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By E. L. Jr. Spain

THE deposits described in this paper occur over much of Wayne County and in the southeast portion of Hardin County, Tennessee, and in the northeast and northwest portions of Mississippi and Alabama respec-tively. The presence of tripoli in this region has been known for some time and descriptions of various occurrences in Tennessee have been made by Jewell1 and Miser2, while Hilgard3, Lowe4 and Logan5 have treated the deposits that occur in the adjacent portions of Alabama and Mississippi, but there has not been a general survey of the entire field summarizing completely the geology of the deposits with respect to their origin and stratigraphic relationships. During 1934, while engaged in surveys of mineral resources through this region for the Tennessee Valley Authority, the writer collected data with this in mind, and has assembled them in this report. He is indebted to H. S. Rankin and N. A. Rose, of the Tennessee Valley Authority Geology Division, for field assistance.

Jan 1, 1936

By J. W. Rutter, K. T. Aust

Observations are presented of the formation of annealing twins during the growth of a recrystallized grain into a striated, melt-grown crystal of high-purity lead. The formation of an annealing twin resulted in replacement of the original migrating boundary by a large-angle grain boundary of the caincidence-site type or by a near-twin boundary. The results support the Fullman-Fisher theory of annealing twins and demonstrate the usefulness of the coincidence-site model. FULLMAN and Fisher1 have advanced the following theory to account for the formation of annealing twins during grain growth. Whenever a grain A grows into a matrix of grains S1 and S2, a twin A' of grain A may form, as shown in Fig. 1, if the following energetic condition is satisfied: where "E" and "a" refer to the specific interfacial free energy and the area, respectively, of the boundaries indicated by the subscripts. In effect, the twinned grain will persist when the energy of the boundary between the twin(A') and the matrix grain (S, or S,) is less than that of the boundary between the original growing grain (A) and the matrix grain by an amount which exceeds the energy of the coherent twin boundary between A and A'. Experimental observations on the changes in grain boundary free energy accompanying the formation of twins1 are in agreement with the theory outlined in Eq.[l]. Direct observations of the formation of annealing twins at moving grain corners1"3 and the depend-

Jan 1, 1961

By S. F. Frederick, G. F. Pittinato

The deformation mechanisms operating in Ti-5Al-2.5Sn at 20°K under uniaxial and biaxial stress fields were determined by using both optical and electron microscopy. In the uniaxially stressed specimens, de-fu~rnation twins were found only in the immediate vicinity of the fracture. Twinning was, however, established as a deformation mechanism under biaxial stress conditions. The same slip systems were opera-tiz,e under both uniaxial and biaxial stress. Prismatic slip was identified as the major slip syslem; however, basal and first-order pyramidal slip also occurred, but to a lesser degree. The interaction of moving dis-locations on intersecting slip planes resulted in the formation of jogs and dipoles. Hexagonal dislocation networks were formed only under biaxial stress conditions. A discussion is given on the formation of hexagonal dislocation networks. IT has been shown that titanium alloys can exhibit unusually high strengths when tested in a biaxial stress field.'-" The high biaxial strengths are a consequence of a strong basal plane sheet texture which results in distinctly anisotropic flow properties. This texture strengthening appears to decrease with decreasing temperature2 and would seem to indicate a change in deformation modes. For example, in a uniaxial tensile test, Ti-5A1-2.5Sn yields isotropically at 20°K but is strongly anisotropic at room temperature. The increase in biaxial ultimate over uniaxial strength at 20°K is also much less than at room temperature. It is known that titanium car] form deformation twins more readily at cryogenic temperatures than at room temperature.4 Since the formation of deformation twins will reduce the degree of basal texture in sheet material,' an accompanying decrease in texture strengthening would be expected. To investigate more fully the nature of texture strengthening at cryogenic temperatures, the deformation modes of Ti-5A1-2.5Sn tested in uniaxial and 1:1 biaxial tension at 20°K were studied by optical and electron transmission microscopy. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The uniaxial and biaxial stress test specimens were prepared from 0.020-in. thick sheets of Ti-5A1-2.5Sn ELI having the composition shown in Table I. Uniaxial stress conditions were obtained by using flat tensile specimens machined from the sheet material. The longitudinal axis of the tensile specimens was aligned perpendicular to the rolling direction of the sheet. Tile biaxial test specimens were prepared by rolling precut, 19-in.-lengths of sheet into 4-in.-diam cyl- inders. Following longitudinal butt welding, the cylinders were stress relieved at 1000°F for 4 hr. A 9-in. sq "window" was then chemically milled into each cylinder's surface reducing the wall thickness in the milled area to approximately 0.006 in. The testing procedure consisted of pressurizing the cylinders while simultaneously applying a tensile load. Using this technique, a 1:l axial to hoop stress was obtained. Complete details of the specimen and testing procedures are given in Refs. 1 and 2. The biaxial and uniaxial stress specimens were all tested in liquid hydrogen. Specimens for electron transmission microscopy were prepared by first chemically milling to a thickness of about 0.001 in. followed by electrolytic polishing to electron transmission thickness. The chemical milling solution, consisting of 800 ml of water,

