Search Documents

"3.1. IntroductionAmong the six platinum-group elements (POE), four have identical cubic symmetry, two identical hexagonal symmetry (Table 3.1). Despite crystallographic differences, there is a clear relationship expressed in the chemistries of the POE: they tend to be mutually soluble in one another and can frequently substitute for one another in compounds with other elements. This chapter consolidates the data on phase relations of the POE and the compounds they form with elements selected for their known or potentially important mineralogical significance- As, Bi, Cu, Fe, Hg, In, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Sn and Te-together with selected data for the occurrence of POE in certain elements such as Au and Ag, and compounds such as FeS. Resources used to compile the data are those available from the chemical, mineralogical and metallurgical literature. First each element is discussed, with composition limits of solid solutions drawn from binary phase diagrams. Single element data are followed by a discussion of the relevant binary systems and a tabulation of data for binary compounds found in those systems (Table 3.2). Tables and diagrams for the ternary and quaternary systems for which information is available follow, and finally the very limited information on the solubility of POE in mineralogically important elements and compounds is presented.The chemical, mineralogical and metallurgical literature on the unary and binary systems is extensive and widely scattered in many languages and publications; fortunately, most of the data needed to compile this chapter can be found in reliable compendia. The most useful and most recent of these works is by Moffatt (1979), because it provides a ready index to all material relating to binary systems listed in previous compendia; furthermore, the Moffatt compendium will reportably be kept up to date by annual supplements."

Jan 1, 1979

By Charlie Graham, Helen Shang, Ashley Scott, Andrew Hall

"Approaches to Energy Recovery• Upgrading for electricity generation - steam turbines• Direct extraction- process improvement or space heating- support medium for animal or plant growth– fish or microalgae• Heat pumps- space heating/coolingWater Energy Grades• High (150+ °C) - electricity Generation• Medium (26 to 121 °C) - direct extraction• Low (5 to 18 °Celsius)- use of heat pump is required• Temperatures between zones will depend on circumstances for best use."

Jan 1, 2012

By Neil Camarta

$6 Billion Dollar Education ?? Construction is like war ? you need a command and control organization ?? A strong Owner?s team is a must ?? Smaller is better ? break the project into bite size chunks ?? New technology is risky ? lots of construction and start-up risk ?? Safety can be successfully managed ?? Don?t expect contractors to ?work well together? ?? Never, ever let Mining Engineers run stuff than can catch fire

May 1, 2008

By R. Stach, S. Gola, P. Zgrzebski, K. Soroko

"At the moment climatic conditions are a primary problem of the exploitation of copper ore. The efficiency of preventive actions in order to improve climatic conditions is connected with the knowledge of changing air in underground excavations. This article demonstrates the analysis of types of ventilation dams which are used in sealing abandoned areas on the maintenance of climatic working conditions in excavations has been conducted at the exploitation in Polish copper ore mines. INTRODUCTION The basis for mining activity performed by KGHM Polska Miedz S.A. is mining copper ores from the deposit lying at depths between 600 and 1,200 m below ground level. Activity has continued since 1963. The copper ore deposit is mined in ‘Lubin’, ‘Rudna’ and ‘Polkowice-Sieroszowice’ mines, where difficult climatic conditions occur. The major factor moulding the climatic conditions in headings is the original temperature of rocks, being the result of geological conditions of the lying of the deposit and the existing geothermal degree. In the faces of present opening-out and preparatory headings, driven from mining areas of ‘Rudna’ and ‘Polkowice-Sieroszowice’ mines in order to open out deeper parts of the deposit, the original temperature of rocks reaches 45°C. Excluding the original temperature of rocks, the following are additional factors affecting the deterioration in the climatic conditions: • thermal properties of deposit rocks, • employed room-and-pillar mining systems, which are characterised by a large surface of exposure of rocks, • using self-propelled mining machines with diesel drive, • a high concentration of mining works, • setting up high-power electrical equipment in headings, • complex structures of mine ventilation networks, • a limited number of ventilating shafts, • constantly longer air-transport routes, • a significant accumulation of water increasing the humidity of supplied air. According to the valid Polish provisions (§21, 2013), the primary criterion of assessment of a climatic hazard is the occurrence at a workstation in an underground mining heading of an equivalent climate temperature of more than 26°C, which temperature is determined according to the following dependence:"

