Search Documents

By Dennis R. Dolinar, John L. Ellenberger, Gabriel S. Esterhuizen, Anthony T. Iannacchione

A survey of pillar conditions was carried out at 21 operating limestone mines that use the room-and-pillar method. The surveyed pillars were all located in rock that was classified as “Good” to “Very Good” using the RMR rock mass classification system. The average pillar width was 14.5m and the width to height ratio varied between 0.53 and 3.52. Pillar conditions were rated using a visual rating system that accounts for the effect of geological structures as well as stress related fracturing. Nine cases of pillar instability were recorded. Pillar instabilities were typically limited to individual pillars or small groups of pillars within an otherwise stable layout. Local geological structures such as inclined discontinuities or weak bedding planes contributed to instability in seven of nine cases that were observed. Elevated pillar stresses contributed to instability in the two remaining cases. All the unstable pillars observed had width-to-height ratios of less than 1.5. It is concluded that pillar instability is most likely to be caused by unfavorable geological structures in pillars with width to height ratios of less than 1.5. Stress related instability such as rib spalling becomes more prevalent when the average pillar stress approaches approximately 20 MPa.

By Paul Hatmaker

"The Bureau of Mines recently has issued a general information circular covering briefly the origin and occurrence, properties, uses, exploitation, and marketing of diatomite. Since this publication was prepared, additional information has become available regarding one of the newer uses of diatomite — that as a filler in battery boxes. As this market is rapidly becoming one of the important outlets, a brief discussion of such use may be of interest.Diatomite is a mineral substance composed principally of the skeletal remains of diatoms. The skeletons of these microscopic flowerless water plants are made from silica present in the water in which these tiny plants live. The minute shells or ""casts"" accumu¬late in the bottom of lakes, ponds, or inland seas, and eventually become more or less consolidated into beds of diatomite.The uses of diatomite depend largely upon its peculiar properties. Diatomite is a highly porous substance and possesses marked absorptive powers. The large percentage of pore space makes the material very light in weight. It is relatively insoluble in most solutions.The largest deposits in the world are found in California, but diatomite occurs in many other Western States and also is found in a number of places along the Atlantic seaboard. Outside of the United States diatomite occurs in many countries; Algeria and Germany are among the largest producers.Usually diatomite is mined either by underground or open—cut methods. In some instances it may be dredged from lake and swamp bottoms. It must be dried prior to grinding or other preparation for market, and for many purposes must undergo a complex sizing and grading system for removal of such impurities as sand and clay and for classification of the material to the various sizes desired,"

Mar 1, 1931

By J. P. Germiquet

"Rock properties have a material impact on mining processes, including drilling performance. An investigation using point loaded index (PLI) data converted to uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) has revealed that a direct relationship between grain size and UCS exists at Mogalakwena Mine. This correlation is best seen in unaltered rock, with lower correlations for altered rock types. Measurements from the new RockMa system installed on drill rigs can be used to obtain rock strength data to validate the current rock strength domains and create additional data for the next benches below. An investigation of penetration rates in different lithologies shows that rock composition plays an important role in determining drill performance. Additionally, there is an inverse relationship between rock strength and drilling penetration rate – a measure of how efficiently a hole is drilled.The domaining of grain-size-adjusted UCS at Mogalakwena Mine will allow more accurate scheduling of drill rigs through increased knowledge of rock strength in various areas. Successful rock strength domaining has the potential to be incorporated into blast indexing and predicting crushing/milling performance.IntroductionThe optimization of mining and processing through geometallurgical characterization of ore are key drivers of value realization (Deutch, 2013). Rock strength is one such property and is affected by, among other variables, composition, texture, and grain size (Ozturk, Nasuf, and Kahraman, 2014). Mogalakwena Mine is exploiting the intrusive Platreef PGE (platinum group element)-bearing orebody which forms part of the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex. This complex orebody exhibits areas of metasomatic alteration, metamorphism, and sporadic mineralization of the footwall and hangingwall (Nex et al., 2006). Understanding this variability is paramount due to the implications for rock strength and hardness, which in turn affect crushing, milling, and liberation efficiency. These variables must be known prior to blasting in order to optimize mine and plant processes using in-situ variables. This necessitates predictive modelling (Deutch, 2013). Geological and geotechnical data was sourced from the Overysel (OY) exploration database for the study. Point load testing was done for each borehole and the results converted to uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) (Akram and Bakar, 2007). The relationship of lithology, texture, and grain size with UCS revealed an inverse relationship between grain size and UCS in unaltered rock. The relationship was not present in altered rock types. A comparison of mean strength and hardness results indicated that Bond work index and UCS may be related. Drilling performance is affected by UCS (Bourgoyne et al., 1986), and this was proven using recent measurements obtained during drilling. Lastly, grain-sizeadjusted UCS values were applied to a 3D model for the OY property."

