Search Documents

By Arthur Wade

The most important development in connection with the search for oil in Australia during 1940 was on the legislative side. Prior to 1939 legislative enactments in the various states with regard to prospecting for petroleum were such as to prohibit large-scale effort and to bar the major oil companies from operating. The preparation of the Wade Model Bill for the Commonwealth Government in 1939 and the acceptance of the Bill in principle by all States, has gone far to remove these obstacles. Amending Acts, largely based on the Alodel Bill, have now been passed by all States with the exception of New South Wales and Tasmania. In New South Wales an Amending Bill is being drafted, while the Govern-ment of Tasmania is preparing to introduce an Amending Bill provided there is any demand for it. Noteworthy developments followed immediately on the passing of these Amending Acts. The Shell Company (1)1 and the Superior Oil Company of California (2) too$ up large areas in Queensland and com-menced work during 1940. Caltex acquired a big tract of country in the Kimberley district of Western Australia (3) and has made application for an area in the Territory of Papua. An Australian company, The Phoenix Oil Extraction Co., has obtained a permit to prospect over an extensive area bordering the south coast of Western Australia (4). Other developments are foreshadowed. The Shell Company is making an intensive examination of its area in Queensland (I). Geological, geophysical and aerial surveys are in progress. Caltex has three geological parties in the held in Western Australia while Superior Oil Company of California has done some geological work in the interior of Queensland (2). None of these concerns envisages a drilling campaign in the near future. Much exploratory work is necessary. Further work has been done by the companies that were already operating in 1939, though an important Australian company - Oil Search—has abandoned the work of prospecting in Australia. This company has subleased its holdings, at North West Cape in Western Australia (;), to Caltex on a royalty basis. The company also maintains its holdings in, and connection with, the Australasian Petroleum Company Proprietary Limited, which is a combination of Standard Oil (New Jersey), Anglo-Iranian and Oil Search. This company is operating in the territories of Papua and New Guinea. Drilling Victoria.—Although a good deal of drilling was done in the LaBes Entrance Tertiary Basin of Victoria (7), no appreciable production of oil was obtained. In order to test the extent and possibilities of the oil-bearing sand in this region, the Commonwealth and State Governments jointly put down six scout boreholes to depths of between 1200 and I500 it. The results were nega tive. A deeper exploratory horehole put down by the Governments at Seacornbe, or 26

Jan 1, 1941

||Abad, Leopoldo F, Min Engr, Div of Mines, Bureau of Science Manila, P I '23 Abadilla, Quirico A, Geol , Logo Pet Corp Box 172, Maracaibo, Venezuela '20 ||Abarquez, Ramon F, Met, Bureau of Science Manila, P I '24 ||Abbey, Robert Graham, Student, Case School of Applied Science Cleveland, Ohio '21 Abbott, A N , Mines Supt, Mazapil Copper Co, Ltd Concepcion del Oro, Zac , Mexico '23 Abbott, Clarence E , Mgr, Mines & Quarries, Tenn Coal, Iron & R R Co. 1242 Brown Marx Bldg, Birmingham, Ala '04 Abbott, Louis Benjamin, Chief Engr, Consolidation Coal Co, Elkhorn Div Jenkins, Ky '15 Abbott, Robert R , Met Engr, Peerless Motor Car Co Cleveland, Ohio '12 ||Abbott, Wells Osborn, Ray Consolidated Copper Co Hayden, Ariz '23 Abeel, George H., Jr, Cons Min Engr 4612 W 17th St, Los Angeles, Cal '18 Abel, Albert E , Asst to Pres , Valley Mould & Iron Corp Sharpsville, Pa '19 Abernathy, George Elmer, Prof of Geol & Min , Kansas State Teachers College, Pittsburg, Kan '20 Abey, Hiroshi, Min & Met Engr, Chief Engr, Takata Min Co, 2 Yeirakucho, Nichome, Kojlmachiku, Tokyo, Japan '17 ||d'Ablamg, Philip R , Millman, Old Dominion Silver-Lead Co Ellensburg, Wash '25 Aborn, R H, X-Ray Metallographic Research, Mass Inst of Tech Cambridge, Mass '19 Abouchar, Sylvain Sley, Min Engr & Geol, care of S H Sekaly, 13 Rue El Nimr.