Jan 1, 2019

By C. Rodgers, E. (Ted) Warren

"LocationThe Key Lake operation of Cameco Corporation is located at latitude 57°N in northern Saskatchewan, within the southem boundary of the Athabasca formation. The nearest city is LaRonge, located 240 km to the south. Access to the mine is by all-weather road and by private airstrip.Description of OperationThe mill was designed to produce twelve million pounds of uranium oxide (U3O8) a year from a feed grade of 2.4% U3O8. Current production is fourteen million pounds from 2.0% feed.Following grinding, the uranium is leached using sulphuric acid and oxygen in autoclaves. An eight thickener counter current decantation (CCD) circuit is used to separate the uranium-bearing solution from the solid waste residue. The uranium in solution is further purified in a solvent extraction circuit. The purified uranium is then precipitated using ammonia, calcined at 840°C, and packaged in drums for shipping to refineries. There is a crystallization circuit to recover excess ammonium sulphate produced in the process, and a waste treatment circuit.HistoryUranerz Exploration and Mining discovered the Gaertner and Deilmann orebodies in 1975 and 1976, respectively. Between 1975 and 1977, Uranerz conducted laboratory studies and delineated a process for the Key Lake ore known as the ""Bonn process."" In 1977, Sherritt Gordon Mines Ltd. was retained to conduct further studies in cooperation with U ranerz. The technical feasibility of the Bonn process was generally confirmed. Howeve1~ alternative processing methods also appeared feasible, and over the period 1978-1979, a detailed research and development program was conducted to finalize the processes to be used and to provide data for design of the plant."

Jan 1, 2000

By Erwin L. Zodrow

THE AUTHORS welcome this timely opportunity to comment o n a paper by MacLean and Merner (" Room-and- Pillar Mining at the Prince Mine of the Cape Breton Development Corporation " , ClM Bulletin , June 1978, pp. 59-62) concerning the rock falls and their relation to "a change in the strata". First, however, it is proper to express our gratitude to the Cape Breton Development Corporation, and in particular to A. R. MacLean, for making it possible for us at the College of Cape Breton to start two new collections. The first of these is a fossil plant reference collection from the Sydney Coalfield, Cape Breton (Upper Carboniferous period) , and the second is a documentation of the role o f pyrite in the formation of hydrated sulphates (samples from No. 26 Colliery, 1-B Mine, and the Prince Mine at Point Aconi). Conditions of sedimentation in the deltaic-type basin of the Upper Carboniferous time in the Point Aconi area were such that on the (coal) swamp, now represented by the Stubbart (or Hub) seam , (a) clays of varying thickness and extent were deposited , (b) biogenetic sulphur was introduced and (c) flora were buried. These are essentially the culprit s that make rock falls possible and at the same time predictable over large areas (in the present mine). The clays lithified to become shale, and biogenetic sulphur combined with iron to become pyrite (marcasite?), which exists as nodules and in fine-grained layers.

