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By M. J. Nicol

On page 51, the equation numbered.... On page 52, the equation numbered .... On page 53, the arrangement of the equation.... Canadian reports Asbestos by G.O. Vagt.l0 pp. Chromium by D. G. Law-West. 6 pp. Iron and Steel by T. R. Mclnnis. 15 pp. Titanium and Titanium Dioxide by M. A. Boucher. 7 pp. Vanadium by D. Shaw. 7 pp.

Jan 1, 1984

By M. Splaine, W. Davison, D. C. Atkinson

"Since 1964, Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines, Ltd., has been developing and using production scheduling methods for optimizing its metallurgical operations in the short term (up to one year). Medium-range metallurgical planning has been possible only by successive evaluations of a single-year L.P. A modified version of Rosenbrock's direct search technique has now been developed to allow multi-year optimization of both mining and metallurgy for medium-range planning. The modifications to the search technique have produced a marked increase in computational efffciency for this heavily constrained problem in many variables and the system is a usable planning tool, given a reasonably powerful computer. The plans are 'optimum' in the sense that they yield the maximum present value of the operations.Each of the resulting five-yearly mine plans forms the basis for further detailed metallurgical evaluation by the established production scheduling system."

Jan 1, 2014

By L. Scott, M. A. Goncalves

Effective communication is a sought-after non-technical skill in the health, safety, and environmental (HSE) function and is fundamental in achieving an organization’s safety objectives. While different channels are used to communicate HSE matters, many organizations employ posters, videos, and/ or signs containing images to convey information. Communication through signage and graphical hazard symbols has been regulated in standards, but vast sections of HSE communication are bespoke communications and exist outside the sphere of standards. Effective HSE communication through images requires an understanding of the organizational culture in which the images will be used, as well as an understanding of the semiotics of the images themselves. Creative interpretation within HSE communication can create situations where the message that was received is not the message that was intended, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. This paper is aimed at elucidating the semiotics of South African HSE visual content. It was found that the indexical mode of images was most preferred in visual communication, and text-only designs the least preferred. Senders and receivers of messages differ in their opinions on the complexity of HSE communication.

Feb 2, 2021

By H. W. Glen

The use of a personal style (mainly active voice and first person) makes technical writing more pleasant to read, and helps the writer to express his meaning clearly and to avoid many of the stylistic errors normally encountered in that type of writing.

Jan 1, 1979

By S. J. Baumgartner

The ferromanganese industry is under pressure to deal with the slag arising from the production of ferromanganese, which is discarded in landfills or slag heaps. This material poses an environmental and health risk to surrounding ecosystems and communities, and disposal costs are increasing. Ferromanganese slag contains an appreciable amount of residual manganese metal, which can be exploited. Previous work has shown that the slag can be leached fully, while rejecting the silica to a residue. The methods that were investigated to recover manganese from the leach solution included hydroxide precipitation to upgrade the leach solution followed by manganese carbonate precipitation to produce a pure manganese carbonate product or a manganese carbonate furnace feed material, which would be recycled to increase manganese recoveries in the production of ferromanganese. In addition, electrowinning of electrolytic manganese dioxide from the leach solution was studied. The methods were compared in terms of selectivity, costs, and product quality. Co-recovery of the leach residue, which is a potential cement additive, is discussed. Among the methods investigated to upgrade the pregnant leach solution, hydroxide precipitation utilizing ammonia to adjust the pH appears to be the most effective in removing major impurities such as iron, aluminium, and silica to less than 1 ppm. The manganese carbonate and impure manganese carbonate furnace feed products met quality specifications. However, although the production of these materials was technically viable, the large amounts of base reagent that were required to raise the pH, and the associated high operating costs, rendered the process uneconomic. An optimization study was therefore carried out with the primary objective to determine the ideal acid amount to be utilized in the waterstarved digestion stage, thereby decreasing acid and base consumption while optimizing the quality of the pregnant leach solution, and producing a leach residue that contained <1% Mn. The outcome was an economically viable process. Additional benefits included an increase in the manganese content of the impure manganese carbonate furnace feed material, and a substantial reduction in the dilution of the pregnant leach solution, thereby maintaining high manganese concentrations that rendered the solution viable for electrowinning of electrolytic manganese dioxide, the production of which yielded a current efficiency of 74%.