Jan 1, 1923

By A. J. Boynton

THIS paper is not the result of recent research with regard to any particular feature of iron metallurgy, blast-furnace practice or mechanical engineering. It is rather a series of notes with regard to contemporaneous progress in blast-furnace construction and operation, together with some suggestions as to changes and improvements that seem to be desirable. On April 1, 1930, a committee of the Chicago District Blast Furnace and Coke Association presented to that association a rather ambitious study of blast-furnace equipment, together with recommendations for the design of construction of a complete blast-furnace unit for the production of 1000 tons of pig iron per day. This report represented the result of months of study by members of the committee, all of whom were actively engaged in operation or design of blast-furnace plants. It is natural, therefore, that comments on the present state of the art should take this 1000-tons furnace, as recommended by the Association, as a basis for comparison with corresponding features of construction or design. See Table 1. In looking through this report at the present time, the significant difference is in the nature of the gas-washing equipment that today would be specified. In other respects, the installation would remain generally very much as it was outlined in 1930. The change in furnace dimensions would be very slight and of no especial significance, except with respect to changes in stock-line diameter, of which more will be said hereafter. The high-efficiency stove as developed by various designers is thoroughly described within this report, and few changes have taken place since. Blowing equipment shows refinement and reflects the improvement in steam engineering. Hoisting and charging equipment and ladles for the conveyance of iron and slag remain, in general, as they were in 1930. In accordance with a general tendency

Jan 1, 1935

By R. E. Radabaugh, J. M. Brown, J. S. Merchant

The Gilman district is on the northeast flank of the Sawatch Range in central Colorado. It has yielded a total of 10,000,000 tons of ore having a value of over $250,000,000. Paleozoic sediments intruded by a Tertiary quartz latite sill and unconformably overlying Precambrian intrusives and metasediments comprise the country rock of the area. The sediments strike northwesterly and dip 8° to 12° northeasterly. Structures in the Precambrian are related to the Homestake shear zone of the Colorado mineral belt. Only minor folding and faulting occur in the sediments. The principal ore bodies are massive sulfide replacement deposits in carbonate rocks. They consist of long, pipe-like mantos in the completely dolomitized Mississippian Leadville Limestone and funnel-shaped chimneys of copper- silver ore cutting across the Mississippian and Devonian strata. Mineralization is continuous from the chimneys into the mantos. The principal ore bodies are roughly in the shape of a four-tined fork which points up dip. Smaller manto deposits occur in the Cambrian Sawatch Quartzite, and fissure veins are present in the Precambrian rocks. The principal minerals in the mantos are marmatite and galena in a gangue of pyrite and manganosiderite. The chimneys consist of a central core of pyrite with erratically distributed chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, freibergite, and occasional galena with a shell of zinc ore on the outer margin. Both the chimneys and the mantos are surrounded by imperfect shells of manganosiderite and sanded dolomite. The mineralization is of Laramide age. Hydrothermal alteration affects all rock units to varying degrees. Clay mineral alteration halos occur around the ore bodies. Hydrothermal solutions have developed sanded rock, rubble filled channels, and banded zebra textures, principally in the Leadville Limestone. Structural control of the ore bodies is not well defined. Both the location of the district and the chimneys are probably related to basement structures. The mantos are largely controlled by stratigraphic factors and a pre-Pennsylvanian karst topography in the Leadville Limestone, which were modified by hydrothermal activity, and by weak zones of northeasterly trending faults.

Jan 1, 1968

Aamot, Olav Crone, Chem. Engr., Norsk Elektrokemisk, Kongensgt. 18, Oslo, Norway. '29 Abbott, Clarence E., V.P., Charge of Raw Materials, Tennessee Coal, Iron & R. R. Co., 1242 Brown-Marx Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. '04 Abel, Raymond L., Prof., Dept. of Pet. Refin., Univ. of Pittsburgh ..Pittsburgh, Pa. '28 Abel, Walter D., Cons. Engr 364 S. Cloverdale Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. '32 Abele, Louis T R.F.D. 1, Adamsville, Ohio. '31 Abell, Leo M., Ore Dressing Investigator, School of Mines Adelaide, S. Australia. '31 Abenius, Hakan V., Mine Supt., Bolidens Gruvaktiebolag Boliden, Sweden. '37 Aborn, Robert H., Asst. Met., Research Lab., U. S. Steel Corp., Lincoln Highway, Kearny, N. J. '19 Abraham, W. E. V., East India United Service Club, 16 St. James' Sq., London, S.W. 1,, England. '28