Jan 1, 1970

By W. W. Wen, S. C. Sun

The objective of this investigation was to study the electrokinetic behavior of oxidized coals to indicate the feasibility of separating oxidized coals from ash materials and pyrite by an amine flotation process. The effects of soluble inorganic electrolyte products from coal oxidation were also examined. The electro-kinetic behavior of coals of different rank and degree of oxidation were studied by an electro-phoreses technique. Generally, increasing the oxidation increases the negative value of the zeta-potential and decreases the isoelectric point (IEP). Flotation results indicate that the flotation recovery increases with decreasing pH values, and that with ferrous sulfate at pH 6.5 the flotation recovery is optimum while the pyrite is depressed. Comparing the flotation results with the electokinetic results verified that in the presence of ferrous sulfate, the maximum hydro-phobicity of oxidized coal with dodecylamine and frother is near its IEP, which is around pH 6.5 to 7.0.

Jan 1, 1978

By John G. Roscoe

Continental Materials Corp. operates two under- ground uranium mines in the Crooks Gap district of central Wyoming. Both mines are developed as slusher mining operations through vertical shafts with single level haulage to slusher pocket loading stations. In general, operations at both mines are similar except for depth and some minor details. The shafts are identical in cross-section, each with a 4 ½ x 5-ft hoisting compartment and a 4 ½ x 5-ft manway. Kimberley-type skips are loaded from measuring pockets through air-operated guillotine gates. The Seismic shaft is 245 ft deep and the Reserve shaft depth is 585 ft. The Seismic shaft was sunk in 1957 and the mine has been producing 200 tpd since 1958. The Reserve shaft was sunk in 1960 and the mine is still in the development stage. The hoists of both mines are equipped for semi-automatic operation; that is, they are mechanically controlled to perform a certain cycle of duty and then stop until another cycle is manually initiated. The Seismic hoist, however, was originally a conventional, manually controlled unit; the reserve hoist was installed as an automated system.

Jan 7, 1962

By C. M. Tucker, Kent R. Van Horn, W. P. Sykes

RECENT investigations of the molybdenum-carbon alloys have been reported by Becker and Ebert1‡, Westgren and Phragmén2, T. Takei3, and H. Tutiya4. Takei3 studied the Mo-C system by employing metallographic and X-ray methods, and the other publications described the determination of the crystal structure of the molybdenum carbides. In exploring this system by a technique previously applied to the tungsten-carbon series5, the results of Takei were confirmed with two definite exceptions; i.e., first the composition of the eutectic, and second the nature of the carbon-fish intermediate phase. Consequently, a more thorough examination of the molybdenum-carbon constitution was initiated in an effort to correlate the data supplied by the microstructures, diffraction patterns and chemical analyses. METALLOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION A briquette of molybdenum powder when heated in a carburizing atmosphere at 1500° to 1600° C. for several hours develops the carbon-rich layer shown in Fig. 1. The carburization was accomplished by placing the briquette in a carbon tube, which was heated in the hydrogen atmosphere of an alundum muffle wound with tungsten resistor. While the macrostructure indicates two distinct shells, and suggests the possibility of two carbon-rich phases, no evidence of this condition could be detected by the microscope, which revealed but one high-carbon constituent. This carbide forms next to the molybdenum as a relatively

