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By E. G. Dahlgren, Dan O. Howard

THE West Edmond oil field, which covers parts of Oklahoma, Canadian, Kingfisher, and Logan Counties in the State of Oklahoma, is in geographical extent the largest single oil field found in the state. At the present time, its area of 26,800 acres is almost twice as large as the Oklahoma City field, which hitherto was the state's largest field. Many authorities believe that the West Edmond field is the most important oil pool found in the United States since Pearl Harbor. The discovery of the field without the help of geological, geophysical, or other recognized technical information, the fact that the oil and gas accumulated in a stratigraphic or wedge-type trap, and the rapid development of the productive area under wartime conditions are some of the interesting features of the field. The West Edmond field lies west of the Oklahoma City, Britton, and Edmond fields. The field is in an area that has been considered on the west flank of the Granite Ridge line of folding, on which a number of Central Oklahoma's most important oil fields are located. Over a period of years, especially since the discovery of the new pools such as Oklahoma City, Edmond, Britton, and Crescent, the general area of the West Edmond field has been explored intensively by geological and geophysical methods. This led at times to the drilling of a few dry Wilcox sand tests.

Jan 1, 1945

By P. D. I. Honeyman

DURING 1938 many copper companies again felt the economic pinch and smelter operations were often on a reduced basis which some- times resulted in intermittent operations and complete shutdowns. During the last half of the year production was stepped up and smelting operations resumed a more normal appearance. One of the present-day trends in reverberatory sme1ting is definitely toward high-tonnage operations. i\ t the Phelps Dodge Corporation's Douglas plant, the reconstructed 107 by 26- ft. reverberatory furnaces are operated at the rate of 1000 tons of solid charge per day. The arch, all of silica brick; is sufficiently high above the bath to give

Jan 1, 1939

By R. D. Daniels, T. G. Oakwood

A study was made of the effects of small quantities of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of colum-bium. Tensile specimens, hydrogenated to concentrations of 20 to 200 ppm, were tested at temperatures of 300°, 191°, and 77°K. Although hydrogen was found to have little effect on the strength of columbium, the ductility of Cb-H alloys was found to be quite sensitive to both hydrogen concentration and temperature. At 300°K, an abrupt loss in ductility occurred at a critical hydrogen concentration, although some ductility was observed beyond the tolerance limit. A similar result was found at a lower hydrogen concentration at 191°K. At 77°K, however, a more gradual loss in ductility with increasing hydrogen concentration was observed. Hydrogenated columbium was thus observed to undergo a ductile-brittle-ductile transition. Metallographic examination of fractured specimens revealed extensive porosity at both 77° and300°K which was a distinct function of hydrogen content. At 191°K, although some secondary cracking was noted, the amount of observed porosity was minimal. These observations are interpreted in terms of hydrogen solubility and mobility as a function of temperature and in the role of hydrogen in promoting growth of microcracks. lHE effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of the refractory metals is not, at present, completely understood. A number of studies have shown these materials to be susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Roberts and Rogers1 have found that vanadium can be embrittled by hydrogen. It was further demonstrated that fracture undergoes a ductile-brittle-ductile transition as the temperature is lowered from 150° to -196°C; i.e., there is a ductility minimum observed at a certain temperature. The ductility is increased by either raising or lowering the temperature from this point. A more complete study by Eustice and Carlson2 on vanadium containing 10 to 800 ppm placed the ductility minimum at about -100°C with variations reportedly due to hydrogen content and strain rate. Ductility minima have also been found at certain temperatures for tantalum containing 7 ppm H3 and 140 ppm H.4 At hydrogen concentrations above 270 ppm, however, the ductility return at low temperatures was considerably reduced.4 In the case of columbium, some disagreement exists in the literature. Eustice and Carlson,5 Wilcox et al.,6 and Imgram et al.4 failed to find a ductility minimum although a composition-dependent ductile-brittle transition was observed. Hydrogen concentrations in these investigations were 20 ppm,5 1 to 30 ppm,6 and 200 to 390 ppm.4 However, Wood and Daniels7 observed a rather pronounced ductility minimum at hydrogen contents ranging from 19 to 252 ppm. Those theories of hydrogen embrittlement involving the precipitation of diatomic hydrogen which have been applies to ferrous metals8-12 do not seem to be applicable to the case of columbium and other exothermic occluders. Such theories propose that extensive crack formation and propagation occurs by the precipitation and expansion of diatomic hydrogen at internal voids and microcracks. However, photomicrographs of hydrogenated columbium do not show any evidence of damage introduced by the sorption and precipitation of diatomic hydrogen; rather, at high hydrogen concentrations, a hydrogen-rich second phase is precipitated.13'14 In addition, a number of these theories require the development of high hydrogen pressures at voids in the structure.8'10'12 This does not appear to be feasible in the concentration ranges discussed in the aforementioned paragraphs. The possible interaction of atomic hydrogen with microcracks resulting from dislocation pile-ups15,16 remains in doubt since pile-ups have not been observed in bcc metals17 including columbium.18 Wood and Daniels7 have put forth the possibility that a hydride precipitation could be responsible for crack nucleation in columbium. Work by Longson19 has shown that hydrogen embrittlement of columbium parallels the bulk solubility limit; i.e., as the solubility increases, for instance with temperature, the amount of hydrogen necessary to cause embrittlement also increases. Although a hydride precipitation appears attractive as a means of nucleating microcracks in columbium, what require more intensive study are the low-temperature anomalies which have been observed, i.e., the ductile-brittle-d'ictile transition characteristics. Also, the hydrogen concentrations where embrittlement occurs are often below the bulk solubility limits determined by Albrecht et al.13,14 and Walter and Chandler.20 This work is an attempt to determine more definitively the effects of concentration and temperature on the mechanical properties of dilute Cb-H alloys. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Ultrahigh-purity columbium rods, obtained from the Wah Chang Corp., were cold-reduced by rotary swaging. A chemical analysis is given in Table I. The material was cut into cylindrical blanks 1.50 ±0.005 in. long. Individual specimens were either given a stress relief anneal at 750°C or recrystal-lized at 1200°C. Resulting microstructures were either a "bamboo" structure characteristic of a wrought material or a recrystallized structure with a grain diameter of approximately 100 n. All heat treatments were carried out in a vacuum of 10-5 Torr or less.

