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By J. A. Eisele

The Bureau of Mines has reviewed the literature related to the recovery of A1203 (alumina) from coal ash. A small amount of unpublished data is also reported. Of the processes studied, the alkaline-sinter process is the most promising from a technical standpoint. However, owing to the high cost of processing coal ash, the dispersed location of powerplants, and the domestic availability of higher grade alternate materials, coal ash does not rank as a primary source material for replacing imported bauxite.

Jan 1, 1979

By Robert N. Roby

This report is one of a series based upon investigations made and being made within the Missouri River Basin in Montana by engineers of the Bureau of Mines , Albany Branch , Mining Division . These investigations are made primarily to provide preliminary information to Department of Interior agencies and others concerned with the planning of the proposed Federal power developments within the Missouri River Basin . The present report has been designed to permit public distribution of the factual data obtained . The field investigations in Meagher County were made during tually all 1948 ; Vir- known metallic mineral occurrences within the county were investigated ; some nonmetallic mineral deposits also were investigated . The investigations cannot be considered complete , however , because some long-inactive mines or prospects may have been missed . Most of the old mine and prospect openings are caved; many are completely inaccessible . Many of the claims located years ago have been abandoned ; others have been relocated under different names and ownerships . Because of such conditions , much of the information regarding their development and operation necessarily has been obtained from Federal and State publications , supplemented by information provided by owners and local residents .

Jan 1, 1950

By Dhanesh Chandra

[The U.S. Ucparunent of tlIe III LeriOr, Bureau of 1?Ilnes, lnta dcvcltil- (I a m.?tl,nd to extract nickel, i:ob.tll and IlIIicr Valuc:l,1, mrl?tl., lrom I.ow grad:, dumusI it Inlet itc.: :isin;; a rarb-i mnnnxid:: reducl.iun and ,innnonln/mumonlum sull,h.Ito Icitcll Col lowed by solved. evil let foil and clot tr:,winnfu,;. 'I 'o rain bcLtur undcI'sLandin;; uI the producLs reduced rind leached with the s;:Item, the liureau of t?Ilite; was enf,ngod In a 1 uinL sl.utly IIt1I the Uuttvcr ltc~:c:n-ch LnstiI-IL-. 'I'hr'ut;;h C(Im:drlod ahplit I¬L ion:; of a rotnbIW)L11nl ill eleu Lyon :utJ uplical inicrnscopy, cle trun beau micru,inal?;st?s and X-r.iv tcchnitlaes, Lhc factors jilt] ucncing low nickul e::lracl.on yLrids Iron, ccrlnin l;tteritos wul the hcuefhe al yCferL front addil.I:un u1. r:u)plowt' ruug,ounus and halides have bucn rrvealod. IL leas ht'en shown their nt nliJcrate Lion terlperuLuri's (5S0°C - 6501C) Lhe 111LACl extraction ylolds were low hccausc of the futmetlt-m of rufrill t,urv sillc:Ite compicxcs during ciii lit Hi [hut COOL.tlu sig nlficnnt anutunls of nickel .Lrui LhaL arc resistant Lu discolullull it, a su6r.C?quent ammnnlIca1 Jcaeh. 'This formation ill rulracLorv rnngtieves is altrlbuU?d Lo the prc.srnCV of aluauinum combined with c.ilicun jn addlt.lon In tnnl;neni~im in I.lic Lalerites, Iligb exII.Ictlon yields were oblalneJ when none or only a few I ,fraCLot' e, were InrmeJ. Hit s;intc rcfrarlnry cowl, Icxc5 also lend Lo surround Ow IaaIIiable meI.allle iron-IIIcI:el :iILoy CIUSisling ill the mau'ix, tIll: rrhv nreveu)Ling cuntacr ,Itlt LI5U Jeacl: solution; this, huwrvcr, ran ho ovu:rcoml by At ti itlon .111.11 retieCtiun. 'I'hc eIIcc l of prr.reJIctlun .,Ill itivi's vucli i's lye iii', ',udlum "Ill orIde, hv,Irogrn CIIInrILIC, etc., and Lht? 1111,Lre:InrLlI'll he'e:tleg un Lbe cxLt,icLitin are also iilsr.ussod 111 Lhe rcl,olt.]