Jan 1, 2016

By Alejandro Gutiérrez, David Ahues, Paola Merino, Felipe González

A Discrete Elements Method (DEM) study of load movement within a SAG mill 12,192 × 7620 (40′ × 25′) in normal operating conditions is performed. The purpose is to determine how the geometry of the lifters affects the kinetics of the load inside the mill. Specifically, the changes produced by the incorporation of inclined lifters and spiral or helicoidal pulp lifters to the kinetics are evaluated. Four study cases are identified: first, the base case corresponds to a conventional geometry; the second case corresponds to inclined lifters incorporation; third case corresponds to a mill with helicoidal discharge; and the fourth case corresponds to a mill with inclined lifters and helicoidal pulp lifters. To save computational resources, the water that enters the mill has been modeled by varying the coefficient of restitution. The results of a series of experiments are presented to determine how this coefficient varies when having impacts on surfaces with different liquid levels. A comparative analysis is made of the following variables: mean transport speed and material flow, for normal operating conditions. Taking as reference the mill with straight lifters and radial pulp lifters (case 1), the case with the inclined lifters and radial pulp lifters increases the material discharge flow less to 76 mm of size by 5.1%, and this value increases even more when the helicoidal pulp lifters are incorporated reaching a 58.6%. The most significant change is seen in the flow through the grates and the pulp lifters discharge, which can increase substantially improving the operation.

By Paul S. Goodman

This report examines the feasibility of Employee Assistance Plans for the coal industry. Three issues are examined in detail. First, the prevalence of off-the-job factors such as alcoholism, drug abuse, and marital problems are examined in a sample of miners from the eastern, midwestern, and western underground coal fields. Then data were presented that examined the link between these off-the-job factors and behaviors critical to the mines such as absenteeism and turnover. Lastly, we examined the effectiveness of the major Employee Assistance Program in underground coal mining--the HELP Program. The report contains recommendations on whether coal mining companies should implement these programs and how these programs should be designed.

Jan 1, 1986

By J. E. Tiffany, J. J. McKitterick

"IntroductionThe Bureau of Mines is investigating the fundamental factors in breaking down coal at the face, which govern the production of lump coal in typical mines working, different coal beds. Tiffany and Nelson in 1923-21 conducted tests on methods of blasting and use of different explosives, in a mine working the Pittsburgh bed in Pennsylvania. They determined come of these factors quantitatively, and compared their results with those obtained when the regular mine practice was followed.Results of Previous InvestigationThe tests by Tiffany and Nelson showed that the use of the cartridge of smaller diameter than that used in mine practice, resulted in an increase of 5 per cent in the amount of lump coal passing over a 1-1/4-inch bar screen, with a reduction of 32 per cent by weight in amount of explosive required. On the other hand, they found that on reducing the weight of charge 20 per cent, and using the cartridge of larger diameter, the round would not throw down the coal satisfactorily.Experiments with ""snubbing"" showed a similar improvement in quantity of lump coal, end the coal that was blasted rolled forward into the working place. however, in recent tests at another mine where the coal Lad different physical characteristics, snubbing did not always result in the coal rolling forward, on account of clinging to the ribs, and was not found to be an advantage. Therein the writers of this paper recommend that tests be made before deciding upon the adoption of snubbing in a particular mine."

Aug 1, 1925

By Hugo Medina M.