Jan 1, 1937

By M. Metzger, L. E. Hendrickson

Grain boundary attack in 16 pct HCl was found to be substantially the same at low penetrations in zone-refined aluminum (individual impurities 0.1 at. ppm), superior electrolytically refined aluminum (51 at. ppm), and aluminum with various impurities at much higher levels. It was concluded that impurity atom segregation affecting corrosion would have been detected and that the corrosion susceptibility did not originate in this segregation but in the structure of the boundary. It was pointed out that the significance of most previous studies in this system had been obscured by an unrecognized autocatalytic copper reaction. Although general corrosion rate was also impurity-insensitive , there was shallow pitting attributed to iron seg-regation and a hillocked surface texture associated with copper; these were interpreted as due to cathodic damage affecting- cathode distribution. THE grain boundary corrosion suffered by high-purity aluminum in hydrochloric acid has been the object of some interest (the earlier work is summarized in Ref. 1). The central metallurgical question here is whether the corrosion susceptibility of a boundary originates in its structure or in impurity atom segregation. An attempt to study this question revealed large catalytic effects associated with small quantities of the copper impurity in the aluminum, 220 ppm, or in the corrodent, and these magnified the preferential boundary attack and obscured the intrinsic susceptibility question.' After the catalytic effects had been examined,"' test conditions could be designed to avoid them and methods developed for studying the shallow boundary penetrations prevailing when they were absent.= It then became possible to determine whether intrinsic boundary corrosion in aluminum involves impurity segregation. The older work provided no firm information on grain boundary segregation of specific solutes influencing corrosion although several studies suggested iron segregates.4,5 perryman4 found in 10 pct HC1 that the slowly developing (microns per month) grain boundary grooves were deeper in material of higher iron content (range 10 to 550 ppm, with 5 to 80 pprn Cu) but he did not measure the depths of general corrosion, which were probably several times greater, and his reference surfaces may have varied more than did the groove depths. Metzger and Intrater's results for 20 pct HC~,' which yielded higher time-average rates (mm per month) and deeper penetrations, suggested that boundary segregation of iron (range 4 to 230 ppm, with 22 pprn Cu) decreased the penetration rate. However. in the stronger acid the autocatalytic l.E. HENDRICKSON, Student Member AIME ,and M. METZGER, Member AIME, are Research Assistant and Professor of Physical Metallurgy, respectively, Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Manuscript submitted March 11, 1968. IMD effect of the copper impurity is greater1,2 and it is now evident that their corrosion rates had been much magnified by this effect and did not provide a proper basis for the analysis of segregation. In exploratory studies of other solutes (made under the same conditions), 1000 ppm additions of Mg, Mn, or Si or 100 ppm Ca were without effect.1 Montariol6 noted that boundary attack in 22 pct HC1 persisted after zone refining although with fewer deep fissures (ranges 0.06 to 4 ppm Cu, 4 to 23 ppm Fe). Autocatalytic effects may have influenced these results also and those of Perryman.4 The present objective was, as a first step, to see whether quantitative tests designed to exclude autocatalytic influences would indicate the existence of low-level impurity effects on intrinsic boundary corrosion. Comparison of electrolytically refined with zone-refined aluminum of lower copper and iron contents revealed no differences in boundary corrosion, but certain impurity-sensitive differences in general corrosion morphology were noted and investigated further at higher impurity levels. I) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A) Material. A selection from commercially available material was made with the cooperation of several producers. An electrolytically refined lot (III-A, 1 ppm Cu, 2.4 ppm Fe) studied previously3 provided a starting point. Since material of substantially higher copper content could not be used if the autocatalytic corrosion reaction were to be avoided,2,3 a lot (III-B) of about the same purity was added as a check, two zone-refined lots (I-A and I-B) with copper and iron an order of magnitude lower were selected for comparison, and an intermediate lot (11) was included. Analytical data are given in Table I. For copper in I-B and iron in I-A and I-B, the actual concentration is thought to be near the limit given, i.e., about 0.1 ppm. For titanium, vanadium, and chromium in III-B, the actual amounts are thought to be, like those in III-A, substantially lower than in the zone-refined lots (these elements concentrate in the solid on freezing). Data are given later for some additional lots surveved. B) Specimen Preparation and Procedure. one by 3 cm blanks with a notched stem were cut from 1-mm cold-rolled sheet, annealed 24 hr in air at 650°C, and quenched in an air stream (42°C per sec initial cooling rate, 100 sec to cool to 100°C). The high annealing temperature maximized diffusivities and approach to equilibrium impurity distributions. A water quench, in principle more efficient in preserving the distribution established, was undesirable because the boundaries were almost plane and they tended to shear and migrate during the quench and thus to be separated from any existing impurity atmosphere. Test procedures, previously described,3 involved electropolish-ing, etching 2 min in 10 pct HF at 24.0°C, and expos-

Jan 1, 1969

By E. B. Spice

Although much may be learned about the economics of cold weather operations by studying successful mining ventures in southern and central Canada, it is the purpose of this article to extend the study by considering only permafrost areas. Geographically this means most of the country north of the 60th parallel. In this area, at the present time, only five Canadian companies are carrying on routine and successful mining operations on a year-round basis. However, there have been some score of unsuccessful ventures, and a number of properties in the development stage show promise of being producers. Problems of cold weather are worthy of study. It may be pointed out that successful mines in this area face problems of isolation and costly transportation as well as cold weather. To reach valid conclusions, consider the development of a mythical mineral deposit located on the 65th parallel in the heart of the barren lands; problems of isolation and transportation will be ignored.