Jan 1, 1969

By H. F. Seifert

THE classification and preparation of non-ferrous scrap metals is a subject of interest to every individual and corporation that employs in its processes of manufacture non-ferrous metals and alloys and accumulates in such manufacture scrap from these materials for disposition in the form of turnings, borings, short ends, punchings, clippings, grindings, washings, etc. All too frequently the disposition of such scrap is left to individuals who have no knowledge of the subject either from a metallurgical or a commercial standpoint, or both. Much money is thus lost which with a little more intelligent effort might be saved, and in this day of fierce competition and small profits such an opportunity cannot be ignored. The Mineral Resources of the United States for the year 1925, the latest issue available (Part 1, page 221), gives the secondary non-ferrous TABLE 1.-Some Secondary Non-ferrous Metals Recovered in the United States for the Year 1924-25 Material Short Tons Value Copper, including that in alloys other than brass.... 250,600 $ 71,170,400 Brass, scrap remelted 242,300 56,270,800 Lead as metal 112,4201 39,477,100 Lead as alloys 112,460 Zinc as metal 61,430 11,359,000 Zinc -in alloys other than brass 13,300 Tin as metal 1 7,950 35,165,400 Tin in alloys 23,000 Antimony as metal 1 } 3;794,000 Antimony in alloys 10,839 Aluminum as metal 17,700 24 Aluminum in alloys 26,300 ,816,000 Nickel as metal 19 1 1,518,000 Nickel in non-ferrous alloys 2,109 Total 882,600 $243,570,700

Jan 1, 1928

By E. H. Burdick

The difficulties inherent in table concentration operations as applied to gold, silver, lead and zinc ores, are accentuated in the scheelite mill, which has a flowsheet that is similar in general principles. The narrow "spread" in the specific gravity between scheelite and the usual gangue in which it occurs often makes its clean separation extremely difficult and in some cases impracticable. The problem is further complicated by the extreme friability of the mineral and its inordinate tendency to "slime," particularly where fine grinding is necessary and wet grinding methods are employed. The physical aspect of the occurrence of scheelite in the ores, the kind and character of the rock in which the mineral is present, its hardness, friability and the specific gravity of its constituents, as well as like characteristics of the associated minerals— pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and others, all have a bearing on the successful milling of crude ores and the production of a concentrate that is marketable with minimum price penalty or none at all. Most tungsten deposits are considered low grade when the limiting factor of low percentage recovery by gravity methods is borne in mind. The great majority of deposits developed or in process of development carry from 0.4 to 1.0 per cent tungstic oxide. Ore carrying I per cent is considered good grade; 0.7 to 0.8 per cent, fair, and below that figure, low grade. Steady mill feed averaging upward of I .o per cent WO3 is exceptional. Inasmuch as buying specifications demand a 60 per cent W03 content, the mineral content of the ores as mined must be concentrated to at least that degree. A few companies have constructed chemical plants for the treatment of their complex concentrates and low-grade flotation product, but the smaller operator must rely on table concentration, borrowing the tools and to a large extent the methods of his predecessors in the gold, silver, lead and zinc mills. Whether these are the best tools and methods that can be devised is an open question. Except in rare instances, table concentration, however carefully conducted, does not yield a satisfactory final recovery of the mineral content in headings as indicated by chemical determinations of tungstic oxide content. A saving of 60 to 65 per cent is considered fair, and an average 80 per cent recovery, exceptional. Each scheelite ore body is a separate problem. Details of handling that give best results in one case may not be successfully operative at a property on the same contact zone and but a short distance removed. Supplementary treatment of tailings by flotation may be successful in producing a low-grade concentrate of around 15 per cent W03, which is adapted to further treatment chemically at a given property and entirely unsuccessful at another. This problem constitutes another of the unanswered questions. The following paragraphs relate solely to the beneficiation of scheelite ores by table concentration and supplementary methods.

