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The Institute conducts jointly with the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers and American Institute of Electrical Engineers, certain activities as listed below, and is joint owner with them of certain properties situated at 29 West 39th Street in New York City United Engineering Trustees, Inc. When Mr Carnegie made his gift, "for the erection of a suitable union home" for the engineering societies, United Engineering Trustees, Inc (then United Engineering Society) was chartered un¬der Chapter 703, Laws of the State of New York, 1904, for "the advancement of the engineering arts and sciences in all their branches, and to maintain a free public engineering library " The Corporation was further empowered to acquire real and personal property and to use, maintain and occupy it, with the provision that any building erected by the Corporation shall be used perpet¬ually as a meeting place and headquar¬ters for the Founder Societies Thus the Carnegie gift realized the ideal of bring¬ing the engineering societies together under one roof, and the Corporation through its members nominated in equal numbers by the four Founder Societies had the necessary authority to act for the Founder Societies in their joint in¬terests in owning and operating for them not only Engineering Societies Building, but in the course of time, Engineering Societies Library, and The Engineering

Jan 1, 1952

By Douglas A. Sloan

Who would believe that young elementary school children could understand something as complex as the mining industry? The Challenge The challenge of accomplishing this is tremendous. An examination of Canadian school children indicated that they knew very little about the world of work in general, and hardly anything about the mineral resource industry in particular. It calls to mind the story about two youngsters who decided to play house. The little girl played her role well as she went about the house doing things she had watched her mother do every day. When it was the little boy's turn, he grabbed his lunch, waved goodbye to his "wife," jumped on his bicycle and pedalled furiously down to the end of the driveway-where he stopped. The youngster explained that he saw his dad go out of the driveway each morning, but he didn't know where he went, or what he did on the job. When you stop to consider the number of families today with two working parents, you can begin to appreciate the importance of the opportunities for role identity provided by this project. The Approach The challenge of teaching the school children of Canada about the world of work and, specifically, the mining industry is the challenge which the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy met with the Curriculum Development Research project. It started when a small, dedicated group of Vancouver members met Dr. Doreen Binnington. After this meeting, Dr. Binnington, an expert in curriculum development at the University of British Columbia, set herself to develop a curriculum program for the elementary shcools which accomplishes two main goals: It uses the "Identity Approach," developed by Dr. Binnington, an expert in curriculum development at the enable students to understand and appreciate the contribution of people, in this case, working with mineral resources. It has pupils enthusiastically exploring the importance of rocks, minerals, and the mining industry in their lives [(Fig. 1)]. Evolution of the Curriculum Development Research Project When the curriculum development research project was presented to the Vancouver Branch of the Canadian Institute of

Jan 1, 1981

By AIME AIME

THOUGH born in England-on Nov. 23, 1372 William Wraith was brought to this country at the age of ten. Eight years later he entered the University of Illinois, transferring to the Michigan College of Mines where he got his E.M. in 1894. For the next three years he was a mine surveyor for the fuel department of the Santa Fe Railroad. Then he got into the copper-mining industry, which has occupied his attention for the last forty years. First he was engineer, at Butte, for the Boston & Montana company, and then helped to build the Washoe smelter at Anaconda, of which he was assistant superintendent from 1906 to 1913. The Anaconda company then sent him to Salt Lake City as manager of its subsidiary.