Dado que la producción de carbón en el Perú es menor frente a la demanda de petróleo, es necesario plantear una planificación de su estudio y sus posibilidades de desarrollo minero. En este sentido, el presente texto revisa las áreas prospectivas de carbón, reservas y su potencial como mineral con la finalidad de incentivar la reconversión industrial y las inversiones del mineral. Asimismo, señala los factores que afectan el desarrollo minero como el potencial carbonífero no tangibilizado a reservas, superposición, acaparamiento, prioritización y áreas reducidas; asistencia tecnológica y técnica y financiamiento. Finalmente, entre las alternativas de solución está el plan exploratorio nacional, operación minera, apoyo técnico, política de precios, madera, costo del transporte, capacitación e investigación, centrales hidrometalúrgicos, plantas de lavado de carbón y una ley de promoción carbonífera.

Aug 26, 1988

By W. M. Scheding

"There has recently been a resurgence of interest in unit flotation of mill discharges. At the Kidd Creek concentrator, this technique has been successfully applied to silver flotation in a 3050 mtpd silver-copper-lead-zinc division. The major incentive has been improved silver payment through increased overall recovery and better distribution between the sequential copper, lead and zinc concentrates. A large, but variable fraction of the silver in the ore is present as native silver and, being dense and malleable, is susceptible to overgrinding. Grinding circuit surveys showed high concentrations of silver in both primary and secondary circulating loads. Laboratory testwork confirmed that this was selectively flotable, identified the secondary ball mill discharge as the best feed stream and optimized flotation conditions. A 10 t/h pilot plant campaign confirmed that the rate of accumulation of silver was sufficient to sustain continuous production of a silver concentrate and that flotation of the whole stream was not necessary.The present 30 t/h production circuit recovers from 5 to 50% of the silver in the ore at a concentration ratio between 25 and 250. The circuit also contributes to a better understanding of ore mineralogy, as an 'on-line' indicator of elemental silver content."

Jan 1, 1985

By Reno M. Pappas, Christopher Mark

This report presents results of a U.S. Bureau of Mines study of longwall gob material. The objective of this work was to determine material stiffness properties of the gob for use in numerical models of rock mass response to longwall mining. Photographs of actual mine gob were digitized to obtain approximate particle size gradations of gob material. The gradation curve was shifted down to a lab- oratory scale, and 20 uniaxial compression tests were conducted. Varying the maximum particle size was not found to affect the stress-strain behavior, but changing the gradation appeared to influence the stress-strain behavior. The stress-strain relationship of the simulated gob material was nonlinear, the stress-secant-modulus relationship, was approximately linear, and the stress-tangent-modulus relationship was approximately a second-order polynomial function. Equations were generated from these curves, providing numerical modelers with a means to estimate gob moduli based on the stress level. In addition, the experimental data were statistically evaluated using multiple regression analyses, producing a series of equations to predict the secant and tangent moduli from the given stress level, bulking factor, rock strength, and thickness-to-width shape ratio of the particles.

Jan 1, 1993

By Marcia Harris, Richard Mainiero, Michael Sapko

Since 1988, there have been 17 documented incidents in the United States and Canada in which carbon monoxide (CO) is suspected to have migrated through ground strata into occupied enclosed spaces as a result of proximate trench blasting or surface mine blasting. These incidents resulted in 39 suspected or medically verified carbon monoxide poisonings and one fatality. To better understand the factors contributing to this hazard, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) carried out studies in a 12-foot diameter sphere to identify key factors that may enhance the levels of CO associated with the detonation of several commercial trenching explosives. The gaseous detonation products from emulsions, a watergel, and ANFO blasting agents as well as gelatin dynamite, TNT, and Pentolite boosters were measured in an argon atmosphere and compared with those for the same explosives detonated in air. Test variables included explosive formulation, wrapper, aluminum addition, oxygen balance, and density. Major contributing factors to CO production, under these laboratory test conditions, are presented. The main finding is the high CO production associated with the lack of afterburning in an oxygen poor atmosphere. Fumes measurements are compared with the manufacturer’s reported IME fume class and with the Federal Relative Toxicity Standard 30 CFR Part 15 in order to gain an understanding of the relative toxicity of some explosives used in trench blasting.