Jan 1, 1935

By Eduardo J. Chibas

Location.—The principal manganese-deposits of the Department of Panama, Republic of Colombia, are located almost clue south of Viento Frio, a native village bordering on the Caribbean Sea, and about 45 miles northeast of Colon (Aspinwall). The mining-claims are the Viento Frio, the Carrano, the Nispero, and the Soledad. Each property is to the south of the preceding one in the order mentioned. The first one is about one mile from the coast, and the most southerly boundary of the Soledad is about five miles in a straight line from the same coast-line. I shall confine my remarks to the four properties mentioned and to La Guaca, west of the Carrano, because these are the only ones where mining has so far been done to more or less extent. Manganese has also been found, however, in the neighborhood of these deposits, and a large area adjoining them has been divided into sections and " denounced " as mining-claims. The relative position of the manganese-deposits and Nombre de Dios, the present terminal of the railroad and shipping-port, as well as Viento Frio and the adjacent coast, can

Jan 1, 1898

By Charles A. Chase

This paper, descriptive of a single mine, is presented in the belief that it may furnish useful suggestions to mine-managers encountering similar problems; and it includes the details which will enable them to estimate the value of the methods employed—especially where these depart from common practice. Tt should be added, however, that this mine is not typical of the San Juan district, but differs markedly from neighboring mines in physical conditions and metallurgical requirements. The Liberty Bell mine is situated in San Miguel county, Colo., on the west front of the San Juan mountains, 2 miles north of Telluride. The vein was discovered in 1876 by Wm. L. Cornett, who, with subsequeilt locators, took up claims along the apex. A few hundred feet of development-work was accomplished, and a few? tons of ore were smelted or milled; but profitable working proved impossible under existing

Jan 1, 1912

By H. B. Pulsifer

THIS paper outlines a method for rapid production of flat, granular surfaces on many of the medium hard- alloys. Grinding wheels and fabrics on wheels are not used; the purpose is accomplished by rubbing on emery papers and on fine abrasives heaped on hand boards. The advantages of chromic acid in the solutions for etching nickel and copper alloys are explained. Steels may require an additional step in the mechanical smoothing owing to the lack of an ideal etchant. Chloric acid is a. rapid etchant for steel. Thirty-six photomicrographs illustrate the steps in smoothing and the clearness with which structures can be rapidly exposed. New structures in low-carbon steels are announced. After a little practice, many materials can be finished within two or three minutes. CUPRONICKELS In the previous papers on the metallography of copper and magnesium which the author has presented to this Institute there has been an attempt to demonstrate the advantages of minimizing the mechanical work of surfacing and depending more on chemical means; the present paper continues the research into a still wider field. It is obvious that the success of a chemical method for smoothing and etching depends almost entirely on the use of a suitable reagent. The etchant must remove the surface granulations and outline the structures. A very special type of reaction between reagent and metal must be displayed. Promiscuous corrosion or the intensification of the attack about local couples -formed by impurities or components must not be in evidence. There are several reagents that etch highly polished nickel and copper alloys very well. Acidified ferric chloride solutions, concentrated and dilute nitric acid solutions, and nitric and acetic acids in acetone have -been used to good advantage for the purpose. However, if they are expected to etch rather deeply-that is, smooth as well as characterize-the results may be far from satisfactory.

Jan 1, 1928

By Joseph J. Yancik

In Moscow, the delegation received a briefing on the Soviet coal industry from First Deputy Minister Vladimir Fedanov. A similar briefing was given to us on the Donets coal basin by Deputy Minister S. Saratikyanz of the Ukrainian Coal Ministry. Lengthy technical discussions were held with the mines staff and research personnel at the institutes we visited. In addition, we had detailed discussions with key staff members of two combinats; Donetskugol and Tulaugol. In all these meetings, principal topics were matters of safety related to hazards associated with face mechanization, coal transport, methane gas control measures, gas outbursts, coal and rock outbursts, fire fighting and control, explosion suppression and control measures, and other related hazard factors. There was also much discussion on miner training, miners' attitudes toward safety and accident prevention practices, and preparation and enforcement of safety rules and regulations. It would be helpful to briefly review Soviet coal production statistics for comparison purposes with the U.S., and for the purpose of referencing some of the delegation findings mentioned in this report. For an excellent, comprehensive picture of Soviet coal production and other related fuel statistics, the reader is referred to Strishkov's, et d. report.1 Strishkov's estimates agree with the numbers given us by Coal Ministry officials except in clean coal tonnage. The figures of 604 million mt of clean coal out of a total production of 655 tons raw coal in 1972 is much higher than Strishkov's estimate of 375 million mt clean coal.