Jan 1, 1938

By J. Eldridge, K. L. Komarek

Activities of aluminum in solid Fe-Al alloys have been determined between 0 and 75 at, pct Al and 1100" and 1400°K by an isopiestic method in which iron specimens, heated in a temperature gradient, are equilibrated in a closed all-ceramic system with aluminum vapor. The activity of aluminum in these alloys shows a strong negative deviation from Raoult's law at low concentrations but increases rapidly above 40 at. pct Al. The enthalpy and entropy of mixing me both negative. For an alloy with equiatomic composition the values are: HM = -7300 cal and SM = -0.85 eu. Sodium chloride has been added at lower temperatures to accelerate the evaporation of aluminum. Equations have been derived to calculate activities of aluminum from experimental data. THE Fe-Al system has been the object of a great number of investigations.' Most of these studies have been concerned with the phase diagram and specifically with the order-disorder reactions in the range of solid solutions of aluminum in iron. The results have been compiled by Hansen2 and presented as a complete phase diagram, Fig. 1. More recently, Taylor and ones' have found that both ordered and disordered alloys can exist in the a field up to the solidus curve separated by a line starting at 18.75 at. pct Al at room temperature up to 37 at. pct Al at 1375°C. Chipman and coworkers4-7 have studied repeatedly the activity of aluminum in liquid dilute Fe-Al alloys. They have measured the distribution equilibrium of aluminum between liquid iron and

Jan 1, 1964

By Burnham E. Field

TAE chemical industry is constantly looking for new materials which either are more resistant to corrosion than those now available or have improved physical properties to meet the requirements of higher temperatures and greater pressures. Attack by acids is-one of the more important forms of corrosion-and in the last few years the development of acid-resistant alloys has been quite rapid. Perhaps the most notable example is that of nitric acid, 'the problem of which has largely been solved by the chromium-iron and chromium-iron-nickel alloys. Sulfuric acid may be handled in lead, iron, or the iron-silicon alloys, depending on conditions. As to hydrochloric acid, no metal or alloy can be called entirely satisfactory for handling. this acid under plant conditions.1 The results of our investigations on the resistance of the nickel-molybdenum alloys to hydrochloric acid have been confirmed by those of Guertler, Rohn, Schulz, Jenge, and others,' but thus far only one such alloy has approached commercial production in Germany; this contains approximately 15 per cent. chromium and 7 per cent. molybdenum with the remainder chiefly nickel. Dr. S. W. Parr, as far back as 1914, developed a complex alloy known as "illium," with a nickel base and containing some molybdenum.3 Dr. Parr was primarily interested in an alloy for lining bomb calorimeters, and while illium does show good resistance to acid it is too expensive for general use. Two United States

Jan 1, 1929

By Ernest N. Patty

WHEN an Alaskan prospector makes a new mineral discovery he stakes out his claims and then starts prospecting for a near-by landing field. This may be a convenient lake but more often it is a gravel bar along a river, where, by cutting off some brush and throwing the larger rocks to one side and then tying a flour sack to a pole, he may decoy some intrepid aviator into testing it gingerly with the wheels of his plane. It was only a few years ago that .the fence around the baseball park at Fairbanks, Alaska, was taken down so that planes could get in and out of the ball park without ripping off boards. Today the grandstand is lost among the modern hangars which line one side of a modern and busy airport. Planes come and go all during the day, and in summer, when there is no darkness, the night stillness is frequently broken by the hum of a motor overhead. Fairbanks is the hub of interior Alaska and from that hub airplanes radiate in all directions to mining camps large and small. An air industry of comparable size is based at the town of Anchorage, and in fact there are but few towns of more than 200 population in the Territory that do not have one or more planes based there.

Jan 1, 1937

By Burnham E. Field

The chemical industry is constantly looking for new materials which either are more resistant to corrosion than those now available or have improved physical properties to meet the requirements of higher temperatures and greater pressures. Attack by acids is one of the more important forms of corrosion and in the last few years the development of acid-resistant alloys has been quite rapid. Perhaps the most notable example is that of nitric acid, the problem of which has largely been solved by the chromium-iron and chromium-iron-nickel alloys. Sulfuric acid may be handled in lead, iron, or the iron-silicon alloys, depending on conditions. As to hydrochloric acid, no metal or alloy can be called entirely satisfactory for handling this acid under plant conditions.' The results of our investigations on the resistance of the nickel-molybdenum alloys to hydrochloric acid have been confirmed by those of Guertler, Rohn, Schulz, Jenge, and others12 but thus far only one such alloy has approached commercial production in Germany; this contains approximately 15 per cent. chromium and 7 per cent. molybdenum with the remainder chiefly nickel. Dr. S. W. Parr, as far back as 1914, developed a complex alloy known as "illium," with a nickel base and containing some molybdenum. 3 Dr. Parr was primarily interested in an alloy for lining bomb calorimeters, and while illium does show good resistance to acid it is too expensive for general use. Two United States