Jan 1, 1978

By Pierre Pelletier, Christian Pichetie, Dany Pelletier

"IntroductionDuring 1994, Barrick Gold Corporation, or American Barrick at that period, acquired Lac Minerals Ltd. properties. One of them was the Bousquet Complex. The Bousquet Complex is divided into three distinct sites: one mine (Bousquet 2), one mill (Est-Malartic Division) and one analytical chemistry laboratory (Les Terrains auriferes).The Bousquet 2 orebody was discovered in 1986. An extensive drilling program was initiated during 1987. Its purpose was to define the orebody extent. At the end of 1997, gold production from Bousquet 2 mine reached 1 290 000 oz of gold from a cumulative tonnage processed of 4 175 000 M t.From 1980 to 1990, the Est-Malartic mill was used for the treatment of ore from the following mines: Bousquet 1, Doyon, Francoeur (Richmont mines), Buckshot and 1-20 stope. At present, the mill receives ore from the Bousquet 2 mine.HistoryThe Est-Malartic mill is located close to the town of Malartic in northwestern Quebec. The mill has been in production since the mid-1930s processing mainly clean, free mill gold ore. Active mining from the Est-Malartic mine ceased in 1979 and the mill was switched to custom processing of ore from La Mine Doyon located some 45 km to the west. This custom processing arrangement continued until 1987 when the expanded mill at Doyon became available to process all of the Doyon production. In 1987, Lac Minerals commenced development of a second mine at the Bousquet site located 40 km west of Malartic. This mine, Bousquet 2, is the down dip extension of the La Ronde mine developed by Agnico Eagle. During pre-feasibility evaluations, it was determined that it would be economically more attractive to modify the existing Est-Malartic mill than building a new facility on site. The Est-Malartic mill modifications for processing the high-copper/gold ore from the Bousquet 2 mine began in late 1989 and new circuits were commissioned in mid-1990. Modifications included the addition of both gravity and flotation concentration circuits to recover coarse, free gold and the copper. The existing leaching circuit continued to operate on the copper flotation tailings with some minor modifications to the solution handling systems. A S02/Air cyanide destruction circuit was also added at that time."

Jan 1, 2000

By Pierre Antoine Dhaiti, Gilbert Sergerie, Michel Dagbert, Jean-Maurice Brodeur

"Quality of iron ore is generally determined by several factors which can be correlated or independent. Among these f actors, we generally find per cent iron, silica, magnetite or hardness. Forecasting the short- and long-term fluctuations of these f actors in the future pit is an important feature of mine planning in these deposits. Computer simulation provides a realistic answer to these questions. It allows to generate values for the most important quality features of each shovel load with the proper correlations between them as well as between one load and the next being fully reproduced. Then different sampling schemes f or grade control or blending facilities can be examined on the simulated data. The mechanics of the simulation procedure and its potential applications are described in an example.IntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to illustrate the use of in-situ grade simulation in the planning o f the grade control in an iron ore min e. More precisely, given a production unit of given size, we need to know how many samples have to be collected in that unit so that we ca n recognize its grade with a reasonable precision. Conclusions that we would like to arrive at are of the type: with 4 blasthole samples we ca n get the iron grade of a 10,000 ton bloc k with less than a ± 2% Fe error 95% of the time.The approach t hat we take to solve this problem is simulation. We simulate the grade of samples and the grade of the block that contains these samples. We repeat the simulation for hundred s o f blocks. By comparing the sample grade with the block grade in each case, we determine the actual number o f blocks where the difference sample-bloc k is less than a given limit."

Jan 1, 1983

By L. M. Amaratunga, G. G. Hein, D. N. Yaschyshyn

Fine tailings produced in the milling process have traditionally been disposed of in tailings ponds. Attempts have been made to use these fine tailings in backfill, however, to date the majority of backfill operations have utilized only a small percentage of fines. The remaining fines are, therefore, being sent to tailings ponds creating a waste disposal and environmental problem. This disposal practice is even more acute in the gold milling industry where fine grinding, required for value liberation, results in the production of large quantities of fine tailings, of which a large percentage cannot be used in backfill. Through Cold-Bond Tailings Agglomeration (CBTA), these fine tailings can be agglomerated into pellets which can then be used as a coarse aggregate in back-fill. This paper presents the results of using these pellets to create an Agglomerated Tailings Paste Fill (ATPF) made entirely of fine gold mill tailings and cementing binders. Through this process, supplementary imported aggregates such as sand, gravel, rock-chips are not required while still maintaining adequate back fill strength. By using this CBTA technology, fine tailings are diverted from tailings ponds and becomes utilized as a value added resource in the form of aggregates for use in paste fill.