Jan 1, 1943

By E. H. Burdick

The difficulties inherent in table concentration operations as applied to gold, silver, lead and zinc ores, are accentuated in the scheelite mill, which has a flowsheet that is similar in general principles. The narrow "spread" in the specific gravity between scheelite and the usual gangue in which it occurs often makes its clean separation extremely difficult and in some cases impracticable. The problem is further complicated by the extreme friability of the mineral and its inordinate tendency to "slime," particularly where fine grinding is necessary and wet grinding methods are employed. The physical aspect of the occurrence of scheelite in the ores, the kind and character of the rock in which the mineral is present, its hardness, friability and the specific gravity of its constituents, as well as like characteristics of the associated minerals— pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and others, all have a bearing on the successful milling of crude ores and the production of a concentrate that is marketable with minimum price penalty or none at all. Most tungsten deposits are considered low grade when the limiting factor of low percentage recovery by gravity methods is borne in mind. The great majority of deposits developed or in process of development carry from 0.4 to 1.0 per cent tungstic oxide. Ore carrying I per cent is considered good grade; 0.7 to 0.8 per cent, fair, and below that figure, low grade. Steady mill feed averaging upward of I .o per cent WO3 is exceptional. Inasmuch as buying specifications demand a 60 per cent W03 content, the mineral content of the ores as mined must be concentrated to at least that degree. A few companies have constructed chemical plants for the treatment of their complex concentrates and low-grade flotation product, but the smaller operator must rely on table concentration, borrowing the tools and to a large extent the methods of his predecessors in the gold, silver, lead and zinc mills. Whether these are the best tools and methods that can be devised is an open question. Except in rare instances, table concentration, however carefully conducted, does not yield a satisfactory final recovery of the mineral content in headings as indicated by chemical determinations of tungstic oxide content. A saving of 60 to 65 per cent is considered fair, and an average 80 per cent recovery, exceptional. Each scheelite ore body is a separate problem. Details of handling that give best results in one case may not be successfully operative at a property on the same contact zone and but a short distance removed. Supplementary treatment of tailings by flotation may be successful in producing a low-grade concentrate of around 15 per cent W03, which is adapted to further treatment chemically at a given property and entirely unsuccessful at another. This problem constitutes another of the unanswered questions. The following paragraphs relate solely to the beneficiation of scheelite ores by table concentration and supplementary methods.

Jan 1, 1943

By Walter S. Lutz, J. T. Griffith

The rainfall during the last six months of 1942 in Scranton and vicinity was 24.06 in.—only 4.35 in more than the average for this district in any equivalent period—yet that rain forced The Hudson Coal Co. to handle 38.8 tons of water for every ton of coal mined. It filled to overflowing, or to a higher level, 14 flooded mine areas holding, in total volume, 8.3 billion gallons of water in storage; brought about a pumpage of 11.4 billion gallons in the months of December 1942 and January, February and March 1943 Half of the total energy generated or purchased (44,322,980 kw-hr.) was required to keep the mines sufficiently free of water to permit the mining of coal during a period of much needed output. Fig. I shows the extent to which this flooding of exhausted and idle properties has proceeded, and is known to be proceeding further, at the upper end of the Northern field. This rainfall (24.06 in.) means 80,559,444 tons of water on approximately 46.2 sq. miles of area tributary to the pumping plants. During the high rainfall period, 72,687,661 tons went underground, being pumped at the stations in this territory. This means an inflow of 88per cent, a runoff of 12 per cent compared with 64 per cent during normal conditions in a normal region. During this period no floods, either surface or underground, had to be dealt with, although the streams and rivers were high on several occasions. In general, the rainfall for the first three months of 1943 can be described as heavy but not abnormal.9 These figures not only indicate the large volumes of water to be handled but, by their very size, they also emphasize that the mine-water problem is not to be conquered, at least from an economical standpoint, by merely buying and installing more and more pumps. Into the solving of this water problem must go much planning, adhering to the principle of keeping the highest percentage of water at the highest possible level for the longest period of time; the storage of huge volumes in sumps capable of being reduced after the flood inflow and at rates less than the inflow; plans for prevention of surface inflow; provision of the minimum of pumping capacity arranged to as nearly 100 per cent pumping load factor as is possible; intercompany joint pumping plants; the conducting of water from one plant to another and from one property to another over distances measured in miles; priorities in power to the threatening situations; and. balance of the necessities and dangers existent in one colliery over another, day by day, when quantities of water are running high. Despite these astronomical figures of water volumes, their disposal to the surface is accomplished reasonably cheaply because, although the annual cost of $575,020 is a large sum, the cost per ton is about 0.1168 cents. Credit for this goes

Jan 1, 1947

By J. T. Griffith, Walter S. Lutz

The rainfall during the last six months of 1942 in Scranton and vicinity was 24.06 in.—only 4.35 in more than the average for this district in any equivalent period—yet that rain forced The Hudson Coal Co. to handle 38.8 tons of water for every ton of coal mined. It filled to overflowing, or to a higher level, 14 flooded mine areas holding, in total volume, 8.3 billion gallons of water in storage; brought about a pumpage of 11.4 billion gallons in the months of December 1942 and January, February and March 1943 Half of the total energy generated or purchased (44,322,980 kw-hr.) was required to keep the mines sufficiently free of water to permit the mining of coal during a period of much needed output. Fig. I shows the extent to which this flooding of exhausted and idle properties has proceeded, and is known to be proceeding further, at the upper end of the Northern field. This rainfall (24.06 in.) means 80,559,444 tons of water on approximately 46.2 sq. miles of area tributary to the pumping plants. During the high rainfall period, 72,687,661 tons went underground, being pumped at the stations in this territory. This means an inflow of 88per cent, a runoff of 12 per cent compared with 64 per cent during normal conditions in a normal region. During this period no floods, either surface or underground, had to be dealt with, although the streams and rivers were high on several occasions. In general, the rainfall for the first three months of 1943 can be described as heavy but not abnormal.9 These figures not only indicate the large volumes of water to be handled but, by their very size, they also emphasize that the mine-water problem is not to be conquered, at least from an economical standpoint, by merely buying and installing more and more pumps. Into the solving of this water problem must go much planning, adhering to the principle of keeping the highest percentage of water at the highest possible level for the longest period of time; the storage of huge volumes in sumps capable of being reduced after the flood inflow and at rates less than the inflow; plans for prevention of surface inflow; provision of the minimum of pumping capacity arranged to as nearly 100 per cent pumping load factor as is possible; intercompany joint pumping plants; the conducting of water from one plant to another and from one property to another over distances measured in miles; priorities in power to the threatening situations; and. balance of the necessities and dangers existent in one colliery over another, day by day, when quantities of water are running high. Despite these astronomical figures of water volumes, their disposal to the surface is accomplished reasonably cheaply because, although the annual cost of $575,020 is a large sum, the cost per ton is about 0.1168 cents. Credit for this goes