Jan 1, 1929

By Burnham E. Field

The chemical industry is constantly looking for new materials which either are more resistant to corrosion than those now available or have improved physical properties to meet the requirements of higher temperatures and greater pressures. Attack by acids is one of the more important forms of corrosion and in the last few years the development of acid-resistant alloys has been quite rapid. Perhaps the most notable example is that of nitric acid, the problem of which has largely been solved by the chromium-iron and chromium-iron-nickel alloys. Sulfuric acid may be handled in lead, iron, or the iron-silicon alloys, depending on conditions. As to hydrochloric acid, no metal or alloy can be called entirely satisfactory for handling this acid under plant conditions.' The results of our investigations on the resistance of the nickel-molybdenum alloys to hydrochloric acid have been confirmed by those of Guertler, Rohn, Schulz, Jenge, and others12 but thus far only one such alloy has approached commercial production in Germany; this contains approximately 15 per cent. chromium and 7 per cent. molybdenum with the remainder chiefly nickel. Dr. S. W. Parr, as far back as 1914, developed a complex alloy known as "illium," with a nickel base and containing some molybdenum. 3 Dr. Parr was primarily interested in an alloy for lining bomb calorimeters, and while illium does show good resistance to acid it is too expensive for general use. Two United States

Jan 1, 1929

By W. Mostowitsch, H. O. Hofman

The mineral gypsum, CaSO4 + 2 H2O, has been used for many years as a sulphurizing and basic flux in several smelting-operations. Thus, in smelting oxide nickel-ore in the blastfurnace, it is commonly added to the charge to furnish the sulphur necessary for collecting the metal in a matte, and a base for slagging the siliceous gangue. In the concentration of lead-copper matte in the reverberatory furnace it has been used for years at Preiberg, Saxony,1 for a similar purpose, and for producing at the same time a copper-matte with less than 0.15 per cent. of Fe. The latest use gypsum has been put to is in the blast-roasting process of Carmichael-Bradford.2 The term " blast-roasting," given by A. S. Dwight3 to the Dwight-Lloyd method of roasting and agglomerating: is a happy generic term which covers the ground better than the " lime-roasting " of Ingalls5 or the " pot-roasting " of Austin: in that it leaves the operation independent of the character of the flux and the form of apparatus, and retains the characteristic feature of this class of processes—namely, that of using forced draft. In the Carmichael-Bradford process the dehydrated material, mixed with galena-concentrate, acts as a diluent and a flux. The process differs in this from the Huntington-Heberlein7 and the Savelsberg8 processes, in both of which limestone is used.

Jan 1, 1909

By R. A. Meussner, R. T. DeHoff, F. N. Rhines

ZINC diffuses through copper more rapidly than does tin. Accordingly, when a ternary diffusion couple is made, by bringing an 0 copper-zinc brass into contact with an a copper-tin bronze at fixed high temperature, it is to be expected that zinc will diffuse into the bronze faster than tin diffuses into the brass. Adjacent to the brass side of the couple the total alloy content (zinc plus tin) should diminish, therefore, while next to the bronze side the alloy content should increase. Since the path of compo- sition change must be continuous, in a single-phased alloy, it should follow a curved and, in general, an S-shaped course. The realization of this prediction is demonstrated in Fig. 1, where the composition paths of two ternary diffusion couples are plotted on the appropriate isotherm of the copper-tin-zinc phase diagram. The diffusion couples were both made from a binary copper-tin alloy analyzing 5.0 pct tin placed against binary copper-zinc alloys analyzing 18.9 and 29.3 pct Zn, respectively. These alloys were produced from electrolytic grades of copper and zinc and a pure grade of straits tin, melted under borax in clay-graphite crucibles and cast in a vertical iron mold. Cylindrical pieces 1 in. in diam and 1 % in. long were machined from the casting and were faced by metallographic polishing to good matching end surfaces. Pairs of the cylindrical pieces were held