Jan 1, 2014

By I. Cameron, S. Ramjee, A. M. Garbers-Craig

The cause of reduced workability and increased ageing of a blast furnace taphole clay was examined. The investigated taphole clay contained 60 mass% alumina, with phenol-formaldehyde resole resin and liquid pitch serving as the binder system. The workability and Marshall extrusion pressure of the as-manufactured clay samples were evaluated to assess the extent of ageing of the clay. The wettability of all the raw materials was investigated to confirm compatibility between the dry raw materials and both the resin and liquid pitch, while the dry raw materials were analysed using XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDS. The characterisation of the resin and liquid pitch, as well as an analysis of their interaction, was performed using viscosity measurements, Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The analyses confirmed a chemical interaction between the resole resin and liquid pitch, where the chemical structure of the resole resin changed when mixed with pitch, preventing the typical curing behaviour of the resin. Upon ageing of the resin-pitch mixtures, the resin underwent premature cross-linking, causing the curing process to initiate at lower temperatures, i.e., earlier onset of curing. This premature cross-linking was likely due to secondary amines present in the liquid pitch, which acted as a catalyst for the curing process of the resin. This reduction in curing temperature after ageing was confirmed by an increase in binder viscosity, which was identified as the primary cause of reduced workability, accelerated ageing, and increased Marshall extrusion pressure of the taphole clay.

Jul 23, 2025

By V. Yahorava

Efficient recovery of precious metals from process solutions is essential for improving process economics. Traditionally, precious metals are relatively effectively recovered from waste streams via precipitation or cementation. However, these approaches have a number of drawbacks, including poor water balance, creation of environmentally unfriendly waste streams, and losses of precious metals. Ion exchange technology is an alternative for the recovery of precious metals from waste or low-grade streams. This technology allows the recovery of the precious metals to extremely low levels (micrograms per litre) with relatively high upgrade ratios from the solution onto the resin without major water balance concerns, while the impact on the environment could be minimized or avoided. Research was conducted on the recovery of platinum group metals and gold from different low-grade and waste streams from one of the precious metals refineries in South Africa by means of ion exchange. Various functionalities and matrices (granular and fibrous) of ion exchange materials were evaluated. The results from these studies indicated that in some cases ion exchange could be very effective for the recovery of precious metals, and that the PGM concentration could be reduced to < 1 mg/L. The upgrading ratios of the various PGMs onto the specific fibres were relatively high for the specific streams evaluated, which might in some cases justify incineration of the loaded material instead of stripping and recycling the adsorbent. The cost of direct incineration for one of the waste streams tested would be less than 1% of the value of the PGMs recovered. However, the adsorbent has to be carefully selected and the process design optimized for each specific stream.

Jan 1, 2014

By T. C. Huber

The southern African region has a high concentration of mineral resources and supplies much of the world?s platinum demand. As a result, the international community watches South Africa to understand the impact of supply on global markets. An analysis of supply certainty and risk plays a key role in the future of growing demand in various sectors. The southern African platinum industry experienced substantial growth in the early part of the 21st century, resulting in bullish forecasts for growth during the period of 2000?2006. However, southern African platinum producers saw a significant drop in production over the following three years as a result of many dynamic factors in operations and the global economy. Between 2006 and 2009 there was a million-ounce shortfall between forecast and actual production. This was raised as a concern at the Fourth International Platinum Conference in 2010 by Stephen Forrest during his keynote address, specifically regarding the lack of understanding in the market of the causes of this shortfall and any action that was being taken to address them. This paper reviews publicly available information in the media and corporate reports and communications for the period January 2006 to December 2009. In addition, several interviews were held with key stakeholders in the industry to provide further perspective. The paper then highlights the main reasons that are reported to have affected the loss in production over the period and discusses the possible implications of the information that the mining industry does and does not disclose regarding platinum supply.