Jan 7, 1974

By Bruno Nordberg

HOISTING is one of the earliest endeavors of man with machinery, for hoisting was probably used by the early Egyptians. Treadmills were used for general hoisting until early in the nineteenth century and it was a short step only to attach a Watt steam engine to the rope drum of a hoist. One of the earliest steam hoists was built for a coal mine at Frisne, near Valenciennes, France. It was a remarkable piece of engineering created by James Watt in 1811, using a wooden drum on a vertical shaft. This followed the crude hoist by Holtzhausen in 1803, which used a drum of wood on a horizontal shaft.1 In this country there were examples of crude mine hoists, which have been developed into the efficient machines in use today. African and Australian mines show examples of both extremes, and have an array of fine hoisting equipment exemplified in those built by British manufacturers. The influence of both English and American engineering in hoisting is interestingly evident in Canada. The information available to the writer does not reveal this to be true of South Africa, although American-built hoists have been furnished. Mining camps develop their own style of equipment, adapted to local conditions. For instance, the Butte mining district adheres to the straight drum with friction clutches, because of the great number of levels from which hoisting is done or to which men and material are lowered and the necessity for hoisting or lowering unbalanced. The north Michi-gan copper country uses both straight and cylindroconical drums and hoists continually in balance, so that the drums are not clutched to the main driving shaft. The Joplin mining district, Missouri, has its own peculiar small hoists. Other individual mines or localities in which a number of mines have been developed show individualisticc types of hoists, depending upon their particular problems. In each instance, however, the particular problem must be carefully analyzed, as conditions are seldom so near the same that a number of identical hoists can be used to advantage.

Jan 1, 1940

By E. S. Machlin

The possibility that formation of voids under creep-rupture conditions may take place by the condensation of vacancies has been investigated theoretically. It has been concluded that nucleation of voids under creep-rupture conditions by vacancy condensation is highly improbable. However, growth of pre-existant voids by vacancy condensation is probable. A number of predictions made in this theory have been verified by the data. It has been predicted and checked that the product of rupture life and steady-state creep rate for preannealed metals and single phase alloys is an approximately invariant quantity, independent of stress, temperature, and atomic number for a given type structure. The direction of the effect of cold work on this product has been predicted and found in agreement with experiment. A number of experiments to evaluate the vacancy condensation mechanism further are described. SEVERAL papers have appeared recently which speculate on the origin of voids formed at grain boundaries under stress.' ' The object of this paper is to examine quantitatively the proposition that the voids produced in a creep test are a result of vacancy condensation. A result of this paper is a theory of creep-rupture. Void Nucleation Application of standard nucleation theory" to the problem of void nucleation leads to the following conclusions: 1—Homogeneous nucleation of voids requires a supersaturation ratio (concentration of vacancies in supersaturated to that in saturated solution) of 400 for a reasonable surface energy of 1000 erg per cm-and 1.4 for the improbably low surface energy of 10 erg per cm. 2—Heterogeneous nucleation of voids at plane interfaces between two phases requires a supersaturation ratio of 2.5 for a typical contact angle of 145 3-—Void nucleation about a solid particle may be accomplished at a supersaturation ratio of 1.17 for a typical value of work of adhesion? of 60 erg per The work of adhesion is the surface work 10 replace two solid-vauor surfaces by a solid-solid interface. enr ' between an oxide and a metal in the presence of a surface active element such as sulphur. Estimates of the supersaturation ratio at which voids are produced in diffusion experiments yield a maximum of 1.01. Inasmuch as the foregoing mechanisms of void nucleation probably will not operate at this level—too low a surface energy is required—the investigatol. is led to the conclusion that voids must already exist. That is, nucleation of voids probably does not occur. Rather, existing submicroscopic voids grow out to visible size. Already existing voids might be produced during solidification or working. Supercritical sized parlicles which contain cracks may act as heterogeneous void nuclei. Gas pockets may act as void nuclei. Experiments are desired to determine the nature of the heterogeneous void nuclei which grow out to voids in both diffusion and creep experiments. Void Growth Void growth might occur in at least two possible ways, depending upon whether the already existing void nuclei are at grain boundaries or within the grains. In the case of a spherical void far from a crystal boundary, vacancies are generated during creep as a consequence of the migration of suitable dislocation jogs' and are also annihilated at sinks. Under these conditions, a steady-state concentration of vacancies is built up in the crystal, defined by the condition that for any differential volume the rate of generation of vacancies in that volume equals the rate of annihilation of those vacancies." This equality would lead to the development of a gradient of vacancy concentration radially outward from the void surface up to a radius where the vacancy lifetime becomes equal for all directions of vacancy migration. The distance over which this vacancy concentration gradient extends equals about 2vD,T* where D, is the vacancy diffusivity and T:' the vacancy lifetime in a crystal outside the gradient in a zone of constant vacancy concentration. The vacancies generated in the region over which the gradient exists will annihilate more often at the void than elsewhere. Approximately a little over one-half the vacancies generated in the gradient zone will annihilate at the void. Hence, the growth rate of the void is given by on where R is the radius of void in centimeters, is the atomic volume, and R is the rate of generation of vacancies, number per centimeter" per second. R D and T* may be estimated in terms of other physical parameters." In particular, R = n.j e/b [3] where n is the average number of vacancy produc-

