Search Documents

By Valérie Tremblay

Plan de la presentation ?Laboratoire d?analyse des fluids ?Gestion des contaminants ?Condition Monitoring Avantages reliés aux analyses ?En savoir plus!! ?pour minimiser les coûts d?opération; ?pour prévenir les défaillances catastrophiques; ?pour maximiser le rendement des équipements; ?pour maximiser la longévitédes équipements; ?pour permettre des périodes d?entretien planifié.

Feb 1, 2008

By Michel Ruel

"This paper describes how to make advanced control choices when difficult processes need improvement. The decision-making process involves choosing between a rules-based approach and a model-based approach as well as weighing benefits and drawbacks, complexity and simplicity, investment and results. This paper will present briefly each solution: basic control, advanced regulatory control, model predictive control, and expert systems such as fuzzy logic controllers and neural networks. The article then proposes a decision tree for selecting the most appropriate approach. A table will compare usage, development, commissioning, maintenance and lifecycle costs for each approach. Finally, conclusions and suggestions will summarize the methodology.INTRODUCTION Advanced process control (APC) is a popular topic. How can one decide whether advanced control should be added to an existing system? Advanced control is used to improve performance, stabilize production, handle constraints, protect equipment and manage grade changes. Most plants use feedback controllers, usually PID (proportional, integral, derivative) controllers. It is common to develop special control schemes to handle more complex processes. In classic PID process control, a controller brings a single value close to a set point using a single manipulated variable. On the other hand, APC brings several values close to optimal targets simultaneously using several manipulated variables. APC's four main strategies are advanced regulatory control, model predictive control (MPC), fuzzy logic and neural networks. Simple solutions are always preferred. Complexity will be increased if performances (production, quality, etc.) are below par. Profitability analyses should be conducted to validate project viability. Needs—not trends—should dictate choices! Before increasing complexity, it is important to define needs, goals, technical support, budget, etc. All these approaches entail strengths and weaknesses. Building a project based on technology rather than needs spells trouble."

Jan 1, 2014

By Charles Camsell

Few persons ever stop to consider how vital an influence minerals, and especially metals, have had upon human history, how they have affected the every-day life of the individual or how at different periods they have altered the course of nations and determined their progress. Students and writers of history have dealt very fully with political history and have given us a great deal of detail about the careers and policies of kings, parliaments and nations, but frequently have not touched the economic causes that have been the real forces influencing the development and carrying out of these policies. So far as minerals are concerned there is no single work from which one can get a concise and consecutive account of the growth in the use of minerals, nor of the diverse ways in which the. geographical distribution, the .search for, the development and the use of mineral resources have affected human progress from the beginning of man's history. The reason for this is quite plain, and when one takes a little time to think of it he begins to appreciate the magnitude of the job and he will realize that the story of minerals and mineral resources touches a tremendous range of human activity, not only of mining .and metallurgy, but the whole field of agricultural and industrial growth, of exploration and colonization, transportation and commerce, monetary system, commercial policy, in short, almost every phase of economic life.

Jan 1, 1926

Brunswick Mine employs an ore and waste pass system for material transfer. This paper reviews the evolution and performance ore pass systems at the mine. It presents the range of selected configurations, inclination, dimensions etc. Select case studies are used to address the influence of structure, stress and materials handling on the longevity of the employed ore passes.