Jan 1, 2012

By Wei Sun, Ruolin Wang, Wenjuan Sun, Junhao Fu, Haisheng Han, Zhao Wei

Pb–benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) (lead complexes of benzohydroxamic acid) exhibits high selectivity but low collecting efficiency in scheelite flotation. This paper reports the manner in which BHA and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were employed as ligands to coordinate with the lead ions to obtain a colloidal lead-group multiple ligand complex, i.e., the Pb–BHA–SDS, for improving the collecting efficiency of Pb–BHA. The flotation mechanism of Pb–BHA–SDS with respect to scheelite was investigated from the viewpoint of interface science based on the pure mineral flotation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle measurements. The results showed that the BHA and SDS coordinated with Pb2+ to form novel leadgroup multiple ligand complexes, which are different from the traditional understanding associated with the mixed collectors. Pb–BHA–SDS was a better collector with stronger collecting ability and excellent selectivity in regard to a scheelite flotation than Pb–BHA. The addition of SDS to Pb–BHA enhanced the latter’s adsorption ability on the scheelite surface and improved the hydrophobicity of the collector’s nonpolar groups, rendering Pb–BHA–SDS as a more efficient collector at a low dosage. Keywords: Scheelite; Pb-BHA complexes; sodium dodecyl sulfate; multiple ligands; Pb–BHA–SDS

Jan 1, 2020

By M. Lange

The postulation that primary platinum group metal (PGM) matte will chemically react with magnesia-chrome bricks when temperatures exceed 1500°C was tested. Magnesia-chrome brick samples were heated in contact with matte at 1300°C to 1750°C for 30 minutes, after which the refractory samples were analysed using reflected light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The samples were all completely penetrated by matte. As the temperature increased the matte also penetrated the fused aggregate grains and disintegrated them. The chromium concentration of the matte inside the refractory samples was found to be slightly higher than that of the bulk matte. At temperatures of 1500°C and higher, MgO, FeO, and magnesium-rich silicate crystals could be identified in the matte directly adjacent to the refractorymatte interface. Phase relations clearly indicated that chemical reactions take place between primary PGM matte and the magnesiachrome refractory material at temperatures above 1500°C, but that these reactions are more complex than expected from FactSAGE® calculations.

Jan 1, 2014

By D. F. Malan, T. E. Oates

A recent experimental pillar extraction project at a UG2 bord-and-pillar mine presented a unique opportunity to compile a new pillar database. Currently, the South African hard rock bordand- pillar mines are designed using the Hedley and Grant formula with a modified K-value. This empirically derived formula was developed for uranium mines in the Elliot Lake district of Canada. The use of this formula for the design of pillars in South Africa is questionable. Very few pillar failures have nevertheless been observed and its current calibrations for the various reef types are possibly too conservative. A new UG2 pillar database of 66 pillars, of which seven are classified as failed, was compiled by the authors. This enabled a revised ‘first-order’ calibration of the K-value for the Hedley and Grant formula. The new estimated value for the UG2 is K = 75 MPa. This gives a pillar strength that is more conservative than the PlatMine formula. This work should nevertheless be considered as only a preliminary calibration as the database was small. Further work is also required to determine whether the exponents in the formula for the width and height parameters are appropriate for UG2 pillars.

May 3, 2023

ENERGY 73 The First International Energy Exhibition will be held in Brussels from 13th to 18th May, 1973. Vllth INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON CYBERNETICS This congress will be held in Namur, Belgium, from 10th to 15th September, 1973. GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION University of the Witwatersrand The Sixth Executive Development Programme is scheduled to take place from 2nd July to 24th August, 1973. IFAC SYMPOSIUM 1973 Second announcement ofthe International Symposium on AUTOMATIC CONTROL IN MINING MINERALS AND METAL PROCESSING to be held at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, from 13th to 17th August, 1973. MINERALS AND ENVIRONMENT The effect ofthe mineral industry on the environment and mineral resources The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, with the co-operation of the Institute of Quarrying and the Institution of Mining Engineers, will hold a Symposium "Minerals and the environment" at the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, from 4th to 7th June, 1974. COLLOQUIUM ON SLlMES DAMS The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy have great pleasure in advising members that a two-day colloquium on slimes dams is bei ng arranged for the 14th and 15th November, 1973. INTERNATIONAL SOLVENT EXTRACTION CONFERENCE This conference will be held at Lyon from 8th to 14th September, 1974. Particulars may be obtained from the Secretary: Dr A. Naylor, British Nuclear Fuels Ltd., Windscale and Carder Works, Seascale, Cumberland CA20 IPG, United Kingdom. Competition for Student Members of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Each year the Institute offers a prize (or prizes should the entries warrant it) of up to RIOO for the best paper or dissertation on a topic appropriate to the interests of the Institute. Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Application of Computer Methods in the Mineral Industry (APCOM) The Proceedings of the APCOM Symposium held in Johannesburg from April 9th to 14th, 1972, have now been published. Members of the Institute may buy the Proceedings at a special price of R12,50 as against the list price of R25,00 to non-members. Verrigtinge van die Tenth International Symposium on Application of Computer Methods in the Mineral Industry (APCOM) Die Verrigtinge van die APCOM Simposium, wat op April 9 tot 14, 1972, in Johannesburg gehou is, is gepubliseer. Lede van die Instituut kan die Verrigtinge teen &apos;n spesiale prys van R12,50 koop, in teenstelling met die prys van R25,00 vir nie-Iede.