Jan 1, 1957

By C. P. Sandberg

Notwithstanding the growing importance of this subject, no work specially devoted to it has hitherto been published. Having had to inspect during the last twenty years nearly a million tons of iron and steel rails for various countries, I have obtained experience of what rail manufacturers can practically execute, as well as of what railway engineers practically require. Bearing these two points in mind, I have from time to time published observations with a view to unite both interests,—that of the producer and that of the consumer,—and to reduce the specifications and the forms of sections to standards, or types, in order to facilitate the execution of the works and to improve the construction of permanent way. The Swedish government railways, as well as private companies owning railways in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark,.have during the time above mentioned consulted with me and intrusted to me their rail inspection. I therefore owe to these countries much of the opportunity which I have enjoyed of gaining experience and position. Next to Sweden, America is the country which has most liberally favored me with its confidence in placing these matters in my hands. Through circumstances not under my control there has been little exportation to, and less work done by Europe for, America during the last six years; but the recent revival of the rail trade has been the more gratifying to mo, seeing that almost all the importers of American rails are still specifying for the Sandberg rail sections and inspection. It is therefore with feelings of gratitude that I now beg to lay before the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and I hope, through that body, before the American railway world, the results of some experience which I have gained in the execution of work for their country, and which therefore belongs rightfully to

Jan 1, 1881

By C. P. Sandberg

INTRODUCTION. NOTWITHSTANDING the growing importance of this subject, no work specially devoted to it has hitherto been published. Having had to inspect during the last twenty years nearly a million tons of iron and steel rails for various countries, I have obtained experience of what rail manufacturers can practically execute, as well as of what railway engineers practically require. Bearing these two points in mind, I have from time to time published observations with a view to unite both interests, -that of the producer and that of the consumer,-and to reduce the specifications and the forms of sections to standards, or types, in order to facilitate the execution of the works and to improve the construction of permanent way. The Swedish government railways, as well as private companies owning railways in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, have during the time above mentioned consulted with me and intrusted to me their rail inspection. I therefore owe to these countries much of the opportunity which I have enjoyed of gaining experience and position. Next to Sweden, America is the country which has most liberally favored me with its confidence in placing these matters in my hands. Through circumstances not under my control there has been little exportation to, and less work done by Europe for, America during the last six years ; but the recent revival of the rail trade has been the more gratifying to me, seeing that almost all the importers of American rails are still specifying for the Sandberg rail sections and inspection. It is therefore with .feelings of gratitude that I now beg to lay before the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and I hope, through that body, before the American railway world, the results of some experience which I have gained in the execution of work for their country, and which therefore belongs rightfully to