Feb 1, 2008

By F. E. du Plessis

"The distinction between data suitable for process control and data subject to aliasing only becomes quantifiable with the availability of rapid real-time measurements. Expecting the dynamics of flotation to vary for different ore types, process flows and equipment types; a study was conducted to compare the dynamics of different flotation processes. The results shed light on the critical sampling intervals required for process control which in turn allows process stabilization and optimization. The technology used for the in-line measurements is based on diffuse reflective spectroscopy and has been introduced into the mineral processing industry over the past ten years. It has been widely implemented in the sulphide flotation industry in South Africa for the real-time measurement of grade.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE A study was conducted by Du Plessis and Keet (2010) to quantify the minimum sample frequency required for grade and/or impurity control. The study was based on chromite data collected at 15 second intervals from the concentrate line of a flash float cell in the Platinum industry. The data captured the natural process variation of the entrained chromite through water recovery due to changes in feed parameters and flotation performance. It was found that the minimum rate of sampling required from the studied flash float concentrate was 2 minutes. This sampling interval time accounted for 90% of the variance in the process data. It was further found that a sampling interval time of longer than 4 minutes produced data with no significant correlation to reality. The dynamics of the flotation process has been misjudged in the past but can be quantified with the availability of real-time grade measurement based on diffuse reflective spectroscopy. The objective of the study was to compare the dynamics of different sulphide flotation processes through the comparison of maximum sampling interval times required to combat aliasing. All data were collected from single stream analyzers that are currently installed at mineral concentrators. The technology used is based on diffuse reflective spectroscopy."

Jan 1, 2012

By Faan Bornman

"Reeves and Platt1 stated that dense medium separation is one of the most complex unit processes in mineral processing today particularly if cyclones are used. It is also the most efficient gravity concentrating process available to process engineers. The complexity of the process and large number of design and operating variables means that the process has largely remained more an art than a science. Dense medium separation is well established in the diamond, coal and iron ore industries but is gaining popularity as a pre-concentration step in other industries. The maintenance issues are addressed that will affect the efficiency of the operation.INTRODUCTION The purpose of the dense medium separation (DMS) process is to separate the valuable material from the waste based on gravity differences. However, the specific gravity difference between the two fractions must be large enough to achieve high efficiencies. Heavy particles sink through the dense liquid and light particles float. DMS is also used for the pre-concentration of minerals before further downstream processes like communition, in order to minimise the treatment costs. Examples are the pre-concentration of diamond ores or metalliferous ores like nickel, copper and cobalt. Dense medium separation is also used to upgrade the material to meet different market specifications, for example in coal and iron ore applications. A typical dense medium separation process for a diamond application is shown in Figure 1."

Jan 1, 2014

By E. Sharifi

Advanced Process Control (APC) has been one of the most beneficial tools in the past decades available to minerals processing industry. Low capital cost together with significant improvements in process optimization have made APC an attractive investment option for nearly all mineral processing units. During economic downturns, importance of process optimization becomes even more relevant as metal producers tend to target de-bottlenecking and process efficiency improvements rather than large-scale capacity upgrades. APC project clearly has a lot of potential to improve process performance but there are also some pitfalls to be identified and avoided in order to achieve a desired outcome. Above all, APC project implementation is collaboration between the system vendor and user. Targets for the optimization must be agreed together with the customer and process performance must be defined before and after the optimization project. Most importantly, performance of the process must be monitored on a continuous basis during and after the project and potentially improved further. This paper discusses Outotec’s experiences from various concentrator optimization projects. Some examples are discussed in more details; however, the main target is to present general guidelines enabling a successful APC project implementation.

Jan 1, 2014

By Yaw Boadi, Andrew McCallum, Sandy Gray, Yavuz Atasoy, Peter Wemyss

"Various full-scale test programs and installations of the InLine Pressure Jig (IPJ) have provided evidence that pre-concentration of the difficult to leach sulphide mineral through gravity can provide significant increases in economic recoveries. The continuous gravity concentrates are intensively treated either by re-grinding or Intensive Cyanidation. Data from various mine sites worldwide is presented. Treatment of complex ore bodies with this low cost methodology may render previously uneconomic ore bodies financially viable and assist in the recovery profile of transitional ore.INTRODUCTIONThe use of gravity is made extremely attractive in complex ore situations due to the low cost of operation, typically a few cents per ton operating cost and lack of chemicals.Gold mines which suffer from poor recovery due to complex mineralogy such as Stibnite, Arsenic, Carbon, Telluride, Silver and other pacifying agents such as Iron, which can form coatings, can all benefit from the process proposed in this paper. The key issue is not overall recovery as much as one of economic recovery. The key to this is maximised recovery at the lowest possible capital and operating cost. Other options such as flotation are reviewed but are not seen in many instances to be the panacea due to issues discussed in the paper. The use of the InLine Pressure Jig in the re-circulating load of the milling circuit is a cost effective means of recovering a sulphide/gold concentrate containing the complex mineral assemblages which require re-grinding and intensive leaching for optimised gold recovery.The benefits of Jig Assisted Grinding (JAG) are many and the challenge over the past years has been developing, understanding, implementing and evaluating the benefits of various flowsheet models. This has involved the reconciliation of results in plant scale trials back to the original laboratory test program. The following paper outlines the insights gained in this area through extensive work carried out by many people across both laboratories and plant sites in Australia and overseas. The examples in this paper are some of the work carried out on a few selected sites but similar work has been carried out on other sites such as Penjom, Granny Smith and Agnew. This work has eventuated in several installations which we believe have great importance in the future of the gold processing industry. They will lead the way forward to the modern all-gravity plants of the future.Compared to flotation, for the recovery of sulphides, gravity is a simple option. The simplicity generally translates to low capital and operating cost."