Jan 1, 2003

By Anthony S. Spearing

The vast majority of the estimated 100 million rock anchors installed in mines in the USA per year use resin cartridges (Tadolini and Mazzoni, 2006). About 4.5 million per annum of these are bolts with a mechanical shell that if properly installed become effective active supports on installation. In addition, cable anchors (mostly passive) are installed with typically 4 ft of effective resin anchorage length sometimes with mechanical shells, which further makes the installation more difficult. This is because the cable (even with a stiffener tube) is not very rigid. When installing bolts with mechanical shells and cable bolts in the holes, the back-pressure can be so high that the installation is unsuccessful often creating a ?spinner? (an un-tensioned bolt) at best or buckling the bolt thus requiring another bolt/cable to be installed, or leaving a poorly functioning unit. The installation problems can create a significant potential safety hazard and waste time and money. Using a purpose designed test rig that physically inserts different rock anchors into pipes with resin and measure the back-pressure developed with time during the insertion/ installation. The test installation procedure is designed to mirror that used underground by rockbolt operators in coal mines. In addition a computer model has been calibrated that can predict the approximate back pressure of new anchor and resin combinations acting as a screen before physical testing. This research has lead to an understanding and quantification of the insertion back-pressures and this already resulted in improved prototype designs that could lead to more reliable mechanical shell and resin bolt installations.

Jan 1, 2009

THE following really forms the second part of, or a sequel to, a paper, " Ventilating Metalliferous Mines: a Method of Attack," read before the Broken Hill Branch of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in May, 1920. In that paper the writer advocated a consideration of the question of ventilation in metal mines from a different aspect to that 'which had hitherto prevailed locally. Various factors regarded as having an important bearing on the subject were set forth, together with the results of observations made during ventilation tests carried out at the mining department of the Zinc Corporation.During the subsequent discussion the question was raised of the possibility of any practical application of the method of attack described, and also whether the theoretical considerations mentioned were likely to be of any real utility to the mining engineer engaged in ventilation work in a metalliferous mine.

Jan 1, 1923

By Dan Armour

Bolting solutions traditionally offered only wet drilling or dry drilling options; each with advantages and disadvantages. Joy Mining Machinery has developed a Mist Drilling System that incorporates the best of both types of drilling. Compared to wet drilling, mist drilling offers as much as a 90% reduction in water use. As a result, floor and roof conditions are tremendously improved. This offers a safer and more comfortable work environment for operators. Mist drilling can offer a significant reduction in noise levels compared to dry drilling and in recent trials, bit life has been greatly improved. Holes are cleaner and operators experience less exposure to respirable dust.

Jan 1, 2005

By Jack Zhang, Chuck Edwards

"The versatility and specificity of rare earth elements (REEs) have led to their use in an ever increasing variety of applications in new technologies. Consequently, demand for REEs has increased significantly. However, to separate REEs safely and effectively is a complex and expensive process. While China has consistently invested in R&D of REE processing technologies, there have been only sporadic activities in REE mineral processing in North America in the past 20 years. This paper presents a review of REE mineral processing technology, providing an update on current capabilities in REE mineral processing. This paper reviews REE extraction from the major commercially valuable REE-bearing minerals such as bastnaesite, monazite, and xenotime, and also from the ion-absorption type of REE deposits. Currently, there are four major REE mining areas in China, one in the United Sates, and one in Australia. A review of the REE extraction processes in these major REE mining areas closes out the paper.INTRODUCTION The rare earth elements (REEs) include the 15 lanthanide elements, plus yttrium and scandium. The lanthanide elements are normally categorized in two groups: the light rare earth elements (LREEs), i.e. lanthanum through europium (atomic number (Z) = 57 through 63); and the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), i.e. gadolinium through lutetium (Z = 64 through 71). Yttrium is usually grouped with the HREEs due to similarity in physical and chemical properties. Table 1 lists the REEs, atomic numbers, and abundances in earth’s crust (Taylor and McCleannan, 1985). Promethium is the rarest due to lack of stable isotopes. REEs with low atomic numbers are more abundant than those with high atomic numbers. More interesting is that the REEs with even atomic numbers are much more abundant than adjacent lanthanide elements with odd atomic numbers as shown in Table 1."