Jan 1, 1881

By G. Thomas, O. Johari

MEIERAN and Richman' have proposed a method for the determination of electron-diffraction patterns from twinned bcc crystals. It is the purpose of this note to present a general method capable of predicting the positions of all reflections from both matrix and twin regions for all possible orientations of cubic crystals. The method has been verified for twinning in explosively deformed copper, and is found to be a very useful tool when used in conjunction with stereographic projection, and dark-field electron microscopy. Let an isometric crystal be twinned in any (hkl) plane. The twinning can be considered either as a reflection in the twin plane or as a 180-deg rotation about the twin axis. In reciprocal space, the 180-deg rotation about the twin axis would place a given point p, q, Y to a new position P, Q,R, such that both will be equally inclined to the twin axis. This is represented in Fig. 1. If the coordinates of three such pairs of points are determined, the matrix of the transformation can be obtained.' It is also seen that such pairs would satisfy another condition, i.e., the vector [p,q,r] plus the vector [P,Q,R] will yield a multiple of hkl, i.e., the indices of the twin plane, because in isometric systems the axis [hkl] is perpendicular to the plane (hkl). This can be simplified by taking the points along the three axes. If a point h2 + k2 + 12, 0, 0 is taken along the x axis, it is seen that its new indices should be so as to yield a sum 2h2, 2hk, 2hl,i.e., 2h(h,k,1). (Also the points h2 - k2 - 12, 2hk, 2h1, and h2 + k2 + 12, 0, 0 are equidistant from the origin and both points make equal angles with the twin axis, i.e., cos-' h/dh2 + k2 + l2.) Similar operations for the points yield respectively, after the 180-deg rotation about the twin axis. Following the method due to Buerger,' the matrix of the transformation is obtained as follows: Using this matrix the indices of any other point in reciprocal space can be determined. This matrix is much simplified for (111) twinning commonly encountered in fcc metals, since are each equal to —1; hence

Jan 1, 1964

By H. F. Gossenberger, J. J. Tietjen, J. J. Gannon, C. J. Nuese

External quantum efficiency measurements at 300" and 77°K are presented for vapor-grown GaAs and GaAs1-xPx electroluminescent diodes as a function of junction depth and doping. In GaAs, external efficiencies are found to decrease exponentially with increasing junction depth, defining an average absorption coefficient of 900 cm-1 at 300°K and 350 cm-1 at 77°Kfor epitaxial layers of p-type GaAs. It is shown that photon absorption losses dominate at room temperature and, in fact, account for most of the external efficiency degradation between 77° and 300°K. Healever, the internal ('junction) quantum efficiency is also found to decrease by a factor of 3.5 between 77" ALTHOUGH rapid progress has been made in recent years with GaAs, Gap, and their alloys for use in electroluminescent diodes, there are still important unknown factors related to the performance of these de- and 300°K. The dependence of GaAs efficiencies on donor and acceptor concentrations is presented, illustrating best efficiencies at donor concentrations of 1.5 to 2x 1018 cm-3 . External efficiencies are found to be independent of acceptor concentrations less than 3 x 1019 cm-3 but to degrade at higher doping. The fabrication of GaAsi-xPx electroluminescent diodes is briefly discussed. External efficiencies here for planar uncoated diodes are about 0.035 pct at 300°K and 0.4 pct at 77°for x = 0.42. A brightness of about 8500 ft-Lamberts is attained at 77°K and of 315 ft-Lamberts at 300° K. for curvent densities of 10 amp per sq cm. vices. For example, although the external efficiency is known to decrease by factors of typically 10 to 30 between 77°K and room temperature, the exact causes of this are still uncertain. Experimental results of ill' and carr2 with zinc-diffused electroluminescent diodes suggest that this external degradation is almost entirely due to increased absorption losses at room temperature, with a relatively temperature-independent internal efficiency; recent calculations by Gonda et al.3 corroborate this hypothesis. In contrast, Pilkuhn and Rupprecht4 find the internal efficiency of solution-grown GaAs laser diodes to degrade from 100 to 66 to 40 pct as the temperature is increased from