Jan 1, 2004

By D. M. Doyle

"The Strathcona Concentrator operations, the application of control systems in the crushing, flotation and tailing fill sections, and current and future computer control concepts are described in this paper.The computer has been used for reporting and monitoring roles and operating the on-stream analyzer since start up of the mill in 1968, while over the past twenty months, it has been used for process control. The systems which have been developed include:1. The blending of pentlandite concentrate with pyrrhotite concentrate to produce a special product of constant nickel analysis.2. The blending of cement with tailing fill to produce backfill of consistent cement content.3. The supervisory control of xanthate, frother and pH to the flotation circuits to maintain the nickel copper concentrate grade within narrow limits.IntroductionThe Strathcona Concentrator is currently treating 7,200 tons per day of an ore which contains nickel associated with the minerals pentlandite (28 -32% Ni) and pyrrhotite (0.3 -1.0% Ni). The ratio of the nickel minerals varies from 4 to 15 parts of pyrrhotite to 1 part of pentlandite over the orebody. The production of a high grade concentrate re4uires the separation of this small quantity of .oentlandite from the much greater proportion of pyrrhotite and gangue and is complicated by the presence of two pyrrhotite minerals differing in nickel content, floatability and magnetic susceptibility."

Jan 1, 1974

By Q. Zhang, J. A. Finch

"Sphalerite flotation in the absence of copper activation at moderately alkaline pH has been observed in laboratory studies. An in-plant test of this observation was conducted at Kidd Creek Mine LTD. using a portable minicell flotation circuit. The results confirm that raising the pH causes sphalerite flotation.The testwork with the minicell circuit is described. The circuit, built around 2, 51 cells donated by the Noranda Technology Centre, was funded by Air Liquide and NSERC. It includes a data acquisition system to monitor continuously dissolved oxygen, pH and Pulp potential.INTRODUCTIONFlotation of sphalerite is normally practised by adding CuSO4 as an activator under alkaline pH. Recently there have been a number of laboratory and plant examples of sphalerite flotation without deliberate addition of cu++ ions (Girczys, 1972; Mukherjee, 1976; McTavish, 1980; Marouf et al., 1986; Mielczarski, 1986; Leroux et al., 1987; Palsson and Forssberg, 1989; Sandoval-Caballero et al., 1990; Zhang et al., 1991).In batch tests, with a sample of Pb/Zn ore from Polaris, Leroux et al. (1987) found that sphalerite became floatable after adjusting pH to 9. 5-11: they ruled out natural floatability or the formation of elemental sulphur on the surface but suspected iron hydroxy compounds were responsible. Sandoval-Caballero (1990) conducted a continuous minicell test at Brunswick Mining and obtained a 44 % Zn recovery and 40.5 % Zn grade concentrate without deliberately adding CuS04 at pH= 10.5. With single mineral studies, Zhang et al. (1991) revealed good sphalerite floatability (over 80% recovery) in pH range 8 to 11 and found that this floatability was related to pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) level and Fe++ species present in the system.To explore further the conditions under which sphalerite can float without addition of CuSO4 , a continuous pilot test using minicells was performed at Falconbridge Ltd., Kidd Creek division. The set-up is briefly described (a more detailed description is given elsewhere in these proceedings) with emphasis on the data acquisition system - dissolved oxygen, pulp potential and pH were monitored continuously. Results of testwork investigating pH, CuS04 addition and gas composition are presented."