Jan 1, 1979

By Albert H. Clough

The Coast Range subarea of the Juneau Mining District (JMD) extends from the Canadian border north of the community of Skagway, southerly to Tracy Arm. It is bounded by the international boundary on the north and eastern edges. The Ferebee Glacier and Lynn Canal mark the western boundary, extending south to the Berners Bay region. From Berners Bay south, the western boundary is the eastern boundary of the Juneau Gold Belt (fig. E-l). The city of Skagway (fig. E-2) is the only developed community within the confines of the subarea. Skagway was originally established as a port for the Klondike gold rush of 1898. Recently, Skagway has gained prominence as a port for shipping goods into and mineral products out of Yukon Territory (fig. E-3). Skagway has also developed a thriving tourist industry based on its Alaskan traditions. The community of Skagway maintains a paved airstrip which is suitable for use by small multi-engine aircraft. Several regional air carriers serve Skag-way with frequent scheduled flights, especially during the summer months. Helicopter charter services are available from Skagway during the summer months.

Jan 1, 2012

By Bruce McDonald

This report contains the Phase I findings of a study to select and test devices for preventing lack of alertness in haulage truck drivers. The extent of the problem was determined by visiting surface metal and nonmetal mines, interviewing drivers and safety personnel and reviewing accident reports. A number of devices for detecting a lack of alertness were considered and three were recommended for testing in actual operation.

Jan 1, 1977

By V. Castranova, T-M. Ong, V. Vallyathan, M. J. Keane, W. E. Wallace Jr.

"Inhalation of certain forms of silica, asbestos and some other respirable dusts can result in pulmonary fibrosis, characterized by destruction of the surfaces of alveoli and respiratory bronchioles. Fibrous thickening of the alveolar septa decreases the lung's capacity for gas exchange.Pulmonary macrophage damage by respired dust may initiate the fibrotic response.In one proposed mechanism, dust particles interact with the plasma membrane of a macrophage. This damages the cell or induces some hyperactivity of the cell, resulting in excessive release of lysosomal enzymes and reactive forms of oxygen (1). These reactive enzymes or radicals then damage the alveolar surface epithelial cells. A second mechanism has also been pro¬posed (2,3) in which dust damage to the macrophage causes the release of mediator substances which induce pulmonary fibroblast cell proliferation and increased collagen synthesis. This produces fibrous tissue in the terminal air spaces (4,5).Mineral surface interactions with plasma membrane lipoproteins have been proposed as a mechanism of lytic damage of pulmonary cells by silica dust in numerous models (6,7). The significance of dust surface proper¬ties has been further revealed in studies showing significant changes in dust induced cytotoxicity as a function of dust surface crystallinity and organic or inorganic contamination or coating of mineral surfaces (8,9). Such modification of the mineral surface might interfere with surface sites responsible for the toxicity of dusts for pulmonary macrophages, thus interrupting the early stages of the process of fibrosis.In vitro cellular assay systems using erythrocyte hemolysis or the release of macrophage cytosolic or lysosomal enzymes following dust challenge, have been used to analyze the initial mechanism of dust damage to cells. However the ability of these assays to predict the pulmonary disease producing potential of various dusts is imperfect owing to some ""false positive"" results. These assays as performed are therefore questionable models for the initial lesion in pneumoconiosis or silicosis. In particular, kaolin frequently is found to have comparable biological activity to silica quartz in these assays (10,11).Silica and kaolin have distinctly different fibrogenic potentials. Silica is highly fibrogenic, resulting in both acute and chronic silicosis (12). Some epidemiological data and animal experimentation data have indicated that long term exposure to kaolin can result in pneumoconiosis; however, kaolin is relatively benign as compared to silica (13-18). Kaolin is also of interest because it is one of the major mineral inclusions in Eastern U.S. bituminous coals. We have observed that exposing respirable sized native silica or kaolin for two hours to pulmonary macrophages results in a greater enzyme release for kaolin exposures, on a dust mass basis. Exposure of erythrocytes to the dusts also results in greater levels of hemolysis by kaolin for equal mass respirable dust doses. Therefore, these results do not correlate positively with known disease inducing potentials of the two dusts.Characterization of physical and chemical surface properties of dusts involved in occupational exposures, and characterization of the alteration of those surface properties which are likely to occur upon deposition of the dust in the lung, should improve the identification of respiratory disease hazards.Inhaled dust particles deposited in the lower respiratory tract will come in contact with pulmonary surfactant. This surfactant forms a surface film on and emulsion in the liquid hypophase coating of the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles. The primary constituent of this pulmonary surfactant is the lipid diacyl glycerophosphorylcholine, lecithin (19). Because this lipid is also a major component of cell membranes, it is possible that surfactant can interact with mineral dust to alter its Interaction with macrophages and other pulmonary cells and, thus, it"