Jul 1, 1956

McCulloch, Leon.-Experiments with Sherardizing. Discussed by Fred. L. Wolf, Willis M. Peirce, Jesse L. Jones, O. W. Storey, David R. Kellogg, William H. Finkeldey, L. H. Marshall 2 Bassett, W. H. and Davis, C. H.-Spectrum Analysis in an Industrial Laboratory. Discussed by C. S. Brainin, C. H. Davis, W. H. Bassett, George K. Burgess, George K. Elliott, Leonard Waldo, Keivin Burns 8 Roast, Harold J. and Pascoe, Charles F.-Arsenical Bearing Metals. Discussed by Jesse L. Jones, William A. Cowan,. William K. Frank, William M. Corse, Harold J. Roast 10 Bain, Edgar C.-Crystal Structure of Solid Solutions. Discussed by Ancel St. John, Edgar C. Bain, Paul D. Merica 14 Peirce, Willis M.-Studies on the Constitution of Binary Zinc-base Alloys. Discussed by George K. Burgess, Willis M. Peirce, D. H. Ingall, J. L. Haughton, K. E. Bingham 16 Webster, William R.-Application in Rolling of Effects of Carbon, Phosphorus and Manganese on Mechanical Properties of Steel. Discussed by George B. Waterhouse, J. O. Liebig, Ralph H. Sweetser, H. T. Morris, F. D. Carney, W. P. Barba, John H. Nelson, George K. Burgess 19 Barba, W. P. and Howe, Henry M.-Acid Open-hearth Process for Manufacture of Gun Steels and Fine Steels. Discussed by W. J. Priestley, Haakon Styri, C. T. Patterson, Harry Brearley, W. P. Barba, George F. Comstock, Alexander L. Feild 24 Kellogg, David R.-Electrolytic Deposition of Iron for Building up Worn or Undersized Parts. Discussed by Jesse L. Jones, William Blum, C. R. Hayward, George K. Burgess, C. P. Perin, David R. Kellogg 33 McQuaid, H. W. and Elm, E. W.-Effect of Quality of Steel on Case-carburizing Results. Discussed by H. J. French and L. Jordan, W. J. Priestley, M. H. Schmid, A. E. White, H. J. Stagg and S. C. Spalding, Henry S. Rawdon, J. S. Vanick 35 Phillips, Arthur and Davenport, E. S.-Malleableizing of White Cast Iron. Discussed by Samuel Epstein, H. A. Schwartz, A. E. White, R. S. Archer.... 58 Priestley, William J.-Effect of Sulfur and Oxides in Ordnance Steel. Discussed by Harry T. Morris, William J. Priestley, C. P. Perin, James H. Gray, W. P. Barba, Haakon Styri, Frank D. Carney, W. L. Harbrecht, George F. Comstock, E. J. Janitzky 67

Jan 5, 1922

By William H. Bassett, C. J. Snyder

Cable sheaths made from common lead have been used to protect underground cables since the beginning of the power-cable industry. Only within the last few years, however, has a systematic study of the production methods and of the causes of failures in cable sheathing been undertaken. Recent increases in the use and demands for service made upon power cables have emphasized the importance of high-quality cable sheaths. It was customary for the users to attribute the cause for their sheath failures to the lack of purity of the lead, but this contention has not been borne out by field and laboratory inspection of the sheaths. During the past two years the writers have had an opportunity to examine various types of sheaths that were removed from power cables after failure. These samples were obtained from various parts of the country and represent, it is supposed, the production of the principal cable manufacturers. Aside from corrosion, the common field difficulties can be classified either as mechanical or structural, as outlined below, and when structural irregularities are found they can all be attributed to manufacturing causes and in no way reflect the purity of the lead. Clasxification of Cable Sheath Failures Other Than Corrosive Mechanical Irregularities A. Splits caused by excessive internal pressure B. Injuries such as nail holes, cuts, tsars, etc. C. Intercrystalline cracks caused by vibration Structural Irregularities A. Splits C. Voids in wall of sheath a. Caused by imperfect welds a. Blisters 13. Holes through sheath b. Laminations a. Caused by yellow oxide inclu- D. Questionable structures sions in sheath wall a. Prominent flow lines b. Blowouts by entrapped gases b. Large areas filled with suboxide during manufacture c. Scattered yellow oxide or dirt C. Caused by inclusions of dirt and