Jan 1, 1947

By E. H. Burdick

THE difficulties inherent in table concentration operations as applied to gold, silver, lead and zinc ores, are accentuated in the scheelite mill, which has a flowsheet that is similar in general principles. The narrow "spread" in the specific gravity between scheelite and the usual gangue in which it occurs often makes its clean separation extremely difficult and in some cases impracticable. The problem is further complicated by the extreme friability of the mineral and its inordinate tendency to "slime," particularly where fine grinding is necessary and wet grinding methods are employed. The physical aspect of the occurrence of scheelite in the ores, the kind and character of the rock in which the mineral is present, its hardness, friability and the specific gravity of its constituents, as well as like characteristics of the associated minerals-pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and others, all have a bearing on the successful milling of crude ores and the production of a concentrate that is marketable with minimum price penalty or none at all. Most tungsten deposits are considered low grade when the limiting factor of low percentage recovery by gravity methods is borne in mind. The great majority of deposits developed or in process of development carry from 0.4 to 1.0 per cent tungstic oxide. Ore carrying I per cent is considered good grade; 0.7 to 0.8 per cent, fair, and below that figure, low grade. Steady mill feed averaging upward of 1.0 per cent W03 is exceptional. Inasmuch as buying specifications demand a 60 per cent W03 content, the mineral content of the ores as mined must be concentrated to at least that degree. A few companies have constructed chemical plants for the treatment of their complex concentrates and low-grade flotation product, but the smaller operator must rely on table concentration, borrowing the tools and to a large extent the methods of his predecessors in the gold, silver, lead and zinc mills. Whether these are the best tools and methods that can be devised is an open question. Except in rare instances, table concentration, however carefully conducted, does not yield a satisfactory final recovery of the mineral content in headings as indicated by chemical determinations of tungstic oxide content. A saving of 60 to 65 per cent is considered fair, and an average 80 per cent recovery, exceptional. Each scheelite ore body is a separate problem. Details of handling that give best results in one case may not be successfully operative at a property on the same contact zone and but a short distance removed. Supplementary treatment of tailings by flotation may be successful in producing a low-grade concentrate of around 15 per cent WO3, which is adapted to further treatment chemically at a given property and entirely unsuccessful at another. This problem constitutes another of the unanswered questions. The following paragraphs relate solely to the beneficiation of scheelite ores by table concentration and supplementary methods.

Jan 1, 1942

By Fitterer, G. R.

The impact of the work of Herty "et al" on modern liquid steel technology can only be evaluated by first setting the stage as it existed in 1926. It is important to briefly review not only the steel making process and viewpoints regarding methods of refining, but also to describe the tools which were available for research at the time. One must recall that only 15 years before the beginning of this program, the open hearth production exceeded that of the Bessemer in the United States. Many open hearths were still operating on producer gas (a very inefficient fuel), although some plants were converting to the use of natural gas and very few to oil. Continuous rolling of wide strip started this year. The Faraday Society in England held a World Conference on Physical Chemistry in Steel Making in 1925 and the contributions to this work created considerable interest throughout the world and it appeared that physical chemistry might convert the art of steel making into a science. These papers, however, attempted to solve the problems through the use of the older physical chemical concepts such as Nernst's numbers, etc. and considerable data were missing. In 1923, Lewis and Randall had published their book Thermodynanzicsl and this was later to establish and standardize the steps which are now accepted for the calculation of physico-chemical equations. At the time this research work was started, there were no small high frequency induction furnaces. Northrup had just invented his high frequency furnace and a few large units had been instilled in plants. The vacuum fusion method lor the determination of oxygen in steel was