Jan 1, 1997

By O. G. Olvera, D. G. Dixon, E. Asselin, L. S. Quiroz

Dissolution rates of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) were calculated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The calculated dissolution rate decreased by a factor of 3.2 after the electrode was passivated. The results presented in this work indicate that the reduction of Fe3+ was the rate-controlling step for fresh CuFeS2 electrodes while the transport of cations within the passive film limited the dissolution rate for the passivated electrode. The transfer of cations at the electrode/electrolyte and passive film/electrolyte interfaces did not affect the dissolution rates of the fresh and passivated CuFeS2 electrodes, respectively. The catalytic effect of pyrite (FeS2) on the dissolution of CuFeS2 continued after the passivating treatment. The contact of fresh and passivated CuFeS2 electrodes with different FeS2 particles resulted in increased dissolution rates, due to an increase in the reduction rate of Fe3+.

Jan 1, 2014

By G. G. Bowser

THE time has come when, as your President, 1 turn the helm over to my worthy successor. When 1 was reminded by our Secretary that 1 had to prepare an address for this meeting, 1 was at a loss for a subject. In the hope of inspiration 1 perused the records of our Society for some years past. 1 found in these records that many problems in need of solution relative to industry in Nova Scotia were discursively dealt with and that sound thought was given to the solution of these problems, with a natural leaning, of course, to problems pertaining to the mining industry. 1 found also that some of the reasoning was remarkably prophetie. Some of these subjects and problems were: The use of pulverized coal to generate power instead of hydro-electric power; rural electrification; the importance of youth training for an efficient place in industry; the proper marketing of coal; the fuels competing with coal; the need for better in-dustrial relations between employer and employee; better education for success in the social field as applied to industry; and Canadian unity. The issue of some of these copies has been forced upon us by war. For instance, there appears to be no marketing problem for coal, nor does there ? seem to be a marketing problem for anything just at present. The problem of the coal producer just now is supply and transportation. Also, at present, coal fe.ars no competitors, such as oil-and not even hardwood. Many large companies now have an industrial Relations or Personnel Manager and department. Furthermore, we have been compelled of necessity to train our young men, and women also, for both industry and war. However, war does not solve these problems and, with the return to normal times, we may be faced with the same troubles in even greater measure. My reason for mentioning these copies is to point out that, as mining men, we are aU desirous of progress in every industry, not only the mining industry; and that mining men are able to see clearly ahead. In normal times, especially in matters not directly affecting the mining industry, we are inclined to let matters take their own good rime, or let the government do it. We do not seem to realize that these necessary and desirable changes can be made in times of peace-instead of being forced upon us by war or other social upheavals-by the method of sound thought and action to the desired end.

Jan 1, 1943

By B. S. Kim, Y. D. Kim, T. S. Kim, T. B. Kim, H. J. Chae

"The Nd-Fe-B scrap was placed in Fe crucible with pure Mg in an Ar atmosphere, and the scraps were melted using an induction heating method. The effects of experimental parameters such as melting temperature (range of 993K to 1073K) and holding time (15min-600min) on the ability of extraction were investigated. The microstructure and diffusion layers were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and the constituent phases were characterized using XRay Diffraction (XRD). Diffusion of Nd through the Nd-Fe-B scrap into liquid Mg was described, and the diffusion coefficient of Nd in liquid Mg was estimated.INTRODUCTIONNd-Fe-B magnets are usually produced either from comminuted melt-spun ribbons as bonded magnets or hot pressed bulk magnets, or by sintering in conjunction with prior green compaction in an applied magnetic field (Sagawa et al., 1984). These magnets have been widely used for various electromechanical and electronic devices such as voice coil motors (VCMs) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Samardzija et al., 2012; Matsuura et al., 2006). The production of the Nd-Fe-B magnets is increasing by about 20% per year because of their excellent magnetic properties. However, the expansion of Nd-Fe-B magnet market induced a concern for the scarcity of Nd at the aspect of natural resource. Therefore, the development of an effective recycling process for Nd-Fe-B magnet scraps is an extremely important issue from the viewpoint of resource and energy conservation. Several recycling processes for the Nd-Fe-B magnets have been proposed (Uda et al., 2002; Lyman et al., 1993]. It has been reported that the best separation of rare-earths from the Nd-Fe-B magnets is obtained by sulfuric acid dissolution followed by precipitation of recyclable rare-earth salts. However, this process can make a large amount of waste water including dangerous solutions. Recently, (Xu et al., 2000) have reported a technique to extract Nd from 18Nd-72.4Fe-0.9B-1.82Pr-5.3Dy (wt.%) magnet scrap by using liquid metal extraction (LME) processing. However, these techniques seemed to be difficult for application, because the scraps consist of an infinitesimal amount of other minor elements (Pr, Dy, Cu, Al and Tb), and these minor elements can make a new intermetallic compounds with Mg. Also, some oxides or the plated Ni metal can be preventable to reaction between solid-liquid (S/L) interfaces. For these reasons, the substantive reaction mechanism between Mg and Nd-Fe-B scrap is not clear. In this study, the simple composition of 33Nd-66Fe-1B (wt.%) magnet scraps were prepared using an induction melting process. The effects of the experimental parameter on the diffusion properties between Mg and scraps were investigated to determine whether these methods could be used in industrial application in a liquid metal extraction (LME) process."