Jan 1, 1933

Report of the Secretary TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS Gentlemen:-To a Board of Directors keeping in as close touch with all of the affairs under their care as do the Board of Directors of the A. I. M. E., through their monthly meetings, a report of the year's progress is almost superfluous. To the members who read the monthly reports of. the Board Meetings and of the various activities of the Institute as published each month, a yearly report cannot carry much fresh information; yet for both it may be well, as is the custom, to glance over the field of our activities during the past year, and to make an estimate for the year to come. The beginning of 1924 was not propitious for the members of the mining profession, though tonnage production for 1923 had been high and the gross value higher than for several years. The margin of profit had been narrow, prospecting and development were limited, and many of our members were unemployed, or were working in other industries. Toward the end of the year, higher metal, prices were in sight. Old-time optimism began to grow, and it now brightens the outlook for 1925. An excellent barometer of the prosperity of the industry, and that of the Institute, for they go hand in hand, is the work of our Employment Bureau. During the past few months, the percentage of our members for whom openings have been found has been increasing to a marked extent, and many members who had fallen in arrears are placing themselves in good standing. The number of new members joining has remained about as it was in 1922 and 1923. The Directors have reason to congratulate themselves on the interest maintained during a dull period, for it is not humanly possible to take a keen interest in the technology of an industry when our hands and minds are not actively engaged in it Now, with a much brighter outlook, we can look forward to a year of increasing prosperity for the industry and for the Institute.

Jan 3, 1925

By D. W. Fuerstenau

On page 1243, column 1, the first line of the author's reply should read "D. W. Fuerstenau (author's reply)---," rather than D. E., as printed. In the sentence immediately preceding the first equation (page 1243, column 2)' the word "none" was omitted. The sentence should read: "However, if enough ore is put into the mill [so] that none of the energy put into the mill is wasted on metal-to-metal impact, then the product should have size modulus determined by the relation: ..."

Jan 1, 1961

IN speaking, on the subject, "Engineer-Citizens," at the Lehigh Valley Mineral Industries Conference dinner, on April 26, at Easton, Pa., George Otis Smith, Director of the United States Geological Survey and President of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, said in part: "It would be carrying coke to Connellsville to bring to the Lehigh Valley the idea that mineral resources are the foundation of national prosperity. Unfortu-nately, however, this obvious, fact is not everywhere recognized. Too many of our economists, journalists, statesmen and other dopesters of present business con-ditions stress the human factor so strongly that they overlook the material with which men work out their destiny. To them the financial psychology of Wall Street and the political logic of Capitol Hill and the business commonplaces of Main Street all loom far larger than the geology of the Lehigh Valley or the engineering triumphs of Bethlehem, or, the creative thinking at Lehigh and Lafayette. "The present situation in the industrial and .business world is a complex of interacting causes and reacting effects not easily itemized and entered on our trial balance sheet. But, chief among the liabilities of today is the excess of production capacity in most branches of industry. The farmer has no. monopoly in his desire for relief. Whether your professional connections are with steel or cement, coal or oil, copper, or zinc, you; know too well that for, the moment America is over-engined, and you keenly realize the ever-present hazard of industry speeding up regardless of the curves or grades just around the corner.

Jan 5, 1928

The economics of aerial survey and the technical processes by the aid of which vertical and oblique aerial photographs are turned into line maps showing the most profuse topographical detail such as contours, rivers, roads, plantations, habitations and cultivated lands do not concern us here. They have been ably and exhaustively described in the publications of the British War Office, handbooks on surveying methods and on photogrammetry and in the South African mining, engineering and geological press. Suffice it to mention that for geological interpretation vertical photographs are used on such scales as 1/5000 to 1/10,000, overlapping each other by 55 to 60 per cent in the direction of flight and some 10 to 20 per cent sideways on to the next sequence or strip. Through this duplication in the overlap the stereoscopic examination becomes possible. The standards by which monochrome aerial photographs are interpreted can be grouped under the following headings: 1. Continuity.—The continuity of topographic relief not obtainable on the ground owing to the smallness of man relative to that relief. Here lies the greatest value of aerial survey with relation to geology. An immediate alignment can often be made of drainages running in different directions on each side of a hill; saddles and gorges in the mountainsides; abrupt termination of outcrop or indubitable signs of faulting. Most conclusive evidence is thus often obtained about faults which may be perfectly visible at one place on the ground but cannot elsewhere be identified because of decreased throw. Similarly, dikes can often be followed notwithstanding frequent interruption and disappearance under the soil. Scattered outcrop in scrub-covered or bush-covered country can be conveniently located and often correlated, with a large saving of time compared with field work. The same applies to geological contacts. Once these have been established at a few points on the ground, the intervening stretches can be drawn in.