Jan 1, 1957

By C. H. P. Lupis, Henri Gaye

There are m -I conditions for the stability of a solution of m components with respect to infinitesinzal flucturations. However, in most cases, only one of these conditions has to be considered to determine the domain of instability and the existence of this more restrictive condition greatly simplifies the calculations. It may be used advantageously for the prediction of miscibility gaps and the method is illustrated in details for the case of the Ag-Pb-Zn system. THE thermodynamic conditions for the formation of a miscibility gap may be viewed as a necessary consequence of the conditions for spinodal decomposition. A previous article1 has examined in detail the form of these conditions for multicomponent systems. There is only one condition for the stability of a binary system (with respect to infinitesimal fluctuations), but there are two conditions for a ternary system, and m — 1 conditions for an m-component system. The probability of violating a stability condition, and thus forming a miscibility gap, obviously increases with the number of components, a result which is rather intuitive since the atoms of the solution have now many more ways of redistributing themselves and introducing complexities in the form of the free energy hy-persurface. It is of interest to take advantage of this possibility of precipitating new phases and to examine which stability condition is the likeliest to be violated, that is, which stability condition is thermodynamically the most restrictive. The finding of such a condition would greatly simplify the application of the stability criteria since only one condition could then be considered, instead of m - 1. In Ref. 1, coherency strain energy terms were neglected, thus restricting the applications of the treatment to solutions where they are negligible, such as liquid alloys. In the following study the same assumption will be made. To generalize the treatment to systems where the strain energy terms are sizable, the reader is referred to Cahn's classical article on spinodal decomposition.2 Let us designate by Gij the second derivative of the Gibbs free energy with respect to the number of moles ni and n j. There are several equivalent sets of m — 1 stability conditions.' The one considered here expresses that the successive diagonal determinants of order 1, 2, ... m — 1, associated with the symmetric Gij matrix (for 2 5 i, j 5 m) are positive.' For a binary solution 1-2, the condition for stability is: O(u=G22^0 [1] For a ternary system 1-2-3, the condition [I.] is re- tained (the value of G22 will differ, of course, according to the concentration of 3) and another condition is introduced: £>(21 = G22G33 - Gl3 ^ 0 [2] In a composition diagram, these two conditions define two domains of instability. Starting at a point where the solution is stable (for instance at a point where the solution is very dilute) we gradually change the composition until the condition [I] or [2] is violated. As already noted in the literature, e.g., in the work of Prigogine and Defay,3 it is the boundary of the domain (2) which is first crossed. For if we assume that the boundary of the domain (1) is reached first, at this point G22 = 0 and the second condition is necessarily violated (D(2) = -& 5 0), in contradiction with our original assumption. An exhaustive study of the ternary regular solution case may be found in the work of Meijering.4 Moreover if the boundaries of the two domains have a common point, they also have a common tangent. For if the two lines were to cross each other as is illustrated in Fig. 1(a) any point M in the line QP would be such that £> = 0 and 0"' > 0 which, as shown above, are incompatible results. Thus, the two lines must be tangent at their common point Q as illustrated in the example of Fig. l(b). The reasoning of Fig. l(a) implies that the point Q is not a "singular" point for either boundary line. This singularity may be of two types. First, the lines meet without crossing each other and without being tangent. Second, the tangent at Q for D"' or 0"' is not single-valued. Other types of singularity are unlikely because of the usual analytical forms of D"' and 0"'. The exception to the common tangent requirement due to the first type of singularity was pointed out by John Morral;5 it occurs when the common point, Q' or (3" in Fig. l(b), is located at a boundary of the composition diagram, e.g., at the line X3 = 0. It may also be noted that at the common nonsingular point Q of D(1) and D(2), Fig. 1(b), G23 is necessarily equal to zero, whereas at a point such as Q' or Q", this conclusion is no longer valid because the product G22G33 is now indefinite (of the form 0. a). The exception to the common tangent requirement due to the second type of singularity occurs when two branches of the same boundary line intersect, for example when D(1)or D(2) decomposes into a product of functions, at a point which belongs to the boundary of the other condition. It is possible to show by a simple analytical calculation that, in this case, if Q is a singular point of D(1), then it is necessarily a singular point of D(2), and that the reciprocal is true except if G33 = 0 at Q. For the present article, however, more elaboration on these singularities appears to be unwarranted. To generalize the previous results to an m -component system, we use the mathematical theorem stating that if the diagonal determinant D(r) = 0, then

Jan 1, 1970

By G. K. Burgess

(New York Meeting, October, 1913.) 1. COOLING AND HEATING CURVES BY G. V. BURGESS AND J. J. CROWE. § 22. THE results published in Professor Howe's paper 10 of our determinations on the Ac3 and Ar3 points for a series of commercial carbon steels 11 containing manganese in varying proportion, represent the average temperatures found by taking several (4 or 5) heating and cooling curves. The accompanying curves, Figs. 6 and 7, are, for each steel, the first heating and cooling curves as obtained by' the inverse-rate method of Osmond, using a cylindrical chronograph sensitive to -0.1 sec. for recording .time. Simultaneous observations were also taken by the differential method with a platinum neutral and plotted by Rosenhain's derived differential method and gave substantially the same results, the curves having sensibly the same contours in both cases.12. The observations were taken in vacuo on cylinders 5/8 by 1 in. in length bored to center with a 1/8-in. hole to receive porcelain insulated thereto-couple, and inclosed in an out- and in-glazed Berlin porcelain tube heated electrically by, platinum foil wound on the tube. The vacuum was usually better than 0.1 mm. The heating and cooling of the furnace was automatically controlled by a salt-water rheostat with shaped electrodes, giving a uniform rate of heating and cooling.

Jan 6, 1913

By AIME AIME

The Washoe plant, 1 in Anaconcla. Mont., together with the local street-railroad, ranches a. foundry and machine-shop a brick-plant and the Montana hotel, form a property under one management; to which should be added the mines in Butte owned by the company, from which part of the ore-supply of the plant comes. The Anaconda Copper Mining Co., controlled by the Amalgamated Copper Co., was reorganized under the laws of Montana in 1893. A map of the plant, showing the numerous departments and illustrating the details of tracks, pipe-lines, and charging-stations for compressed-air locomotives, is given in Fig. 1.