Jan 1, 2012

By A. H. Onur

Spontaneous combustion of coal is a significant hazard in underground coal mines. It causes serious problems for miners for many years after the fact. It threatens workers? lives and causes economic losses for companies. It disrupts coal production and makes it necessary to abandon the main drift where the spontaneous combustion occurred. Coal fires have to be prevented before they occur; otherwise they are very hard to control. Precautions thus have to be taken in potentially risky areas. For coal to spontaneously combust, it needs 3 elements: fuel, oxygen and heat. If one of them is missing, the fire cannot occur. The best way to prevent spontaneous combustion is to prevent contact between coal and air. Coating of the coal surface with an air-proof lining material would be a practical and useful solution to prevent spontaneous combustion of coal. In the scope of this study, a lining material for coating the coal surface was designed at laboratory conditions. Lining material to be used for preventing coal fires should be airproof, cheap, sufficiently strong, have low rebound, be water- and heat-resistant, and easily obtained and applied. It should also be safe for human health when in contact with mine ventilation. By considering these obligations, 3 kinds of gypsum (plaster, satin plaster, molding plaster), as well as lime, cement and fly ash and different mixtures of these materials were applied in laboratory conditions to form a lining material. Samples of lining material were subjected to uniaxial compressive strength tests to determine their behavior against roof loads. Although there is no need to carry any roof load, the lining material has to be sufficiently strong to stay in place on the applied surface. If the lining material is broken, coal and oxygen can react again. Air permeability and curing time of the mixtures were also tested in laboratory conditions. Then the tested mixtures were applied on a wall with a pump to test the applicability of mixtures. After all tests were performed in laboratory, the most suitable mixture was determined as the optimal lining material to prevent coal fires.

Aug 1, 2013

"Many advances in glass technology and processing are being made and the possibilities for glass as a material in the future appear unlimited. Float glass, glass-ceramics, high-strength sheet and container glass, glass-reinforced plastics, glass for electronic equipment, aerospace glass, glass fibres, glass vehicles, glasses with selective-reflective coatings and glare-reducing glasses, to name a few, provide areas of significance at present and for the future. There appear to be great opportunities, in certain localities of Canada, to develop new sources of raw materials for an expanding Canadian glass industry.New developments in the structural clay products industry have centered around facing brick as a structural load-bearing material, prefabricated brick panels, large-sized units, isostatic pressing of sewer pipe and auto-matic settmg of brick. Fast-firing techniques, using prefired or calcined raw materials, and the development of high-strength products will result in the use of a wider range of raw materials in the whiteware and structural clay products industries.Porcelain enamel, a material used for many years in domestic appliances and for sanitary ware, now is used extensively in architecture, agriculture, water tanks, highway signs and reflectors, and in products where resistance to corrosion-plus-temperature is important. Exotic composites of ceramics and metals, and specialized ceramic coatings applied on metals by various techniques such as flame spray, plasma jet, or vapour and chemical deposition have proved useful in materials for aircraft power plants, rockets, missiles and nuclear applications."