Jan 1, 1937

Abadilla, Quirico A. Catanawan, Tayabas, P I '20 Abbey, Robert Graham, District Mgr., The W. W. Sly Mfg. Co, 50 Church St, New York, N. Y. '21 Abbott,-A. N., Mines Supt, Mazapil Copper Co., Ltd .. Concepcion del Oro, Zac., Mexico. '23 Abbott, Clarence E., Mgr, Mines & Quarries, Tenn. Coal, Iron & R R Co. 1242 Brown Marx Bldg, Birmingham, Ala. '04 Abbott, Louis Benjamin, Chief Engr, Consolidation Coal Co, Elkhorn Div . Jenkins, Ky. '15 Abeel, George H., Jr., Cons Min Engr... . Box 427, Santa Monica, Cal. '18 Abel, Albert E., Asst. to Pres., Valley Mould & Iron Corp Hubbard, Ohio. '19 Abel, Raymond L., Asst. Prof., Dept. of Pet. Refin , Univ. of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pa. '28 Abernathy, George Elmer, Prof. of Geol. & Min., Kansas State Teachers College. Pittsburg, Kans '20 ||Abernethy, D. Carl, Jr. Min. Engr., Hudson Coal Co . Scranton, Pa '27 Abey, Hiroshi, Min. & Met. Engr., Min. & Met. Dept, The Higher Technical School, Osaka, Japan. '17 Aborn, Robert H., Instructor in Met, Harvard University Cambridge, Mass. '19 Abozeid, Mahmood, Pet. Production Engr., Marland Oil Co Ponca City, Okla. '20 Abraham, Arthur W., Geol, Richfield Oil Co. Box 788, Bakeisfield, Cal. '20 Abraham, W. E. V., Member, Geol Staff of Burmah Oil Co, Ltd Nyaunghla. Upper Burma, India. '23

Jan 1, 1923

The Secretary : The work of Mr. A. E. Outerbridge, Jr., of Philadelphia, first made known in his paper on " The Mobility of Molecules of Cast-Iron," read at the Pittsburgh Meeting of the Institute, in February, 1896, has been reviewed by the Committee on Science and the Arts of the Franklin Institute, whose report, dated May 5, 1897, is accompanied with a table of tests made by the Committee, and amply confirming the statements of Mr. Outerbridge. Concerning the originality and novelty of his investigation, the Committee says: " The fact that a certain molecular change takes place in cast-iron in the course of time has been known and recognized by many persons for a long time, and that this change tends to relieve the internal strains and render the casting tougher has often been noticed and acted on, although in a very crude way; but, so far as the sub-committee has been able to learn, Mr. Outerbridge has been the first to make a careful study of this, and to note that the change may be hastened by impact, and the whole effect produced in a short time, and also to make a scientific study of the phenomenon. We believe great credit is due him for the initial observation and the careful work dependent thereon. The results were first given to the public in a paper read before the American Institute of Mining Engineers, on February 20, 1896. This aroused a wide-spread interest and discussion among users of cast-iron, and so far as the sub-committee has been able to determine, it has not been shown that anyone, either in this country or abroad, has antedated Mr. Outerbridge in his work in this line. The Franklin Institute therefore recommends the award to him of the John Scott Legacy Premium and Medal." This report has not been published, hut I have had the opportunity to read it in manuscript. The table of testa accompanying it comprises 91 tests of " rumbled" and an equal number of " not rumbled" companion-bars of cast-iron, 26 by 2 by

Jan 1, 1898

By F. O. Willhofft

The symposium on mine safety held in connection with the annual meeting of the Institute three years ago, it. was pointed out that "at present no convenient, reliable, accurate means for determining the gas content of mine air is available, for use by the ordinary mine man." In a letter addressed to Coal Age and published on Feb. 25, 1925, Thomas T. Read, then Director of the Safety Service of the Bureau of Mines, stated: "It is to be hoped that sometime in the near future some-one will invent a reliable methane indicator that is con-venient to, use and will permit the keeping of all flames of every character out of bituminous mines, through doing away with the safety lamp." The Martienssen methane detector, which has re-cently received the official approval of the Bureau of Mines, is intended to. meet the demand for such an in-strument as expressed at that meeting and on many other occasions. The characteristics which qualify it for the task are the following: (1) simplicity; (2) small bulk and light weight; (3) ruggedness; (4) accuracy sufficient for the requirements; (5) safety; and (6) dependability. The principle on which the working of the instrument is based may best be explained by giving a brief out-line of the various stages of development through which the inventor, Professor Martienssen of the University of Kiel, Germany, advanced to the final solution of the problem which he had undertaken to solve.