Jan 1, 1992

By Roger Payne, John R. Goode, Feng Gao, James Brown

The Eco Ridge deposit is located in the Elliot Lake mining camp in Northern Ontario, Canada. Between 1955 and 1996, the area produced more than 138,000 t (300 million pounds) of U3O8 and very significant amounts of thorium and heavy rare earths. Based on the NI 43-101 Preliminary Economic Assessment by Roscoe Postle Associates (RPA) dated June 2012, and the economic review by RPA as announced in Pele Mountains’ Press release dated September 12, 2013, the Eco Ridge Mine Project would extract and process 46 Mt of material to produce about 19,000 t (42 million pounds) of U3O8 and about 65,000 t of rare earth oxide (REO) over a 14-year life. This paper discusses process optimization studies including beneficiation and hydrometallurgical testwork. The proposed modified flowsheet includes the flotation and processing of 1) a pyrite concentrate, 2) a dominantly light rare earth elements (LREE) concentrate, 3) a concentrate containing most of the balance of the uranium and heavy rare earths (HREE), and 4) a relatively inert tailings.

Jan 1, 2014

By T. Holmes, D. C. Russell, G. Jolly

"The AMEC Oakville office is involved in the design and construction of an iron ore concentrator located in Liberia. Currently, the site ships Direct Shipped Ore (DSO) to overseas customers. The DSO mine-site and port can experience heavy annual rainfalls. The IMSBC Code requires that cargoes are only accepted for loading when the moisture content of the cargo is less than its Transportable Moisture Limit (TML). The moisture content of the DSO has, on occasions, risen to near or above its TML. AMEC was asked to advise whether the concentrate produced from the new concentrator would or would not have the same problems with moisture content and ship loading as the DSO.INTRODUCTION Liberia was, at one time, the world’s sixth largest exporter of iron ore and used some of the most modern mining operations of their time. However, the country has not produced iron ore over the past seventeen years because of civil unrest. The return of stability to the country has allowed the redevelopment of the iron ore industry. ArcelorMittal Liberia (AML) obtained a concession for mining in the Nimba County area of Liberia (Figure 1) in December, 2004 and has studied the known iron ore deposits and former mining operations in this area. It began phase 1 operations in June 2011 with the direct shipping of high grade ore at a rate of up to 4Mtpa. The processing of the lower grade ore in phase 2 of the project requires additional processing capability to produce at the design rate of 15Mtpa. DSO and Concentrate The DSO in the first phase is selectively mined at an average grade of 60% Fe, and then crushed and screened to -10 mm with no washing or concentration. Testing of samples has indicated a size distribution that is finer than typical sinter feed material, although critical material below 0.10 mm is low in most cases, and overall the ore is coarser than typical concentrates or ultrafine products (Feasibility study report, 2011). The phase 1 DSO facility will cease operation after the phase 2 concentrator comes into operation."

Jan 1, 2014

By P. C. Holloway, A. Tshilombo, T. Xue, M. J. Collins, R. Lopetinsky, I. Mihaylov, I. M. Masters

The Voisey’s Bay deposit contains a trace amount of cadmium, which reports to solution during pressure leaching of the nickel concentrate at Vale’s Long Harbour Hydrometallurgy Plant, and must be removed to produce high quality nickel cathode. In 2006, Vale approached Sherritt Technologies to collaborate on the development of a process for removing cadmium to low levels (<1 mg/L) in the nickel raffinate. Following successful bench scale and pilot plant testing at Sherritt’s laboratories, the cadmium removal process was then moved through engineering and construction, culminating in the successful commissioning and startup of a cadmium removal circuit at the Long Harbour Hydrometallurgy Plant in 2017. This paper presents the results of this collaboration and the challenges that were encountered through each stage of development, as well as current results from operation of the commercial cadmium removal circuit. INTRODUCTION Vale’s Long Harbour Processing Plant, with a nameplate capacity of 50,000 t/y nickel, began operation in 2014. In addition to electrolytic nickel rounds, the plant also produces electrolytic cobalt rounds and copper cathode. The Long Harbour Processing Plant uses a unique hydrometallurgical process developed by Vale Base Metals Technology Centre, as shown in Figure 1, to treat a nickel sulphide concentrate produced at the Voisey’s Bay mine and mill located in northern Labrador (VBN concentrate) (Stevens et al., 2009).