Jan 1, 2012

The purpose of this paper is to cover in a general way the extent, geology, quality of product, working methods and trials of the coal mining industry. of New South Wales from 1946 to the present day, with particular reference to the Western field.It must be clearly understood that any opinions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Joint Coal Board.The extent of the Western coal field at the present stage of investigation may be said to be from a few miles east of Katoomha to a few miles north-west of the township of Ulan, the total distance being 150 miles.To the west of a line from the Western Highway from Lithgow through Wallerawang, PortIand, Tyldesley, Ben Bullen, Kandos and Rylstone, there are no signs of coal except for one or two outiiers in the neighbourhood of Portland. To the east of this line the coal-bearing areas extend to the seaboard approximately 80 miles to the east.GEOLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COAL SEAMSThe Western coal measures belong to the Upper or Newcastle series, which have been correlated with the Sciritheru or lllawarra, and the North-western or Gunnedah measures. Being close to the margin of the coal basin the Western measures have an average thickness of only 200 ft. to 500 ft., or approximately one-half of the maximum development of the Newcastle measures. They are underlain by Upper Marine beds which in turn rest directly on Devonian rocks.

Jan 1, 1954

By H. Ipek

Industrial grinding machines used in the mineral processing industries are mostly of the tumbling mill type. These mills exist in various types: ball, rod, pebble, autogenous, and semi-autogenous. Balls and rods are traditionally media shapes used in the tumbling mills. In resent years, as an alternative to balls, grinding charges with various shapes are being used. Cylpebs are slightly tapered cylindrical grinding charges with length equaling diameter, and all the edges being radiused. Cylpebs of equal diameter and length have 50% greater surface area and 45% greater weight than balls of the same material. In addition, they have 9% higher bulk density than steel balls, or 12% higher bulk density than cast balls. An important advantage of cylpebs over balls is that cylpebs produce narrower granulometric distribution due to their shapes. However, some discrepancies were found in the literature regarding the milling performance of cylpebs in comparison with balls (Chi, 2004). In recent studies, Chi (2004) has provided detailed information on cylpebs and has compared these to balls in relation to media mass, size distribution, surface area, and input specific energy. Ipek (2006) has investigated the effects of cylpebs and balls with equal mass and surface area on the breakage rate of quartz, using cylpebs and balls separately. Similarly, Lameck and Moys (2006) have investigated the effects of balls and worn balls on breakage rate of material using worn balls as grinding environment. However, no study has attempted to investigate the effects of grinding environment other than balls on the brekage distribution. As indicated by Prasher (1987), the breakage distribution function is independent of the following variables in ball mills: hold-up (Mika et al., 1967; Kelsall et al. 1969), mill speed and ball load (Herbst and Fuerstenau, 1972), media load and ball density (Kelsall et al., 1973), mill diameter (Malghan and Fuerstenau, 1976), and powder charge (Shoji et al. 1980). The aim of the present paper is to compare the effects of cylpebs and balls on the breakage distribution function of quartz with respect to same mass and same surface area. BACKGROUND Comminution as a rate process is called kinetic approach. Studies on the kinetic approach are reviewed by Oner (2001). Oner states that grinding kinetics are based on studies by Kolmogorov in 1941 and that Robert (1950) is the first to suggest this approach. Later, Melzak, Loeveday, and Reid have improved the grinding kinetics equation; and, Austin and Lynch have conducted two basic studies on the analytical solutions of these equations. Considering the results of studies comparing the size reduction mechanisms, it has been accepted that breakage constitutes of two operations. These two basic operations, first defined by Epstein (1948), are those of selection of material for breakage and the distribution of breakage material to particle sizes smaller than the initial size (Lynch, 1977). Epstein defined the two operations as: ? Pn(y), the probability of breakage of a particle size in the nth step of the breakage process. ? F(x,y), the cumulative distributions by weight of particles of size x<y arising from the breakage of a unit mass of a size y. Probability of breakage is called a selection or a breakage-rate function (Si). Characteristics size distribution after breakage is called a breakage distribution or appearance function (Bi,j). Due to the difficulties in representing particle size distributions mathematically and constantly, the batch equation based on particle size fraction is suggested. Thus, as is the case in breakage distribution and specific rate of breakage, the breakage parameters were defined by batch grinding experiments conducted in laboratories (Oner, 2001). When effective breakage occurs in the mill, the breakage of material with single feed size fraction usually fits first order grinding kinetics and the specific rate of breakage values can be calculated through the slope of semi-log plot. The values of the breakage distributions are deduced from the size distributions at short grinding times where there is mainly size 1 material breaking and only small amount of smaller sizes to rebreak (Austin et. al., 1984). B values can be calculated by using BII. [ ] where j is the top size of the charge, Pi(t) is the cumulative percent undersize of i th size interval at the short grinding time which gives no more than about 30% broken out of the top size interval. Cumulative primary breakage distribution, Bi,j, is also defined in an empirical form by [ ] where xi is the top size and Bi,j is the weight fraction of primary breakage products. The parameters F, ? and ß define the size distribution of the material being ground. On plotting size versus Bi,j on log scale, the slope of the lower portion of the curve gives the value of ?, the slope of the upper portion of the curve gives the value of ß, and F is the intercept as in Fig.1. [ ]