The October General Meeting of the Institute was held in Kelvin House, Johannesburg, on 15th October, 1969, at 4.30 p.m. Mr J. K. E. Douglas (President) was in the Chair. There were also present 17 Members, Messrs: M. Barcza, R. C. J. Goode, J. A. Nixon and V. C. Robinson (Council Members), M. L. Fitzgerald, D. F. H. Graves, C. G. Hinds, S. D. Hill, J. S. Hall, D. F. Malan, T. Meyer, W. pyne-Mercier, K. S. Rae, S. G. Taussig, L. W. P. van den Bosch, Dr A. Whillier, C. H. Wyndham. Four Associate Members: Messrs O. Davel, M. J. Martinson, M. P. J. Sandys, T. G. Harington. One Student: R. P. W. Henrard. Three Visitors: Messrs A. V. Pike, B. Schmitz, A. P. Raats. Secretaries: D. C. Visser and S. de. Gersigny. Total present: Twenty-eight. OBITUARY The President: "It is my said duty to announce the death of Pieter Ulrich Fischer, Member, who joined the Institute in 1961 and passed away on 24th June, 1969. As a mark of respect to the memory of the deceased and in sympathy with the bereaved I would ask you all to rise and observe a few moments&apos; silence." MINUTES The President: "The minutes of the last meeting will only appear in next month&apos;s Journal and I would request that the confirmation of these minutes be held over." MEMBERSHIP The President: "I have much pleasure in announcing that the names of the undermentioned candidates, having been published in accordance with By-Law 5.2.2, Council has elected them to membership of the Institute in the following grades:" Members: Alexander Edward O&apos;Meara, Anton Leopold Melvill, WilIiam Harold Wise, Eric John Dunstan, Frank Nel, Lubertus Hendrikus Jakob Poortier. Associate Members: Michael Irvine Britten, Selwyn Wilson Lange. James McCormack, Christiaan Lodewyk de Jongh, WilIiam Andrew Hustrulid, Reinhold Johannes Ortlepp, Felix Henry Lancaster. Graduates: Willem Adriaan Gericke, Hamish David Sneddon Miller, David lan Ossin, Robert Antony Layboume, Ewart John Shillaber, Colin Hewitt Wiggett. Affiliates: Bernard Andre Thomas, Waiter Arthur Wood, Andrew John George Paschalides, David John Perry, Alex Richardson, Gert Blekker Kotze. Student: Matthys Jacobus de Beer. MEMBERS TRANSFERRED TO A HIGHER GRADE From Associate Member to Member: David Alphonso Viljoen. From Student to Associate Member: Michael Charles Carruthers. "I welcome the newly elected members to the Institute and congratulate the members who have been transferred to a higher grade." PAPERS FOR PRESENTATION The President: "Professor Wyndham, may I call on you to deliver the paper entitled &apos;Factors affecting the mechanical efficiency of men shovelling rock in stopes&apos;, written jointly with J. F. Morrison, J. H. Viljoen, N. B. Strydom and A. Heyns." After the presentation of the paper the President said: "Gentlemen, I would like to thank Dr Wyndham and his colleagues for once again reporting through the medium of this Institute the results of the very important work they are carrying out at the Human Science Laboratories. It is most appropriate that this work which is leading to a better understanding of the capabilities and efficiency of the human body under the arduous conditions encountered underground should be reported to this forum. In this way our members, who are actively engaged in the job of mining, can firstly learn something of this research and secondly, can, with their practical knowledge of conditions underground, contribute to what has been learnt and possibly pose new problems for our scientists in the laboratories. The scientist should always have the opportunity of subjecting his research to the scrutiny of people engaged in practical operations. By the very nature of our gold mines we are unfortunately heavily dependent on a large labour force and while mechanization has been introduced wherever feasible, we are likely to continue to be heavily dependent on this labour. In accepting this fact we can be proud in this country of what has been achieved, not only in obtaining the best efficiency from labour but in ensuring that their working conditions are reasonable and that their health and well-being are adequately cared for. When one visits our gold mines, one cannot help being impressed with what is being done to ensure that we have a satisfied, happy and healthy labour force. The Human Sciences Laboratory with its scientific approach has assisted greatly in promoting a better understanding of the problems associated with labour under the conditions experienced on our mines. Thank you." Mr M. Martinson then contributed to the discussion. (This contribution will appear in a later issue of the Journal.) "Professor Wyndham, may I call on you to deliver the paper entitled &apos;Acclimatizing men to heat in climatic rooms on mines,&apos; written jointly with Prof Strydom." After Dr Wyndham had presented the paper the President said: "Thank you Dr Wyndham for so ably describing the work associated with the acclimatization procedures on our gold mines. It has certainly been an eye-opener to those of us not familiar with this work and I believe it is very important that everyone and not only people in the gold mines should know about it. It is fortunate that all industries do not have the same arduous heat conditions experienced on our mines but other industries such as our chemical and metallurgical industries do have other problems relating to the adjustment of labour to the work situation. The scientific approach employed by the gold mines in tackling this problem is an example to these industries of what can be achieved by logical