Jan 1, 1967

By A. W. Jacob

THE shatter cut, or burn cut as it is often called, is one in which the centre of the round is almost reamed out by drilling holes so close together that the blasting of a few holes shatters the rock embraced by all of them. The idea of shattering the centre of a face by shooting holes drilled parallel to one another is not new. Some miners have used this method for years past, when drilling quartz or a face near timber. But, they followed the age-old practice of first blasting the cut, then the square-up. It was not thought possible to shoot both together. In the case of machine men, the two largest contributors to silicosis are dust from drilling and dust from blasting. It follows, then, that material reduction of exposure to either constitutes an important step in lessening the incidence o silicosis. It was? the hope of being able to do away with the necessity of the men having to return early to a face, through dust concentrations of 60,000 to 80,000 particles per cubic centimeter, that aroused interest "in the shatter cut at McIntyre. Efforts to this end were successful. Now, with this kind of cut, all holes of a round are shot simultaneously.

Jan 1, 1942

By R. T. Jones

The largest known platinum group metal (PGM) deposit in the world is the Bushveld Complex in South Africa, with the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe also being one of the biggest. It is therefore not surprising that the majority (just over 5 million troy ounces or 156 metric tons per annum) of the world's platinum is produced in Southern Africa. Primary smelting of ore concentrates is carried out in that region by five companies, namely Anglo Platinum, Impala Platinum, Lonmin Platinum, Northam Platinum, all of South Africa, and Makwiro Platinum in Zimbabwe. The only other primary smelter of platinum group metals is Stillwater Mining of Montana, USA, although very significant quantities of PGMs are produced as co-products by Norilsk Nickel of Russia. Smaller (but still significant) quantities of PGMs are produced by Falconbridge and Inco of Canada, also as co-products from nickel sulphide smelting. There are many similarities between PGM smelting and nickel sulphide smelting, and the range of technologies in use includes six-in-line rectangular electric furnaces, three-electrode circular AC furnaces, Peirce-Smith converters, and Anglo's ACP (based on Ausmelt technology). PGMs are also recovered from residue materials using DC arc furnace technology.

Jan 1, 2005

By J. E. Armstrong

THE Pinchi Lake mercury belt is in central British Columbia, about fifty miles north of the Prince Rupert branch of the Canadian National railway (Figure 1). Until 1936 little was known about the geology of this area. Jn 19~6 and 1937, J. G. Gray and the writer mapped the Fort Fraser area (G.S.C. maps 630A and 631A) for the Geological Survey of Canada. During the field season of 1937, cinnabar was discovered by J. G. Gray in the Permian limestones on the north shore of Pinchi lake on what have since proved to be the main showings of the Pinchi Lake mercury mine. Claims were staked in the spring of 1938 and later that year were optioned to the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company. Development work revealed cinnabar deposits of commercial size and grade, and a small reduction plant was erected, production of mercury commencing in June, 1940. Since 1940, this plant has been enlarged by additional units. The ore treated is reported to contain between 0.5 and 0.75 per cent mercury. The production of mercury from this deposit is now far in excess of Canadian requirements and this country is able to supply the United Kingdom with part of its needs. In 1940 and 1941, several other occurrences of cinnabar were found northwest of Pinchi lake. During 1941, the writer made a geological investigation of the known cinnabar occurrences and of the belt of country in which they are located. The present paper summarizes the results of this work. The writer is indebted to officials of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company, and to Mr. E. Bronlund of the Pinchi Lake mine in particular, for their generous co-operation in the work.