Jan 2, 1928

By Edwin S. Johanson, Ronald H. Wolk, Clarence A. Johnson, Harold H. Stotler, Katherine C. Hellwig

The H-Coal process, an ebullated bed reactor system for converting coal to liquid fuel, is described. Results from long-duration continuous flow bench-scale operations with Wyoming Wyodak, Arizona Black Mesa, and Utah Kaiparowits Plateau coals are presented. Economic data on the conversion of these coals to liquid products are given. The potentials of the H-Coal process in regard to coal from western producers is stressed.

Jan 1, 1974

By G. V. Smith, C. O. Tarr, R. F. Miller

Metallurgists have long recognized that the Fe3C type of carbide is not a stable phase in steel and that, given sufficient time, it will decompose with formation of graphite, at least at temperatures below about 205o°F.l This slow graphitization has never been of much concern to users of hypoeutectoid steels, for in such steels it occurs only during prolonged exposure at elevated temperature. In I935, Kinzel and Moore2 reported complete graphitization of the carbide of a 0. I5 per cent carbon steel that had been in service for about 26,000 hr. at a temperature of about IIOO° to 12oo°F. In discussing this paper, both Mathews and Sauveur reported graphitization of slightly hypereutectoid steels. In an extensive investigation of graphitization of high-purity iron-carbon alloys, Wells1 produced graphite at 7oo°C. (I29o°F.) in an alloy containing as little as 0.13 per cent carbon, and showed that graphite may precipitate either directly from austenite or from decomposition of Fe3C, also that the rate of graphitization tends to increase with increase of temperature, at least up to a certain point, and with the presence of graphite nuclei. Jenkins, Mellor and Jenkinson,3 studying the structural changes in carbon steels ranging from 0.17 to 1.14 per cent carbon during stress-rupture tests at elevated temperature, observed graphite in an aluminum-killed 0.40 per cent carbon steel after fracture in 4340 hr. under a stress of 17,900 lb. per sq. in. at 840°F. and in many of the steels after stress-rupture test at 12oo°F. Unstressed samples of 0.60, 0.86 and I.I4 per cent carbon steels graphitized almost completely in 360 hr. at I200°F., while samples of 0.90 and 1.10 per cent carbon steels were somewhat graphitized, and steels containing 0.24, 0.40 and 0.57 per cent carbon showed no sign of graphite. Their results indicate that graphite precipitates the more readily the higher the carbon content, though this tendency is influenced to some extent by deoxidation practice, and that graphitization is accelerated by plastic deformation. In a recent study of the graphitization of 0.4 and 0.6 per cent carbon steel strip, made by M. A. Hughes,4 it was found that at I2oo°F. graphite appeared after 72 hr. in aluminum-killed but not in silicon-killed steel, and that the rate of graphitization was increased by slow cooling from I6oo°F. and by cold-working prior to annealing. In creep tests of normalized 0.15 per cent carbon steel killed with 2.5 Ib. of aluminum per ton, at the U. S. Steel Corporation laboratory at Kearny, spheroidization and some graphitization were found after 3000 hr. at Iooo°F. under a stress as low as 1500 lb. per sq. inch. .

