out in print anyway." Not long ago, a group of us who have seldom missed a meeting in recent years fell to discussing this phenomenon, and found ourselves in emphatic agreement that anyone holding such a belief indicates by his first remark that he does not know how to attend a convention, and by his second, proves it. He is, by and large, the man who has never been there, and of him, there are many.

Jan 1, 1949

The University of Idaho Mining Society held a meeting on Oct. 23, and elected the following officers: President, Sam Bloom; Vice-President, Lloyd McDougall; Secty Treas, Jess W. Wade. Regular meetings are held on the first and third .Tuesdays of each month, for informal lectures and reports on technical subjects. The Mining Club of the University of Wisconsin has held four recent meetings On Oct. 17, sixteen new members were inducted, and a committee was appointed to buy a Liberty Bond. The second meeting, Oct. 31, was devoted to general entertainment, at the home of Professor McCaffery.

Jan 1, 1918

BUMPS in No. 2 Mine, Springhill, N. S., furnished the main feature for discussion at the morning meeting* on Ground Movement and Subsidence on Feb. 18. Walter Herd, the author of the paper by which the discussion was introduced, not being well, was unable to be present. The paper was presented by T. L. McCall, who laid stress on the presence of sand- stone as the cause of bumps, on the value of retreating longwall in eliminating such phenomena at the coal face and on the advantage of wide headings with packs on either side, leaving space behind them for any coal that bumps might dislodge. George S. Rice, who presided, referred to his visits to the Nova Scotia mines and said that bumps usually occurred only where the coal was thick and strong and the roof and floor both more than usually hard. If any of the three were weak, bumps were not likely to occur. In the Nova Scotia mine, to which Mr. Herd referred, there was no material for packwalls and for this reason as well as for safety he had been convinced that long- wall retreating with a small percentage of pack walling was the most feasible plan.

Jan 1, 1929

By Smith, George Otis

ENGINEERING is in essence quantitative, and the engineer must deal with exact figures when he plans and, constructs. Engineering truths are not best expressed by adjectives, yet my wish, today, is not to attempt a quantitative measure of the dominant position of the mineral industry of the United States in the existing scheme of material things, but rather to seek a clualitative appraisal of what mining and metallurgical engineers are doing to promote and make secure our , national progress. Statistics help when we wish to gage material prosperity, but they fail when we desire to determine what share the engineers have in adding to the happiness and welfare of our people

Jan 1, 1928

By E. R. MARBLE

THE introduction of a new fuel, such as natural gas, necessitates careful study where it has not been used previously. At the El Paso smelter natural gas required the installation of apparatus with which no one at the plant was familiar, either as to the type of equipment needed or as to the burning of the gas in it. Observation of existing installations of a similar character and assistance from gas engineers served as a basis to determine what was advisable to use. The gas line entering the plant goes to a metering station equipped with a duplicate system of pressure regulators, a temperature recorder and the gas company and smelter orifice meters in tandem. There are three distribution lines that can be inter-connected at a later date, if necessary, to assist in equalizing the plant load. All the larger lines are of heavy

Jan 1, 1930

The one hundred and twentieth meeting of the Institute was held at Chicago, Sept. 22 to 26, inclusive, and was in every way success although the steel strike against the United States Steel Corpn. prevented many engineers from attending the steel session and made necessary the annulment of the trip to the steel works at Gary on Tuesday. All of the meetings were held at the Congress Hotel, with the excep-tion of the session on Non-ferrous Metallurgy which was held at the Coliseum where the Fifth National Exposition of Chemical Industries was in progress. This session was a joint one with the American Electro-chemical Society. The total attendance, as shown by the registration, was 850.

Jan 11, 1919