Professor R. P. Plewman graduated with a B.Sc. in mining engineering from the University of the Witwatersrand in 1943, after which he had two years of military service. Mr P. W. J. van Rensburg attended St Andrew&apos;s College in Grahamstown before proceeding to the University of the Witwatersrand, where he obtained a B.Sc. (Eng.) degree cum laude in mining and metal. lurgy at the end of 1942 and was awarded the Chamber of Mines Scholarship and Gold Medal. Dr M. G. Atmore, Deputy Technical Director of the Anglo American Corporation of South Mrica, is also Manpower and Education Adviser to the Chamber of Mines of South Mrica and a Visiting Professor at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. Mr D. A. Vi1joen attended Queen&apos;s College, Queenstown, and then Rhodes University, where he gained a diploma in chemistry and a B. Comm. degree. Mr B. E. Protheroe, C.Eng., obtained a degree in Physical Metallurgy at University College, Cardiff, and an M.sc. in corrosion science from Swansea University. Mr N. J. Devine holds a B.Sc. in Metallurgical Engineering and a G.DE Mining Engineering, both from the University of the Witwatersrand. Dr Oskar Steffen graduated as a civil engineer at the University of the Witwatersrand in 1961, and obtained his master&apos;s degree in 1963.

Jan 1, 1984

By M. J. Voigt, R. A. Govender, A. Mainza, L. Bbosa

"Mineral texture is a critical factor which controls ore variability and is an important attribute in geometallurgy. In relation to downstream processes, it affects the fracture pattern during breakage, where rock strength is inherently a function of mineral texture. Because of the subjective nature of mineral texture, it has not been easy to quantify, especially in the context of a measurement suitable for use in geometallurgical programmes. The aim of this paper is to present the first steps in developing a 3D mineral texture quantification method for drill core and to assess its sensitivity to differences in rock strength using a case study. The methodology includes classifying the textural information using the 3D grey level co-occurrence matrices (GLCM) and X-ray computed tomography (XCT) coupled method. Rock strength tests were performed using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The case study investigates a heterogeneous polymetallic sulphide deposit and a homogeneous shale subdivided into three ’mineral textural types’. The variability is largely captured by the GLCM matrices, and preliminary trends can be observed where the shale is finer grained and has a higher yield strength in comparison with the coarser grained polymetallic sulphide ore. IntroductionModern mining requires the exploitation of lower grade and more complex, heterogeneous orebodies to address the growing industry demands. Historically, processing plants were designed and built based on average ore characteristics and therefore are relatively inflexible when facing the full spectrum of ore variability in heterogeneous orebodies (Lamberg, 2011; Lotter, 2011; Schouwstra et al., 2013). The practice of geometallurgy represents an opportunity to manage ore variability in the mining industry (Powell 2013; Baum, 2014; Yildirim et al., 2014; Nguyen, 2013). It focuses on quantifying the relationships between ore characteristics and their downstream mining and processing responses, often starting with small-scale laboratory testing. The purpose of geometallurgy is linked to maximizing the net present value (NPV) of an orebody by minimizing technical and operational risk – where ‘ore variability’ is considered one of the most significant technical risks."