Jan 1, 1959

By R. S. Rickard, B. Ball

INTRODUCTION Pyrite responds to the flotation reagents normally used in sulfide flotation systems. For example, it is well known that xanthates are good collectors for pyrite, and cyanide, sulfide and hydroxides are depressants. The particular response of pyrite to these and other reagents is used to advantage in several areas. By careful control of depressant and collector additions, pyrite can be separated from other sulfides by flotation. This is of obvious importance in base metal sulfide flotation where pyrite depression is often required to produce a marketable grade concentrate. Flotation of pyrite has long been employed in gold ore processing, and it appears that pyrite flotation from coal may become important in the future (1). It is probably a direct consequence of this relative ease of separation, plus the low economic value of pyrite, that detailed investigations on the chemistry of its flotation and depression are relatively limited. Gaudin (2, 3, 4) and others, in the mid-1950's published data on the flotation of pyrite, but detailed or consistent mechanisms were lacking. In 1955, Sutherland and Wark's book (5) was published, in which a large , amount of empirical information, especially earlier work of Wark and Cox, was presented. More recently, in 1968, significant contributions have been made by Fuerstenau et al. (6, 7) and Majima and Takeda (8). These papers introduced electrochemical explanations of the effects observed with xanthate and cyanide ions.

Jan 1, 1976

By HOWARD N. EAVENS

DURING the year just closed the bituminous industry has been marked by a continuation of the period of low prices and a steady deflation, accompanied by the closing of mines and the consolidation of small units into larger ones. This pro- gram has marked almost every field in the country, and it bids fair to continue for some time. Some figures recently published for Kentucky show that in 1924 there were 660 mines producing 45,147,000 tons; in 1928 the number had decreased to 537, while production had increased to 61,860,000 tons, and a similar movement is occurring all over the country. Prices throughout the early part of the year were very low, but during the fall and winter the prices received are more satisfactory than they were earlier in the year. One of the leading developments in the marketing of coal during the year was the trade practice movement, which began in the Harlan field, and has now been adopted in the Harlan, Hazard, Appalachian, Logan. Williamson and Kanawha fields. The purpose of this movement is to prevent the shipment of coal except on order, and by the publication of price lists to prevent much senseless price quotation. Where it has been practised the longest this movement has resulted in a considerable degree of stabilization, and, undoubtedly, it will help existing conditions very materially if it becomes universal.

Jan 1, 1930

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 9 P.M. on all week-clays, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining-maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining-reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 4, 1913

By Stephen Birch

The Chitina mining district of Alaska is located at the headwaters of the Chitina and Copper Rivers. At present, the only producing mining properties are the mines of the Kennecott Copper Corpn. and the Mother Lode Coalition Co., which are situated 196 miles from Cordova, the port of entry. The first claims, later acquired by the Kennecott Mines Co. and afterwards transferred to the Kennecott Copper Corpn., were discovered in 1900. The Copper River & Northwestern Ry., which connects the mines with tide water at Cordova, was completed in the spring of 1911. Contemporary with the construction of the railroad, aerial tram equipment was brought to the mines by pack train and a tramway, 3 miles long, connecting Bonanza mine with the proposed railroad terminal, was finished, enabling shipments of high-grade ore to be made immediately the railroad was completed. A mill to treat the lower grade ore was begun the same year. The Kennecott company's holdings consist of 111 mineral claims. The Mother Lode Coalition Mines Co., which is controlled by the Kennecott Copper Corpn., owns 73 claims adjoining the Kennecott holdings. All data on operations and geology refer equally well to the Mother Lode property. Geology The general geology of the district has been covered by the U. S. Geological Survey1 and the geological features of the mines have been carefully studied by A. M. Bateman, in his capacity as consulting geologist to the company.2