Jan 1, 1942

By Neil Campbell

Abstract Following discovery on the Giant property of very promising gold deposits, some of which terminate against the steeply-dipping West Bay fault, a geological study was initiated co locate possible faulted extensions of the ore. Geological mapping revealed that the ore and the shear zones to which the ore is confined are older than the fault and therefore subject co displacement by it. It also disclosed several diabase dykes which seem co provide the best basis for determining the fault movement. After applying various techniques co determine their strikes and dips, the dykes were used as structural markers and it was estimated that, subject co certain possible errors, the movement on the fault was 16,140 feet (3.06 miles) south and 1,570 feet (0.297 miles) down on the west side relative co the ease. Evidence supporting this conclusion was obtained when subsequent deep diamond-drill holes intended to test the hypothesis cut an ore-bearing major shear zone which, so far as can be determined, is nearly identical with its present correlative on the Giant property. Introduction The fault under consideration follows a northerly trend past the west side of the original settlement of Yellowknife, which is situated 600 miles north of Edmonton and 400 miles from the Northern Alberta Railway terminus at Waterways, Alberta. The mining properties chiefly concerned include the southern part of the Giant claims, on the east side of the fault, and the Con-Rycon-Demelt claims, on the west side, 3Y2 miles to the south. Geological data were also obtained from the eastern part of the A. Y.E. property, which lies south of the Giant claims, and from the Negus, Meg, Yellorex, and Kam properties, which are south and southeast of the Con-Rycon-Demelt claims. Recognition of the major faults in the Yellowknife Bay area, including the West Bay fault which appears to be the greatest, resulted from the work of Dr. A. W. Jolliffe (McGill University, formerly of the Geological Survey of Canada) in 1935 and subsequent years. It has been stated with little exaggeration that these faults rank with the largest known steeply-dipping dislocations of the earth's crust. In the winter of 1939, a mineralized shear zone named the Creek Vein was found on the Giant property. It was noticed that the space relationship between the new shear zone and a body of quartz-feldspar porphyry is roughly the same as that between the Con C-4 shear zone and a body of acidic flows lying north of the Con property. Coupling this relation with the assumption that the movement along the fault is dominantly horizontal, it was postulated that the Giant shear zone represented the faulted extension of the Con C-4 shear.

Jan 1, 1947

By F. E. Lathe

INTRODUCTION THE present study, based largely upon phase equilibrium diagrams and other theoretical considerations but nevertheless addressed primarily to the practical metallurgist, has been undertaken with a view to discovering what light can be thrown upon the role of alumina in slags. According to Liddell (23), "alumina apparently acts as .a base if much silica is present, as an acid if the silica is low, always as a nuisance." Newton and Wilson (26) state that .alumina "is never added intentionally, as it makes the slag viscous, and is generally an undesirable constituent of slags". Camp and Francis (3) sum up their views by saying, "alumina is seldom used intentionally as a flux, but it is present in nearly all raw material, hence unavoidable". One has only to read The Function of Alumina in Slags, by Henrich (I3), and the very extensive discussion that followed the presentation of his paper, to realize that, before the days of phase equilibrium diagrams, it was a very serious question indeed as to whether alumina should be calculated as a basic, acid, or neutral constituent. Opinions then differed widely, as well they might; today, even though no categorical answer can be given to the question raised, the function of alumina can be at least partly clarified by a study of the fundamental work done by the Geophysical Laboratory in Washington and by certain universities in both America and Europe. It will be a source of gratification to Canadian metallurgists and ceramists to know that work of this type is now under way in the recently organized Physical and Crystal Chemistry Section of the Mines Branch, Ottawa, and that results of practical value have in fact already been obtained.

Jan 1, 1951

By A. G. Eccles

"INTRODUCTIONWestern Mines' copper-lead-zinc operations are located in Strathcona Provincial Park, near the geographic centre of Vancouver Island. This park includes Buttle Lake, which flows into the Campbell River water system. The latter provides domestic water for the Town of Campbell River, approximately fifty-eight miles from the mine site.Operation of the concentrator commenced in December 1966, at which time the tailings were discharged into a small tailings pond near the plant. On May 8, 1967 Permit No. 185 was granted to the company, allowing discharge of the tailings, through a submerged outfall, to the bottom of Buttle Lake.Needless to say, the concept of operating a mine within a park, and the discharge of tailings into Buttle Lake generated considerable controversy. However, this has all but been eliminated over the years by the proven effectiveness of Western Mines' pollution control program. In 1973 this program was further upgraded with the addition of an alkaline chlorination plant. Effluent treatment by this method became necessary as a result of process modifications, and has been effective in maintaining the levels of characteristics in the tailings within the ever increasing pollution control requirements imposed on the industry."

Jan 1, 1977