Jan 1, 1988

By T. W. Johnson

The United States Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the Natural Gas Department of the American Gas Association, has been studying actively for the past several years the flow of natural gas through high-pressure pipe lines. This report deals with that part of the study involving the design off pipe-line systems consisting of lines laid parallel to each other. The lines are referred to as the original line and the parallel line. The paralleling line may or may not extend the entire length of the original line; however, the parallel line is connected at its two ends to the original line. As a result of the large expansion of the natural-gas industry almost all markets within economic distance from the developed gas fields have at least one pipe line supplying them with natural gas. Small increases in the consumers' demand for natural gas can be met usually by increasing operating pressures, but any marked increase in demand necessitates paralleling sections of the existing systems. It is believed that to a large extent future

Jan 1, 1934

By John E. Miller

A high accuracy Burnett apparatus for use at 12,000 psi and 0° to 65° C has been constructed at the Bureau of Mines Helium Research Center. The apparatus is patterned after Burnett's original apparatus, but the working pressure is much higher and elastic distortion can be essentially eliminated. An operating procedure to permit faster experimental measurements is suggested.

Jan 1, 1967

By Loren R. Anderson

This Volume documents the use of the Cone Penetrometer data analysis computer programs VERT and HORZ. The programs are interactive in that they prompt the user for input data and allow correction and modification to be made. The programs read data from the results of cone penetrometer soundings and convert the data to values of tan ø. Mean, standard deviation, skew, kurtosis, linear trends and autocorralation are computed by the programs.

Jan 1, 1982

By F. W. Lee

List of GEOPHYSICAL ABSTRACTS

Jul 1, 1932

By C. J. Wilhelm

Brine produced from subsurface formations may be employed successfully instead of fresh water as a flooding, medium in the secondary recovery of oil. The feasibility of this substitution has been proved in the shallow "shoestring" area of eastern Kansas and northeastern Oklahoma, where the supply of fresh water often is limited. In this procedure all brine produced with the oil is returned to the formation and thus is prevented from contaminating streams and fresh-water supplies. This report includes a detailed description of a "flood project" in eastern Kansas studied by the Bureau of Mines. In an attempt to determine whether brine, when handled properly, can be used as effectively as fresh water in flooding oil from partly depleted formations, an analysis was made of all known conditions that influence flooding.

Jan 1, 1941

By Willard J. Tesch

The borehole surveying system described is used to measure ground movement over and near operating mines. The magnitude of any movement is con-trolled by the ground conditions, the mining method, and the mine progress. By correlating these factors with the measured movement, equations can be determined for predicting the effect of mine progress on the surrounding ground. These equations can also be used to predict the effect of mining a similar deposit with similar ground conditions. The borehole surveying system is used in cased boreholes to measure the inclination of the hole in two perpendicular planes. Grooved casing with an inside diameter of 3 inches is grouted in the hole. Two probes are used to obtain the data necessary to calculate the hole position versus depth. One of the probes contains a gyroscope, and the other contains a biaxial force-balance [s]ervoaccelerometer. Readings from the transducers in the probe are punched on paper tape by an automatic data acquisition system as the probe is pulled up the hole at 30 feet per minute by an electric winch. Readings from the inclinometer probe containing the accelerometer are used as input data to an on-line programmable calculator as they are punched on tape. The calculator computes preliminary results of the survey being made. The paper tapes obtained during the survey runs are later used as input to a computer that computes the offsets of the drill hole versus depth in true north-south and east-west planes. These offsets are printed for each foot of depth. Changes in these offsets between the first survey and subsequent surveys are a measure of the horizontal ground movement between the surveys.