Jan 1, 1925

By W. T. Turrall, D. Porter

THE crystal laboratory, Dept. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was confronted with the problem of obtaining a supply of optical grade calcium fluoride (CaF2) for use in growing synthetic CaFe2 crystals. A search of the known fluorspar deposits did not indicate that any quantity of optical spar could be obtained. Even the best material had to be sorted by hand to remove impurities. The process for growing CaF2 crystals developed by Professor D. C. Stockbarger of the Dept. of Physics, M.I.T., necessitates very pure feed materials. Exclusion of impurities is required, even in amounts detectable only spectrographically. The impurities occurred as minute inclusions of SiO2, BaSO4, CaCO3, FeS2, water or air. Crystals up to 4 in. in diam and weighing several pounds are made by the Harshaw Chemical Co. in Cleveland. Since the time required to grow a 4-in. crystal is about one week, and since the cost of manufacture is high, removal of impurities by any concentration method appeared practical. The mineral engineering section of the Dept. of Metallurgy undertook to investigate the possibility of concentrating clear optical fluorspar, -4 mesh +10 mesh, from a feed containing over 99 pct CaF2. Various innovations of the known methods of concentration were considered, but in each case the minute amount of impurities associated with the crystal produced such extremely small differences

Jan 1, 1952

By H. J. Beattie

R. L. Stegman and M. R. Achter (U.S. Naval Research Laboratory)—In a study of the surface structures developed in the fatigue of nickel at low strains as a function of temperature, we have obtained similar results.3 As our apparatus permits fatigue tests to be conducted in vacuo, there was no masking of the surface at high temperatures by oxidation so that the structures there could be observed directly. The relatively few broad slip bands observed at room temperature gave way at 300°C to a large number of uniformly distributed and narrower slip bands. At 550°C deformation began to concentrate around the grain boundaries and progressively increased up to 800°C. In addition fatigue strength was observed initially to increase with increasing temperature up to about 600°C due to the effectively increased ductility caused by the dispersal of fatigue damage. The fatigue strength then decreased at higher temperatures as grain boundary cracking dominates. Maria Ronay, W. H. Reimann, and W. A. Wood (authors' reply)— The authors are pleased to note that R. L. Stegman and M. R. Achter reach similar conclusions from their study of surface slip on nickel. However, they would emphasize that their own conclusions are based on what is shown by study of specimens that have been sectioned and that this study also shows that surface slip is not necessarily representative of what happens below the surface.

Jan 1, 1965

By R. L. Stegman, M. R. Achter

R. L. Stegman and M. R. Achter (U.S. Naval Research Laboratory)—In a study of the surface structures developed in the fatigue of nickel at low strains as a function of temperature, we have obtained similar results.3 As our apparatus permits fatigue tests to be conducted in vacuo, there was no masking of the surface at high temperatures by oxidation so that the structures there could be observed directly. The relatively few broad slip bands observed at room temperature gave way at 300°C to a large number of uniformly distributed and narrower slip bands. At 550°C deformation began to concentrate around the grain boundaries and progressively increased up to 800°C. In addition fatigue strength was observed initially to increase with increasing temperature up to about 600°C due to the effectively increased ductility caused by the dispersal of fatigue damage. The fatigue strength then decreased at higher temperatures as grain boundary cracking dominates. Maria Ronay, W. H. Reimann, and W. A. Wood (authors' reply)— The authors are pleased to note that R. L. Stegman and M. R. Achter reach similar conclusions from their study of surface slip on nickel. However, they would emphasize that their own conclusions are based on what is shown by study of specimens that have been sectioned and that this study also shows that surface slip is not necessarily representative of what happens below the surface.