Jan 1, 2009

By J. Kirsch

Keywords: Pyrometallurgy, pneumatic transport, pneumatic transport Dense-phase pneumatic injection has begun to replace more traditional furnace-feeding systems. The paper describes the technology as it is applied to processes where the back pressure at the point of injection is greater than 50 kPaG. It reviews earlier systems of injection and more recent developments that address concerns for instantaneous control in modern smelters. The new technologies fall into two groups, (1) modified pressure-difference control (sub-divided into simple and complex) and (2) mechanical-feeder-based control. Features of current injection systems include feed splitting in two forms, passive and active, and co-current injection.

Jan 1, 2006

By Dan A. Brown

The New Mississippi River Bridge (MRB) employed conventional design-bid-build procurement, but the bidding process included the opportunity for pre-qualified bidders to develop and propose confidential Alternative Technical Concepts (ATC?s) for evaluation and approval in advance of bidding. The ATC process provides a mechanism for value-engineering prior to bid, with incentives and opportunities for both the owner and the bidding contractor. The contract described in this paper is for the river bridge composed of a cable-stayed crossing with two pylons and the anchor piers on each side of the river. The Massman-Traylor-Alberici (MTA) team developed a re-designed foundation system for the main pylon and anchor foundations which utilizes their equipment and experience along with field load test measurements to optimize the foundations. The paper describes the experience with the use of the pre-bid ATC process on the project from the perspective of the bidder, and outlines some of the benefits and limitations of this concept with respect to foundation design and construction. Some keys for success are identified and impediments to the effective implementation of the process are described.

Jan 1, 2011

By Heikki Jalkanen

The mineralogical composition and morphology of solidified copper smelting and converting slags are of some interest from slag cleaning (by froth flotation), impurity elimination, and environmental points of view. Properties result from both the state of molten slag before solidification and processes taking place during solidification and cooling. In solidification and cooling, copper and sulfur dissolved in molten slag are .precipitating substantially from the silicate phase. Even in water quenching of slag, dissolved copper is pushed out of the solution in the form of finely divided precipitate. Elements present in the raw materials are distributed in a distinct manner between the solidified slag and non-silicate solidification products. Arsenic, antimony, and tin are strongly accumulated in copper precipitate, but not the other metallic constituents common in copper concentrates. Smelting and converting slags differ remarkably on their mineralogical composition and morphology although resulting principally of same chemical processes. Converter slags are more inhomogenous; they often contain solid particles and copper content is .as a rule higher than in matte smelting slags. The final copper content of converter slags was observed to be in a distinct manner dependent on iron oxide - silica ratio. Slag forming, solidification, and precipitation phenomena are discussed on the basis of mineralogical and morphology analysis of smelter slags and laboratory scale experiments.

Jan 1, 2002

The need to hoist increasing loads from great depths is leading to the more general adoption of winders of the Koepe and Blair types. The trend has introduced a number of new problems in winding ropes, more particularly in the Koepe system where regular destructive tests during the life of a rope are not possible. Consequently, the importance of introducing non-destructive tests is much greater, especially so in the case of Koepe ropes used for deep winding where there are three major destructive fatiguing influences. These are rotational effects when a vertical rope is changed end-for- end each trip, the much greater range of stress to which the rope is subjected each trip as compared with drum winding, and the destructive effect of a high coefficient of friction between wheel and rope. A plea for a lower coefficient in the interest of better rope and tread life, substantiated by analysis, is made for Koepe winders operating at depth.Co-ordination of rope testing with general hoisting problems is stressed and the active participation of the Wire Rope Committee of the Australian Mineral Industries Research Association Ltd. in the promotion ofthe project is noted.The general introduction of a rope testing programme in Australia, personnel requirements and some local basic research in the subject to cope with future demands are considered.

Jan 1, 1967