Jan 1, 1976

By Francis Church Linxoln

"This property was explored as part of a general investigation of zinc-prodccing areas of southwestern Wisconsin at a time when an effort was being made to increase the production metals important to the Nation's war program. This report describes the work that was done and presents the data obtained.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIn its program of exploration of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the and that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the bureau to publish the facts developed by each exploratory protect as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the actual exploratory work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Branch, P., G. Knickerbocker, chief, analyzes samples and performs beneficiation tests. Both these branches are under the supervision of Dr. R. S. Dean, assistant director. Special acknowledgment is due Professor G. H. Pett, of the Wisconsin Institute of Technology at Platteville, Wis., Jack Tracy, manager of the Mifflin Mining Co., and J. M VanMatre, representative of the Defense Property, for their assistance in the work. Acknowledgment is also due to A. F. Agnew and A. V. Heyl, geologists of the Federal Geological Survey, for furnishing geologic interpretations and lithologic studies of the drill-hole sections. All drilling was done under the immediate supervision of Francis C. Lincoln and M. Howard Berliner, project engineers, Edward P. Barrett, district engineer, Minneapolis, and E. D. Gardner, regional engineer, of the Bureau of Mines."

Sep 1, 1946

By F. G. Horino

The Bureau of Mines conducted compressive strength tests on model pillars of selected rock types with each pillar containing a critically oriented plane of weakness. The objective of these tests was to determine if a significant increase in the strength of the model pillar could be obtained by either (1) installing tensioned rock bolts through the pillar and normal to the plane of weakness, or (2) wrapping tensioned steel wire ropes around the pillar at uniformly spaced intervals along the pillar. Equations based on Coulomb's failure criterion are developed to predict uniaxial compressive strength of model pillars that are either rock-bolted or wire-roped. Laboratory compressive strength tests on unbolted and bolted model pillars of sandstone, marble, Indiana limestone, and oil shale containing a plane of weakness oriented at 45° showed that the bolted pillars are stronger than the unbolted pillars by 84, 31, 52, and 28 pct, respectively. Laboratory compres-sive strength tests on nonroped and roped model pillars of Texas limestone, sandstone, and granite containing planes of weakness showed that the roped pillars were stronger than the nonroped pillars by factors ranging from 1.01 to 2.41, depending upon the angle of the plane of weakness and the rock type. Rocks with a low Young's modulus benefited most by the wire-roping technique.

Jan 1, 1971

By R. F. Abernethy

Recent investigations in the United States and in other countries have produced considerable information on the nature and occurrence of minor elements in coal. The possibility of recovering certain elements, particularly germanium and uranium, from coal ash and other coal products has received considerable attention. Some flue dusts are potential sources of germanium, and certain lignite deposits are potential sources of uranium, but industrial recovery of these elements has been limited to small quantities for technical and economic reasons. Considering the large amount of coal mined annually, a small percentage of a rare element may have industrial significance if an economical method of recovery can be developed. In 1944 information on the occurrence of rare elements in coal was reviewed in Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 669 (46).3 This report is a revision of that paper with the view of summarizing published information available for United States coals, and pertinent information concerning coals of other countries. Selected references from the original paper are retained. New references do not include all preliminary reports when more permanent literature describing complete projects is available. Consequently, the list of references should not be considered complete.

Jan 1, 1963

By F. M. Goodwin, John Campbell, G. W. Jones

"INTRODUCTION The investigation of the general hazards of combustible gases and vapors in manholes owned by the Edison Electric Illuminating Co. and the study of methods for eliminating these hazards, conducted by the Bureau of Mines, the Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of Boston, and the Boston Consolidated Gas Co. since 1929, was continued during 1933.From May and through December 1933 these tests were supplemented by a study of the manholes of the New England Telephone & Telegraph Co. The test crew was under the direct supervision of John Campbell, superintendent of the Special Service Department of the Edison Electric Illuminating Co., and F. M. Goodwin, vice president of the Boston Consol¬idated Gas Co.The procedure of sampling manhole atmospheres and of shipping the samples to Pittsburgh was the same as that used heretofore. In previous reports the relative explosibility of the samples was calculated by adding the percentages of the illuminants, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and ethane, dividing the total by 6.5, and multiplying by 100. Experience has shown that the factor 6.0 is more nearly correct; therefore, this has been used in calculating the relative explosibility of all the samples listed in appendix A and B of this report. If gasoline vapor is present a smaller factor must be used.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe cooperative investigation was arranged through the interest and effort of W. C. Bayliss, president of the Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of Boston; W. C. Beckjord, vice president and general manager of the Boston Consolidated Gas Co., and A. C. Fieldner, chief engineer, Experiment Stations Division, United States Bureau of Mines. Thomas H. Haines, superintendent, Distribution Department of the Edison Electric Illuminating Co., cooperated heartily in furnishing both men and information for the work."