Jul 1, 1906

By CYRIL W., William Campbell, Henry M. Howe

THIS paper gives the results of an investigation of the behavior of the argentiferous cobalt-nickel arsenides of Temiskaming, Ontario, in roasting, made in the metallurgical laboratories of the School of Mines, of Columbia University in the City of New York. The ore was kindly given by the owners of the La Rose and Trethewey properties at Cobalt, Ontario, and Mr. E. J. Hall, Tutor in Assaying in Columbia University, has helped us much. I. OBJECT OF THE INVESTIGATION. The object of the investigation was to learn:- 1. The temperature at which the arsenic is most rapidly expelled; 2. The thoroughness with which it is expelled by prolonged roasting at this temperature; 3. The effect of adding charcoal (a) near the end of the roast and (b) at the beginning of the roast. II. NATURE OF THE ORE. The important ores mined in the Temiskaming deposits are native silver-with small amounts of dyscrasite (Ag6 Sb), argentite (Ag2S), pyrargyrite (Ag3SbS3)-smaltite (CoAs2), chloanthite (NiAs2) and niccolite (NiAs). Mispickel (FeAsS) and cobaltite (CoAsS) also occur in smaller quantities. The average composition of the ore shipped from this district for the first six months of 1905 -was: silver, from 4.1 to 4.8 per cent.; cobalt, from 6.9 to 8.2 per cent ; nickel, from 3 to 4.7 per cent ; and arsenic, from 30.9 to 34.6 per cent. The ore which we treated consists chiefly of smaltite ; In our laboratory-work

Jan 1, 1907

By Martin F. Littmann

Inclusions of MnS and Fe3C have been introduced into single crystals of 3 pct Si-Fe to study their effects on recrystallization behavior and textures after cold rolling and annealing. The presence of MnS in (110) [001] and (111)[112] crystals inhibited primary grain growth and promoted secondary recrystallization but did not alter the texture significantly after annealing at 1200°C. The presence of Fe3C in (llO)[OOl] and (100)[001] crystals caused a refinement of the primary re crystallized grain size but did not promote secondary recrystallization. THE texture behavior of single crystals of 3 pct Si-Fe during deformation and recrystallization has been studied by numerous investigators. The early work of Dunn&apos; followed by Decker and Harker2 involved relatively small cold reductions. More detailed studies of Dunn3&apos;4 and of Dunn and Koh5&apos;6 involved a reduction of 70 pct and recrystallization at 980°C for several crystals. Walter and Hibbard7 studied a greater variety of initial orientations and sought to relate the textures to those of polycrystalline material. Attention was focused on the nucleation process during early stages of annealing and on surface energy effects in studies by Walter and Dunn8 and by HU.9&apos;10 One of the most extensive investigations has been reported by T. Taoka, E. Furubayashi, and S. Takeuchi.11 Most of this work has been conducted using relatively pure crystals with minimal amounts of precipi-tate-forming elements such as carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Recently, however, S. Taguchi and A. Sakakura have observed that AIN precipitates can alter the recrystallization textures of rolled (100)[001] crystals.12 The present studies were initiated to determine effects of MnS and Fe3C precipitates on recrystalli-zation and grain growth behavior of rolled single-crystals of 3 pct Si-Fe. Both of these types of inclusions play significant roles in the recrystallization behavior leading to the formation of the (110)[001] or cube-on-edge texture in commercial grain-oriented silicon iron. It is well known that (110)[001] primary grains are formed by recrystallization of (110)[001] or (11 l)[ 112] crystals after cold reduction of about 60 pct or more. Crystals of these orientations, therefore, were selected for study of the effect of MnS in-clusions on grain growth. On the other hand, a major component of the texture of cold-rolled, polycrystal-line 3 pct Si-Fe is the (100)[011] orientation. The function of Fe3,C inclusions is of interest for this orientation. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The single crystals used are listed in Table I and were obtained from commercial Si-Fe alloy processed to produce (110)[001] and (100)[001] texture by secondary growth. The cube-on-edge material was 0.59 mm thick. Suitably large (110)[001] crystals 25 mm wide were selected and their orientations were determined using an optical goniometer. Etch pits for texture determination were formed by a ferric sulfate solution. The other crystals used in the study with (100)[001], (100)[011], and (111)[112] orientations were obtained from sheet which contained large grains developed from secondary recrystallization by a surface-energy driving force.13 Most crystals had a (100) plane very nearly parallel to the sheet surface and the rolling direction could be selected readily. The same sheet also contained a few crystals with (111) planes parallel to the sheet surface, these also being a result of growth by surface energy. The crystals selected from the sheet were about 25 mm wide and 0.25 to 0.28 mm thick. As shown in Table 11, the crystals already contained about 0.070 to 0.10 pct Mn. Inclusions of MnS were incorporated into crystal 36 in the following manner. The crystals were first sulfurized by holding them Table I. Initial Orientations of Crystals Crystal No. Initial Orientation Thickness, mm Special Treatment 34 (I10) [00l]* 0.59 None 36s (110) [001] 0.59 Sulfide precipitates added 30,40 (111)[Ti21 0.28 None 43s (III) [Ti21 0.28 Sulfide precipitates added 37 (100) [Oll] 0.30 None 37C (100) [01I] 0.27 Carbon added 41 (100) (01I] 0.25 None 41C (100) [OI11 025 Carbide precipitates added 42 (100) [OOl] 0.25 None 42C (100) [001] 0.25 Carbide precipitates added *Tilted 4 deg to r~ght about R.D. Table II. Compositions of Crystals Special Treatments Base Analysis ~ ______________________£________________Crys- Crystals Pct Si Pct C Pct Mn Pct S Pct N Pct Al tal Pct C Pct S 34.36 2.93 • 0.099 <0.005 - 0.0014 36S 0.011 30.37 to 42 2.78 0.0057 0.070 0.001 0.0008 0.0011 43S 0.022 37C 0.029 -41C 0.028 -42C 0.026 *Estimate 0.004 pct. Oxygen estimated <0.003 pct on all samples