Jan 1, 1944

By C. O. Tarr, G. V. Smith, R. F. Miller

Metallurgists have long recognized that the Fe3C type of carbide is not a stable phase in steel and that, given sufficient time, it will decompose with formation of graphite, at least at temperatures below about 205o°F.l This slow graphitization has never been of much concern to users of hypoeutectoid steels, for in such steels it occurs only during prolonged exposure at elevated temperature. In I935, Kinzel and Moore2 reported complete graphitization of the carbide of a 0. I5 per cent carbon steel that had been in service for about 26,000 hr. at a temperature of about IIOO° to 12oo°F. In discussing this paper, both Mathews and Sauveur reported graphitization of slightly hypereutectoid steels. In an extensive investigation of graphitization of high-purity iron-carbon alloys, Wells1 produced graphite at 7oo°C. (I29o°F.) in an alloy containing as little as 0.13 per cent carbon, and showed that graphite may precipitate either directly from austenite or from decomposition of Fe3C, also that the rate of graphitization tends to increase with increase of temperature, at least up to a certain point, and with the presence of graphite nuclei. Jenkins, Mellor and Jenkinson,3 studying the structural changes in carbon steels ranging from 0.17 to 1.14 per cent carbon during stress-rupture tests at elevated temperature, observed graphite in an aluminum-killed 0.40 per cent carbon steel after fracture in 4340 hr. under a stress of 17,900 lb. per sq. in. at 840°F. and in many of the steels after stress-rupture test at 12oo°F. Unstressed samples of 0.60, 0.86 and I.I4 per cent carbon steels graphitized almost completely in 360 hr. at I200°F., while samples of 0.90 and 1.10 per cent carbon steels were somewhat graphitized, and steels containing 0.24, 0.40 and 0.57 per cent carbon showed no sign of graphite. Their results indicate that graphite precipitates the more readily the higher the carbon content, though this tendency is influenced to some extent by deoxidation practice, and that graphitization is accelerated by plastic deformation. In a recent study of the graphitization of 0.4 and 0.6 per cent carbon steel strip, made by M. A. Hughes,4 it was found that at I2oo°F. graphite appeared after 72 hr. in aluminum-killed but not in silicon-killed steel, and that the rate of graphitization was increased by slow cooling from I6oo°F. and by cold-working prior to annealing. In creep tests of normalized 0.15 per cent carbon steel killed with 2.5 Ib. of aluminum per ton, at the U. S. Steel Corporation laboratory at Kearny, spheroidization and some graphitization were found after 3000 hr. at Iooo°F. under a stress as low as 1500 lb. per sq. inch. .

Jan 1, 1944

By Donald A. Brobst

The minerals barite (BaSO4-barium sulfate) and witherite (BaCO3-barium carbonate) are the chief commercial sources of the element barium and its compounds whose many uses are nearly hidden among the technical complexities of modern industrial processes and products. Barite, the major ore mineral, is extremely vital to the petroleum industry which in 1980 consumed at least 90% of the world's production of 8.8 million tons as a major ingredient of the heavy fluid, called mud, that is circulated in rotary drilling of oil and gas wells. The remaining 10% of the barite production was consumed chiefly in the manufacture of barium chemicals and glass and as a pigment, filler, and extender. Barite occurs throughout much of the world and is available from three major geologic types of deposits-vein and cavity filling, residual, and bedded-in sufficient quantity at competitive prices to meet current demands. The world's demand for barite is expected to increase, and geologic circumstances are favorable for the discovery of new deposits of commercial value. Witherite is much less common and abundant than barite, although it is more desirable in many ways as a raw material for the production of barium chemicals. The United States has not produced witherite since about 1950; England is currently the chief producer of witherite. End Uses Most of the world's barite production since 1926 has been used as a weighting agent for the muds circulated in rotary drilling of oil and gas wells. The muds fundamentally are mixtures of water, clay, and barite in different proportions that vary according to local reservoir conditions. Muds with a specific gravity as great as 2.5 are used. The mud is pumped down the hollow drill stem, passes through the bit at the bottom of the hole, and rises to the surface in the space between the drill stem and the wall of the hole. In the course of this circulation the drill bit is cooled, cuttings are removed, the drill stem is lubricated, the walls of the hole are sealed, and the hydrostatic head of the column of weighted fluid helps to confine high oil and gas pressures. The latter feature aids in prevention of gushers, thus reducing both environmental pollution and waste of oil and gas resources as well as conserving the natural reservoir pressure for greater production and rate of recovery of the products contained in the rocks. Barite is particularly well suited for drilling mud because it is clean, easy to handle, soft (nonabrasive), heavy, virtually inert chemically, and relatively inexpensive compared to many other available heavy materials. Barite is used in the manufacture of glass in continuous tanks. The addition of barite homogenizes the melt and gives greater brilliance and clarity to the finished glass. Ground barite, both unbleached and bleached by sulfuric acid, is a common industrial filler, extender, and weighting agent. The rubber industry is a major consumer of barite as a filler. Barite also is added to bristolboard, heavy printing paper, playing cards, rope finishes, brake linings, clutch facings, plastics, and linoleum, to name but a few uses. Bleached barite has long been an extender in white lead paint because of its weight. The low index of refraction of barite, however, makes its ability to cover marks poorer than some other substances, but its low capacity for absorption of oil is a good feature. Off-color or unbleached barite can be used as a filler in colored paints. In the construction industry, some lump barite is used in concrete aggregate to weigh down pipelines buried in marshy areas and to shield nuclear reactors. Because barite absorbs gamma radiation well, its use reduces the amount of expensive lead shielding otherwise

Jan 1, 1983