Jan 1, 2019

By D. E. Wakefeld

"My first reaction to Joanna LaForte’s discussion paper is that she has quite properly assumed that I would like the process of equitable participation between aboriginal landowners and mining companies to be a fast process. On the other hand, I have been a business lawyer long enough to know that the past experiences of the parties will have a significant effect on how they will proceed at any one time.In my article, I was trying to convey the importance of responding to the wishes, aspirations and fears of aboriginal communities in Arctic regions without land settlements. I agree that if it is necessary to wait for governments, the process will be quite slow. My article did point out that often aboriginal communities and mining companies who have become comfort-able that a project is in their mutual interest regard the government(s) involved as their common enemy. I agree that the education and training of aboriginals should “expedite the negotiations and end the power struggles equitably”. Also, I did not mean to suggest that the elders distrust of changes in traditional land use was solely due to concern for alienation and separation from their offspring; however, I suspect it is one reason for their caution. I also agree with this author that establishing opportunities that enable the young aboriginal community members to remain in the north and avoid the problems that await them in southern urban culture should be a common concern of the mineral developer and the Arctic aboriginal community.When this author suggests I am “overly concerned about how much land the aboriginals will control, how educated they may become, how ignorant they are of mining procedures, how objections from aboriginals will escalate expenses, etc.”, she attributes to me as “concerns” matters that were intended to be general information for my readers. My references to the increased land holdings and the improvement in education of aboriginal peoples was intended to deter mining companies from any attempt to be inequitable in their dealings with aboriginal communities."

Jan 1, 1996

By Chen Xia, G. Deschenes, Wan-Tai Yen

"Ammonium thiosulphate is a potential replacement for the cyanide in gold leaching. However, the high reagent consumption hinders its practical applications. In order to reduce the thiosulphate consumption, chemical additives were used. The gold leaching tests were conducted on a sulphide copper-bearing gold ore with 0.3M thiosulphate, 0.03M copper sulphate and 3M ammonium hydroxide solution at 44% solids and pH 10.2. Sulphate, sulphite, amino acid and chelating agents were initially used as additives. It was found that chelating agents (EDTA and NTA) could reduce the thiosulphate consumption from 30 kg/t to 17.8 kg/t with some increase of gold extraction. The improvement from other additives was not significant. Other approaches were also attempted to reduce thiosulphate consumption with some success. The thiosulphate consumption could be reduced to about 17 kg/t by reducing copper sulphate concentration fiom 0.03M to 0.0015M; adding 0.04M of EDTA; replacing copper sulphate with 0.001M of nickel sulphate. The increase of pulp density fkom 44% to 60% solids could reduce the thiosulphate consumption to 17 kg/t as well. Limiting the dissolved oxygen content by sparging nitrogen reduced the thiosulphate consumption further to 10 kg/t. It could be concluded that the regulations of copper and oxygen supply in the lixiviant were the keys to reduce the reagent consumption.INTRODUCTIONCyanidation, as the predominant gold leaching method, has been used in mining industry for more than a century. The low reagent requirement and the high performance are the reasons for its great success. However, cyanidation cannot deal with ores containing large amount of copper, nickel, arsenic and zinc minerals. This type of ore may consume more reagents and result in a poor gold extraction. On the other hand, the carbonaceous materials may preg-rob the gold from pregnant solution and make cyanidation a problem leaching method. Further more, the high toxicity of cyanide represents another challenge to modern gold mines. In the beginning of the year 2000, an environmental disaster caused by an accidental spill in Yugoslavia was broadcasted world-widely (Gurevitch 2000). Gold mine operators are facing higher social pressures and increasing costs on environmental protections. The usage of cyanide in mining industry has been banned in some countries and locations such as Czech Republic, Japan, Turkey, California, Colorado, Wisconsin and Montana States. Thus, a non-cyanide lixiviant is required."