Jan 1, 1970

By Richard A. Queeney, Lance G. Peterson

ESTIMATES of the stacking fault free energy of copper reported in the literature show an extensive divergence of results. Based on measurements of dislocation node radii, Thornton et al.7 find the lower limit of stacking fault energy to be 60 ergs per sq cm: Jossang and coworkers4 estimate the same value should be less than 40 ergs per sq cm. Assuming stacking fault free energy to be twice the coherent twin boundary free energy, Valenzuela8 reports 72 ergs per cm, while Inman and Khan2 cite a value of 24 ergs per sq cm. which can no doubt be accounted for by almost complete absence of interstitials in solution. However, the minute concentration was sufficient to permit observable recovery of dislocation damping. Assuming a dislocation density of 1010 CM -2 and an average loop length of 0.5 , a concentration of interstitials as low as 0.01 at. ppm is sufficient to reduce dislocation damping by more than a factor of ten. The concentration of interstitial solute atoms in Ferrovac E-0.15 pct Ti was thus estimated at 0.01 at. ppm < (C + N) < 2 at. ppm. The absence at elevated temperature of strengthening due to interstitials, Fig. 1, was therefore anticipated in the titanium alloy. The temperature dependence of the flow stress below 300°K was unaffected by addition of either titanium&apos; or zirconium.&apos; Observed, however, was an initial difference in the absolute value of the flow stress below 320oK, Fig. 1. Grain size may account for the difference; the grain diameter of Ferrovac E was 30 to 45 µ and that of Ferrovac E-0.15 pct Ti 65 to 90 µ. Although second phase particles in the form of titanium carbides and nitrides precipitated in the Ferrovac E-0.15 pct Ti alloy, the spacing was too large to produce any strengthening effect. The mechanical properties measured, therefore, were inherent to the bcc lattice. 1W. C. Leslie and R. J. Sober: Trans. ASm, 1967, vol. 60, pp. 99-111. 2 H. Conrad: Journal of Metals, 1964, vol. 16, pp. 582-88. 3 A. S. Keh and W. C. Leslie: Materials Science Research. H. H. Stadelmaier and W.W.Austin, eds., vol. 1.pp. 208.50, Plenum Press, New York, 1963. 4A. S. Keh, Y. Nakada, and W. C. Leslie: Dislocation Dymmics, Rosenfield, Hahn, Bement, Jr., and Jaffe, eds., pp. 381-406, McCraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1968. &apos;W. J. Bratina, J. T. McCrath, and H. E. Rosinger: Can. Met. Quart., in press. 6 W. J. Bratina, J. T. McGrath, and D. Mills: Suppl. Trans. Japan Inst. Metals. 1968, vol. 9, pp. 436-43. &apos;H. E. Rosinger and C. B. Craig: Can. Met. Quart., In press. %. Mills. J. T. McGrath. and W. J. Bratina: ScriptaMet,, 1968, vol. 2, pp. 311-13. The purpose of this note is to present the results of a direct measurement of the stacking fault free energy in copper. The present method avoids both the question of interaction forces of nodal dislocations and the assumption that the coherent twin boundary free energy is one-half that of a stacking fault. Fig. 1 shows a transmission electron micrograph of a stacking fault intersecting a high angle grain boundary in copper: Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of the intersecting interfaces. To produce the specimen, pure copper was rolled to 0.002 in. thickness and annealed for several hours at 875°C. These foils were strained in tension to l04 µ in. per in., and rean-nealed to 8 min. Recrystallization and/or grain growth were not observed during the second anneal, indicating that intersections such as Fig. 1 are equilibrium configurations. Many such stacking faults were observed, but few were noted as intersecting grain boundaries in well-illuminated areas. The intersection of Fig. 1 was well away from the specimen edge. Since similar defects have not been observed in fully recrystal-lized and annealed copper, it is felt that this defect is due to the tensile straining. Electron transmission

Jan 1, 1970

By G. K. Manning, P. C. Rosenthal

USE of copper as an intentionally added alloy in steel and cast iron has rapidly expanded with-in the last fifteen years. It is estimated that in 1931 not more than 2000 tons of copper were so used; by 1941, however, this figure had grown to 13,000 tons. Tonnage figures during the war years have been restricted just as copper itself has been restricted, but copper-bearing cast irons and steels have played a part in the production of ordnance equipment. They are used in gun carriages, airplane landing-gear assemblies, scout cars, bulldozing equipment, army trucks, armor plate and many other instruments of war. These wartime applications have their counterpart in many peacetime applications; derricks, dredges, mine equipment, railway equipment, trucks, farm implements, automobiles, and tractors, all usually contain some parts made of copper-bearing steel or iron. An example of this is the Ford tractor which in 1940 contained over 300 lb. of copper-bearing steel castings. To this list should be added corrugated building sheet for exterior use most of which, at the present time, contains upward of 0.15 per cent copper. With the return to peacetime economy and the removal of wartime restrictions, it appears certain that copper cast irons and steels will find increasing application in civilian goods.

Jan 1, 1945

By Lewis Carroll

AS he contemplates the numerous good things the hard-working committees have evolved for the 140th Meeting of the Institute, the Editor knows just how the walrus felt when he uttered his memorable, if somewhat lugubrious lines. For there are the Annual Reception and Dinner at the Commodore, &apos;the Gold Supply Symposium, the luncheons, general and special, and the Annual Institute of Metals Lecture, a Round Table on Iron Ore and a wonderful Informal Dance at the Grand Central Art, Gallery, substantial general sessions, a Smoker-and many other things. -Old, friends and new, reminiscences and confidential chats, horizons pushed back by new information and adjusted perspectives, courage revived and ambitions stimulated-one with a flair for the modernistic might make something-or nothing-of the kaleidoscopic preview &apos;of the coming Annual Meeting.