Oct 1, 1934

By P. M. Daling, C. A. Geffen

The objectives of this study were to examine a representative cross section of formal safety analysis techniques developed for the nuclear and aerospace industries, to recommend those methods that would be suitable for application to the mining industry, and to include those methods in a user's manual. Volume XI of this report, the user's manual, describes several methods that were determined to be immediately transferrable to the mining industry. The handbook gives detailed instructions on appropriate application and utilization of the methods. Other techniques will require further development before they can be effectively transferred to the mining industry.

Jan 1, 1983

By H. F. Feldmann

This Bureau of Mines report presents a method for the computer solution of the equilibrium compositions of any complex, multiphase, chemical system for which appropriate thermodynamic data are available. The method describes in detail the computation of systems in which solid or liquid species can form by heterogeneous chemical reactions where these species do not occur in any equilibrium equations. Also described are the calculation of phases formed by condensation (pure or solutions) and the inclusion of other system restrictions such as electroneutrality. The method is being used to compute the equilibrium composition of mixtures of an electrically conductive plasma and a liquid slag phase arising from the high-temperature combustion of coal for magnetohydrodynamic power generation. These mixtures can contain up to 65 species including gases, liquids, free electrons, and ions.

Jan 1, 1969

By Jack W. Carlson

Considering the magnitude of today's public concern with critical mineral and fuel materials, regarding both their midterm and long term availability, the Nation is fortunate to have in place and operating the coordinated data systems of the Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines. Under the supervision and policy direction of the Assistant Secretary--Energy and Minerals, these Department of the Interior agencies have long been responsible for important mineral activities in the Federal Government. Aside from their highly respected mineral industry publications such as the monthly Mineral Industry Surveys, annual Commodity Data Summaries and topical Professional Papers and Reports of Investigation, the Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey data bases and expertise have been readily available for use in emergency situations. Policymakers and decisionmakers in government have placed major reliance upon this ready mineral data and analytical capability in World War II, the Korean War, the recent price control era, and the Arab oil embargo.

Jan 1, 1975

By A. J. Forney

Recent experiments used catalysts of plate assemblies in synthesizing high-Btu gas and gasoline indirectly from coal. A gas with a heating value of 925 to 943 Bt-: per cubic foot has been prod u la the hot-gas-recycle pilot plant from synthesis gas (3H2+100) with lathe turnings used as catalyst in the first reactor, and assemblies of parallel sprayed plats of nickel in the second. Solid plates made of Raney nickel, and steel and aluminum plates sprayed with Raney nickel or nickel oxide were tested. Those catalysts had very low resistance to gas flow; 90 percent lower than nickel granules used in previous experiments. In a single stage of synthesis thee nickel plates were only partially successful. Although the heating values of the product gas ranged from 856 to 941 Btu per cubic foot, the carbon monoxide content of he gas was above 0.1 percent. Both steel and wrought turnings were tested in single-stage synthesis, but the conversion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide was too low to attain the desired heating value of 900 Btu per cubic foot in the product gas. Assemblies of plates thermally sprayed with fusel iron were tried in an experiment to make gasoline. A gasoline yield of 52 percent (of the hydro¬carbons produced) was obtained using a 1H2-10O feed These sprayed assemblies were in service for 1,500 hours, the longest that this type of catalyst has been used. When a second reactor containing Raney nickel catalyst was added in series with the first reactor, complete utilization of the feed gas was obtained because in addition to the liquid product, a high-Btu gas with a heating value of 800 Btu per cubic foot was made.

Jan 1, 1965