Jan 1, 2002

By D. Rahal, I. Shah, B. Hines, S. Reddick

"The development of stirred milling technology has proven to be an enabling technology in fine grained metallic deposits. The increased grinding efficiency allows for the economic size reduction required to produce saleable concentrates. This improvement has opened the door to retreatment projects such as reprocessing of historic gold mine tailings. Recently a VXP2500 stirred mill was installed at Casmyn Mining Zimbabwe Turk mine to allow the reprocessing of historic mine tailings. After commissioning, an extensive joint research project between Casmyn and FLSmidth Minerals was conducted to optimize the performance of the mill. This paper outlines the challenges encountered in the optimization program and the outcomes from the joint research project.INTRODUCTION The development of stirred mills has opened up many new opportunities to recover valuable minerals from refractory ores. Stirred mills have already been reported as an enabling technology for the processing of fine grained ores in lead/zinc applications (Pease, Young and Curry, 2005). Historically, conventional ball mills were unable to economically grind material fine enough to produce the required recovery or concentrate grade. This often resulted in the loss of valuable materials to the final plant tailings. The advent of stirred milling has now provided an opportunity which has both economic and environmental benefits, the reprocessing of historic mine tailings. Many tailings stockpiles now contain economic concentrations of gold because of the ability of stirred mills to efficiently and economically grind the tailings to liberation sizes. The primary advantage of reprocessing historic tailings is very low cost processing. Recovering the tailings is usually as simple as pumping the material into the reprocessing circuit. The disadvantage of reprocessing tailings is the low feed grade and greater difficulty in recovery valuable minerals at the same size distribution. The material has already been previously processed so fresh surface area or an increase in metal exposure is required. These are both provided by regrinding the tailings material."

Jan 1, 2014

By P. Tolvanen, A. Jalili

"When hard times strike in the mining cycle, sites tighten their belts and focus on lowering their unit costs. Lower unit costs can be achieved by reducing expenditure, increasing production, or by a combination of both. Faced with these requirements, site personnel must turn to areas where they can focus their effort for maximum return. For many sites, both in Canada and overseas, focusing on improving flotation cell maintenance is one of the areas where gains can be made for minimum outlay. Due to resource limitations and/or lack of equipment understanding, maintenance on many sites is only conducted on a reactive basis, once equipment fails. This paper will promote the idea that mineral processors should become more familiar with their equipment so they can ensure that the plant’s ability to produce is not compromised. By better understanding the flotation equipment and ensuring the critical components are maintained, it should be possible to unlock value in an operation. Flotation equipment inspections will be discussed in detail, including key items to look for during these inspections. Potential approaches for predicting wear and change-out time for flotation equipment components will be also demonstrated. An example of one approach used at a South African nickel site will be given.INTRODUCTIONWith metal prices decreasing and operating costs rising, concentrator operators are looking for ways to improve their bottom line. Lower unit costs can be achieved by reducing expenditure, increasing production, or by a combination of both. To meet the expectation of shareholders, mineral processors must turn to areas where they can get the best return for their efforts. One area where there is a large opportunity for improvement is in the maintenance of flotation equipment.On many mine sites, both domestically and around the world, it is quite common to see the philosophy applied of repairing equipment only once it has failed. Though some sites have advanced enterprise management systems and monitoring programs, in the authors’ experience, the decision on flotation equipment maintenance is rarely made on a proactive basis. Two common trends that are evident in the mining industry are that operations are under pressure to keep the plant producing, and maintenance managers generally have very strict budget targets to meet. In addition to these factors, few sites have a good understanding of the financial implications of running with worn or broken flotation equipment. Knights, Jullian and Jofre (2006) summarize this situation well, stating that the lack of correlation between some commonly used maintenance performance measures and key business drivers can lead to maintenance being seen only as a cost center (that needs to be reduced) rather than a tool for productivity improvement."