Apr 1, 2019

By P. Ramsaywok, G. Legodi

Spiral concentrators are widely used in the coal industry treating fine (-1mm) coal. Their application was a limitation to the product quality until the introduction of low-cut spirals which allow a lower quality ash product to be produced, thus expanding the market. The Exxaro Grootegeluk 1 (GG1) plant has a two-stage traditional rougher-cleaner spiral circuit using conventional SX4 spirals to produce semi-soft coking coal product at 12.5% ash by mass. The overall plant product is 10.3% ash meaning that the coarser sized coal dense medium separation circuits must compensate. A low density cut-point spiral targetting 10.3% ash would thus be beneficial to the overall complex. The spirals were tested in the two-stage plant environment and in a pilot plant. This paper discusses the findings and compares a two stage four-turn low density cut and conventional spiral. The two spiral technologies were unable to sustain a 10.3% ash product. Pilot test work was also conducted on GG1 coal, demonstrating that an eight-turn low density cut-point spiral achieves the targetted 10.3% ash under controlled conditions. Keywords: Spiral, low-cut, coal

Jan 1, 2020

By Mark Dangerfield

[Power-Point Presentation]

Jan 1, 2005

By S. Schutte, J. Pelders, F. Magweregwede, S. Ngobese, W. Botha

A people-centric, systematic approach that involves different stakeholders is considered necessary to successfully address changes associated with modernizing the South African mining industry. In this paper we discuss the inclusion of various South African mining industry stakeholders, particularly the employees, in equipment design and development processes. Data was acquired through a literature review and inputs from South African mining industry stakeholders through focus group discussions, interviews, and an online survey. It was suggested that some of the areas that could be improved by the inclusion of employees in the process are design quality, ergonomics, equipment acceptance by the workforce, safety, efficiency, skills, insight into context of use, and early design iterations and identification of problems. Among the issues considered to be barriers to inclusion were lack of buy-in, lack of resources, difficulty in manufacturers accessing the mines, difficulties in involving too many people, intellectual property concerns, and unavailability of mine employees due to their key responsibilities. Identified critical factors in the equipment design and development process include iterative design, stakeholder participation throughout the process, needs analysis through consultation, and change management. A guideline was developed for worker inclusion in equipment design and development that could be used by the South African mining industry. The study identified several economic and social benefits of including stakeholders in the early stages of design and development. It is recommended that the South African mining industry considers using the developed guideline.

Apr 5, 2023

By N. Hadebe, A. Mampuru, F. Jantjies

Mintek conducted test work to study the effect of media wear when using Mintek’s Milling-in-raffinate technology. The grinding media consisted of high-chrome and ceramic balls. The tests were conducted using a laboratory 5L 316 stainless-steel rubber-lined mill. Magotteaux supplied the high-chrome and ceramic balls. The raffinate was synthetically prepared using a typical Cu/Co (2.2 g/L Cu, 3 g/L Co) composition. The milling rate, media wear, mill, leach extraction efficiencies, gangue acid consumption, and residence time were studied. The tests indicated that the high-chrome balls had a higher corrosion rate than the ceramic balls. The ceramic corrosion rate was lower than 0.1 mm/y. The highchrome balls performed better during the leach stages with faster milling time, higher leaching efficiencies for both Cu and Co, lower gangue-acid consumption, and lower residence time

Jan 1, 2023

By F. Dinter, S. A. C. Hockaday, Q. G. Reynolds

The thermal decomposition of carbonate minerals as pre-treatment before smelting reduces the energy requirement for smelting. It can also make the combustion of fossil fuels for heating unnecassary. Thermal decomposition may become important in reducing greenhouse gas emissions when producing ferromanganese alloys while simultaneously reducing electrical energy demand during smelting. A kinetic reaction rate model for the thermal decomposition of manganese ores is presented, based on published reaction rate kinetics for the decomposition of manganese oxides and calcium carbonate. The model was validated against thermogravimetric data for two carbonaceous manganese ore samples and one ferruginous manganese ore sample. The reaction rate model shows that carbonate minerals in the manganese ores are decomposed at temperatures above 900 °C while pyrolusite is decomposed at temperatures from 450 °C to 500 °C. Mn2O3 decomposes rapidly at 550 °C. Braunite decomposition at temperatures below 1000 °C was negligible. The presence of organic carbon in the samples led to further reduction of the samples during thermal treatment.

Aug 3, 2023