Jan 1, 1969

Abbey, Robert Graham, District Mgr.. The W. W. Sly Mfg. Co., 50 Church St.. New York, N. Y. '21 Abbott, A. N., Mines Supt., Mazapil Copper Co., LtdConcepcion del Oro, Zac., Mexico. '28 *Abbott, Argyle Campbell, Dev. Dept., E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. '29 Abbott, Clarence E., V.P., Charge of Raw Materials, Tenn. Coal, Iron & R. R. Co., 1242 Brown-Marx Bldg.. Birmingham, Ala. '04 Abbott, Louis Benjamin, Chief Engr., Elkhorn Div., Consolidation Coal Co., Jenkins, Ky. '16 Abeel, George H., Jr., Cons. Min. Engr Box 427, Santa Monica, Cal. '18 Abel, Albert E., Asst. to Pres., Valley Mould & Iron Corp Hubbard, Ohio. '19 Abel, Raymond L., Asst. Prof., Dept. of Pet. Refin., Univ. of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh. Pa. '28 Abeel, Leo M., Research Engr., Sullivan Concentrator Chapman Camp, B. C., Canada. '31

Jan 1, 1929

NORTH AMERICA ALASKA Anchorage.-Ames, M. B. Culver, H. W. Fiedler, H. L. Geehan, R. V. Langneas, O. O. Layfield, R. A. Parent, A. Saarela, L. H. Strandberg, H. Candle.-Robbins, J. S. Chichagof.-Russell, J. C. College.-Fox, E. F. Joesting, H. R. Lyman, R. F. Smith, M. C. -Wilcox, H. G. Douglas.-Cahill, W. E. Fairbanks.-Adams, J. M. CANADA Canadian Army Overseas.¬Ball, H. D. Bridges, O. Butterill, H. J. M. Lane, H. C. Millar, W. A.

Jan 1, 1942

ANDERSON, ALEXANDER, Captain, Royal Garrison Artillery. ANDERSON, GEORGE K., JR., Lieutenant, 30th Co., 3d Replacement Regiment. ARMSTEAD, H. H., Captain, Quartermaster Corps, U. S. N. A. ARMSTRONG, HAROLD KERR, Student Flight Officer, U. S. Naval Reserve Flying Corps, Dunwoody Naval Training Station, Minneapolis, Minn. BAKER, HARRY A., Captain, Co. M, 53d Pioneer Infantry. BASSETT, THOMAS E., Corporal, 340th. Field Artillery, Battery A, 89th Division, A. E. F. BATES, Wm.. T., 3d Reserve Officers' Training Camp. BAUMMGARTEN, K., 1st Lieutenant, 1st Corps School A. P. 0. 703. BAYLESS, G. E. S., Supply Dept., U. S. Submarine Base, New London, Conn. BENSEL, J. A., Major, U. S. R., Board of Control, War. Construction Activities, Norfolk, Va. BILLICK, DON C., Co. C, Ordnance. Supply School. BILLINGSLEY, PAUL, 1st Lieutenant, National Army, Statistics Branch,. General Staff. BLANDY, S. H. B., B. E. F.

Jan 8, 1918

By Dr. Hermann Wedding

Albert Ludwig Serlo was born February 14, 1824, at Crossen-on-the-Oder. After completing his school-studies and his training as a mining official, he received in 1851 an appointment as Royal Manager of salt-works (Salinenfactor) and member of the Administratioll of Salines at Konigsborn, near Unna, Westphalia. The issue of new regulations for the training of higher State officials in the Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Salines, led him to pass in 1856 a special examination for the rank of Assessor, in consequence of which he was called to Berlin, to serve for a few months as an assistant in the Ministry of Commerce, which had charge of mining, etc. In the same year he became Bergmeister and member of the mining administration at Bochum, Westphalia, and in 1858 Oberbergrath and member of the provincial administration, called the Oberbergamt, having its headquarters located at Dortmund. In 1861 he was appointed Director and head of the newly-reorganized mining

Jan 1, 1900