Jan 1, 2015

By R. A. Ozerkevich, R. J. Voisey

"SherrGold's MacLellan V ne is located about five miles south east of Lynn Lake immediately to the east of the Keewatin River. (Figure # 1)The property is accessible by an all weather road, leading north from the provincial highway 391, which links Lynn Lake with the Town of. Leaf Rapids and the city of Thompson to the south.The MacLellan Mine (formerly the Agassiz property) was discovered in the early 1950's and optioned from Comiesa Corporation in 1979 by Sherritt. SherrGold Inc. was formed in September 1985. Sherritt then transferred the MacLellan Mine, 15 other gold prospects in the Lynn Lake area and the old Lynn Lake nickel-copper mill to SherrGold. At the same time Sherrgold entered into a management agreement with Sherritt whereby Sherritt would develop and operate the MacLellan Mine and conduct SherrGold's exploration activities.The ore body as outlined in the original feasibility study is expected to produce in excess of 300,000 ounces of gold and 450,000 ounces of silver over the next 5 years. However the deposit is open to depth and exploration is continuing on and around the main zone and the many satellite deposits.The start of construction of the MacLellan mine and mill was scheduled to phase in with the closure of the Fox copper-zinc mine located 30 miles west of Lynn Lake. The majority of the employees from the Fox Operation were either employed at the MacLellan mine or relocated to Sherritt's Ruttan Operation."

Jan 1, 1987

By E. S. Moore

"The Centre of the silver-producing section of the Gowganda area lies about 55 miles northwest of Cobalt, and the village of Gowganda is 71 miles by road from New Liskeard. The geological similarities of the Gowganda and Cobalt areas led prospectors westward from the rich Cobalt field, first to Elk Lake and then on to Gowganda, where mineralization was found in 1907. A year later many showings were found, and rich hand-picked ore was shipped. Most of the ore has come, however, from two mines, both of which are still operating; the Miller Lake-O'Brien, which was purchased by Siscoe Metals of Ontario Ltd. in 1945, and the Castle-Trethewey. The annual production of these two mines runs over one and one-half million ounces of silver and considerable cobalt. The total production of the camp has reached about 32,000,000 ounces of silver and a large amount of cobalt, the total not recorded.General GeologyThe general geology of Gowganda is in many respects much like that of Cobalt. There are areas of Keewatin basic and acid Javas mixed with tuffs and basic intrusions. These rocks are deformed and partly altered to schists, and have been intruded by some Haileyburian basic and ultra-basic rocks and by Algoman granite. These were followed by a large number of porphyritic Matachewan quartz diabase dykes. After a period of extensive erosion the Huronian sediments were deposited on a pene-planed surface over all the older rocks; these sediments include large quantities of conglomerate (partly tillite), quartzite, and greywacke. The Keweenawan rocks include the Nipissing quartz diabase sill, later quartz diabase dykes, and one long olivine diabase dyke, the latest Precambrian rock. The area has been extensively glaciated.Structural FeaturesThere has been little folding in the area since the Algoman batholiths were intruded, and the Huronian sediments lie nearly flat, with dips of 10, 15, or rarely 25 degrees. The Matachewan dykes show a remarkably uniform, nearly north strike, indicative of east-west tension when they were intruded. On the other hand, the dykes later than the sill strike nearly east, tangentially to the northeasterly and northwesterly strikes of the Miller Lake basin."

Jan 1, 1949

By Michel Carreau

Presentation topic Introduction to Renewable Power in Remote Mining Industry Trend What are the Challenges and How to address them Acceptability (Management Buy-in) ? RP not core business to mining company Significant upfront costs Project Risks - Technological and Delivery Wind and solar power variability Operating hybrid power (Operator Buy-in) Conclusion Introduction ? RP at Remote Mining Sites Mining Project Cost Energy represents 25% of mining project CAPEX Energy represents 25% of OPEX Diesel, HFO, ? cost : 30+ cents/kWh RP - Proven technology - Excellent track record ?Wind (20 years), Solar PV (10+ years)? Hundreds of GW installed ?Reliable, High availability, very small OPEX. ?Wind/Solar cost : 15 to 22 cents/kWh (with good resource) ?Potential 10% to 20% Reduction in net cost of energy ?Price certainty for 20 to 25 years

May 1, 2013