Jan 1, 1965

Report of President The important fact of the year 1916 is that on July 25 contracts were executed by which the American Society of Civil Engineers because an additional Founder Society and arranged to make its permanent home in our building. The contracts provide for the construction of three additional stories to the building, the American Society to pay the cost tip to $250,000, this being considered equivalent to what each other Founder Society had contributed, the American Society to participate in the original Carnegie gift and have an equal share in the property with each other Founder society. The construction of the addition to the building is under way, $62,525.04 having been expended thereon in 1916. It has been found that, clue to war conditions and the advanced price of materials, the cost of the addition will be $300,000. The founder societies have been requested to assume the extra $50,000, one quarter each. This work is in charge of a Building Committee consisting of H. H. Barnes, Jr., Chairman, E. G. Spilsbury, Charles Warren Hunt and Charles F. Rand. At the request of the Founder Societies, important alterations were made in the lecture halls on the fifth floor of the building to make the same suitable for social functions of the societies. The cost, $6,642.08, was advanced by the United Engineering Society but is to be paid eventually by the Founders. The Library of the civil Engineers is being merged with the Library of the United Engineering. Society and the other founder societies. At the present time the membership of the four founder societies is 29,000 and of associate societies 23,000, so that a total of 52,000 engineers now have their headquarters in our building. The value of the real estate now owned by this Society is $1,647,171.16. This sum will be increased at the end of 1917 by the amount of the cost of the addition to the building.

Jan 3, 1917

By Frederick Burbridge

The Morning silver-lead-zinc mine of the Federal Mining & Smelting Co. is about 'two miles northwest of Mullan, Ida. The lode is a metasomatic fissure vein. The orebody is approximately 2000 ft. long within the bounds of the property and varies in width from knife edge stringers to 50 ft. It has been developed to a depth of 3600 ft. and stands nearly vertical in Revett quartzite, which .strikes north 65" west. The high-grade veins and lenses are generally mixed with waste (siderite, quartz, and quartzite). The average grade of ore to sorting plant in 1921 was 4 oz. silver per ton, 8.6 per cent. lead, and 4.1 per cent. zinc. Wall rock stands only a short time without timbering. The minimum angle of gravity flow is 45". The ratio of waste sorted out to ore is 6 per cent. No gases are generated underground and temperature has no influence on mining operations. Fresh air is forced down the air raise and up the main shaft. Drifting and Stoping Main drifts 12 ft. wide and 13 ft. high are driven every 200 ft. (vertically) and are connected by raises 125 ft. apart. These raises consist of three compartments (chute, tramway, and timber slide) and are for the purpose of ventilation, access, and hoisting supplies to stopes. Ground is stoped between raises. Chutes are placed every 25 ft. for drawing off ore broken in stopes. Waste for filling is obtained from waste raises off the stope in walls or waste is dumped from the level above down the chute compartment of raises, which is bulkheaded so that waste can be drawn off at any floor as required. Timbering Posts and caps for square sets (varying in diameter from 6 to 24 in.) are cut to length in a sawmill on the surface. No preseratives are used. Timber is taken on a flat car along drifts to a raise nearest the working place and hoisted as required. Practically no timber is salvaged for

Jan 1, 1925

By Frank S. Shuri

INTRODUCTION The Calumet Pumping Station, located on the south side of the Greater Chicago area, is part of the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan to accomodate the city's wastewater. The Station consists of two parallel rock caverns, each 18 m high, 20 m wide, and 62 m long, located in Silurian dolomite approximately 91 m below the ground surface. The caverns are oriented N-S with a 24-m-wide pillar between them. Prior to construction, rock mechanics studies were conducted in an L-shaped test adit at the location of the west cavern. The purpo3e of the rock mechanic studies was to characterize the site, particularly the in situ stress field and deformation characteristics of the rock. This information, together with other physical properties of the rock and geologic data, was used to evaluate the stability of the preliminary cavern design, with particular emphasis on cavern orientation, rock reinforcement, and pillar stability. GEOLOGY OF THE SITE Stratigraphy The Chicago area is located on the Kankakee Arch, a broad, gently sloping arch of Paleozoic sediments. Rocks in the project area consist of Silurian dolomites unconformably overlain by Pleistocene glacial deposits. The formations of interest to this study are: - Racine Formation, inter-reef facies. This dolomite is gray- brown, silty, and compact. It contains occasional prominent bedding surfaces. The Racine Formation in the project area varies from 73 to 74 m in thickness.

Jan 1, 1984