Jan 1, 1931

By J. Brian Eby

The Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana during the year of 1940 was subjected to an extensive exploration and development campaign, as a result of which 16 oil fields and about 38 new producing sands were found. Although this record of discovery appears in keeping with the rate of 1939 actually in amount of new proven reserves, it may fall short of that of the previous year. Only five or six of the discoveries rated as first-class or important fields at the close of the year. The most prominent new fields opened during the year were Neale field in Beaure-gard Parish, the West Cote Blanche field in St. Mary Parish, the Stella field and the West Bay field in Plaquemines Parish, and the Lake Salvador field in St. Charles Parish. There were many important oil-sand discoveries in proven fields, such as in the Bayou Perot field, the Golden Meadows field, the Iowa field, West Lake Verrett field, and the Venice field. During the year, 1047 weUs were drilled in southern Louisiana, of which 768 were completed as oil-producing wells, 17 as gas wells and 262 as dry holes. The Neale field in northwest Beauregard Parish is considered one of the most important discoveries of the year. The f~eld centers around the north half of sec. 26, &apos;Y.3 S., R.I I W., just north of the town of Neale. It was discovered by the Atlantic Refining Co., using reflection seismograph to locate the structure. Production was found in the second well drilled in the Wilcox sand on the downthrown side of a fault. The structure is known as the "Tepetate" type, being similar to that of the well-known Tepetate field. There were 12 oil wells and 3 dry holes drilled during the year. The Wilcox sand in this field occurs between 8350 and 8400 ft. and averages 30 ft. in thickness. The West Cote Blanche Bay field, in West Cote Blanche Bay, St. Mary Parish, is a 1940 discovery by the Texas Company, credited to reflection seismograph exploration. The oil is from two sands occurring at 3110 to 3140 ft. and from 4950 to 5020 it. Four wells were drilled during the year, three oil wells and one dry hole. The deepest hole drilled reached 9491 ft. without encountering salt or dome material. In Plaquemines Parish, south of New Orleans, the California company has a new field known as the Stella field. The sand was found at a depth of 7485 ft., and 5 ft. of perforations made a well capable of producing 486 bbl. of oil in 24 hr. through a 9.is-in. choke. The oil is 42" gravity. The discovery well was drilled to a total depth of 10,258 ft. and other producing sands were indicated. A good field appears assured, although only one well was completed within the year. The Lake Salvador field, in the center of Lake Salvador, St. Charles Parish, gives promise of being one of the most important discoveries of the year. The discovery well was perforated at 9775 to 9800 ft. making 850 bbl. of 33.7° gravity oil daily through a 1/4-in. choke. Three wells were completed in 1940 but few details have as yet been made available.he Gulf Oil Corporation apparently has a good field in its wildcat discovery in West Bay, Plaquemines Parish. This well found

Jan 1, 1941

By J. Brian Eby

The Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana during the year of 1940 was subjected to an extensive exploration and development campaign, as a result of which 16 oil fields and about 38 new producing sands were found. Although this record of discovery appears in keeping with the rate of 1939 actually in amount of new proven reserves, it may fall short of that of the previous year. Only five or six of the discoveries rated as first-class or important fields at the close of the year. The most prominent new fields opened during the year were Neale field in Beaure-gard Parish, the West Cote Blanche field in St. Mary Parish, the Stella field and the West Bay field in Plaquemines Parish, and the Lake Salvador field in St. Charles Parish. There were many important oil-sand discoveries in proven fields, such as in the Bayou Perot field, the Golden Meadows field, the Iowa field, West Lake Verrett field, and the Venice field. During the year, 1047 weUs were drilled in southern Louisiana, of which 768 were completed as oil-producing wells, 17 as gas wells and 262 as dry holes. The Neale field in northwest Beauregard Parish is considered one of the most important discoveries of the year. The f~eld centers around the north half of sec. 26, &apos;Y.3 S., R.I I W., just north of the town of Neale. It was discovered by the Atlantic Refining Co., using reflection seismograph to locate the structure. Production was found in the second well drilled in the Wilcox sand on the downthrown side of a fault. The structure is known as the "Tepetate" type, being similar to that of the well-known Tepetate field. There were 12 oil wells and 3 dry holes drilled during the year. The Wilcox sand in this field occurs between 8350 and 8400 ft. and averages 30 ft. in thickness. The West Cote Blanche Bay field, in West Cote Blanche Bay, St. Mary Parish, is a 1940 discovery by the Texas Company, credited to reflection seismograph exploration. The oil is from two sands occurring at 3110 to 3140 ft. and from 4950 to 5020 it. Four wells were drilled during the year, three oil wells and one dry hole. The deepest hole drilled reached 9491 ft. without encountering salt or dome material. In Plaquemines Parish, south of New Orleans, the California company has a new field known as the Stella field. The sand was found at a depth of 7485 ft., and 5 ft. of perforations made a well capable of producing 486 bbl. of oil in 24 hr. through a 9.is-in. choke. The oil is 42" gravity. The discovery well was drilled to a total depth of 10,258 ft. and other producing sands were indicated. A good field appears assured, although only one well was completed within the year. The Lake Salvador field, in the center of Lake Salvador, St. Charles Parish, gives promise of being one of the most important discoveries of the year. The discovery well was perforated at 9775 to 9800 ft. making 850 bbl. of 33.7° gravity oil daily through a 1/4-in. choke. Three wells were completed in 1940 but few details have as yet been made available.he Gulf Oil Corporation apparently has a good field in its wildcat discovery in West Bay, Plaquemines Parish. This well found

Jan 1, 1941