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By Liane L. M. Kacinuck

This U.S. Bureau of Mines publication is intended to provide mining industry representatives and regulatory authorities with a reference package dealing with studies on hydrology and underground mine subsidence. An annotated bibliography and a list of additional sources are given and represent references published prior to June 1993. Ninety-two references ware identified and 72 obtained for assessment. Annotating the references included evaluating the study methodology and summarizing the basic results. The references are also compiled based on geographic location to aid the user in identifying articles of particular interest.

Jan 1, 1994

By R. G. Meara, O&apos

[P.F? bmit e-ninirq ir.3.l r;tq: in the Znited State :; was u~irlyortant p~ior to the Torld ;Jar, ?-.lt with the c~r,sxti~rl of imports d11rln.c thr World 'Jar tke Rmericnn mar~factu~er:. of 1itkopone mcl Sayiun c;~oai?als forced tile tl~veloor?.ent of domertic bar,i$e dqosit9. Pr%~~,n-ily bcca-lse of tho increasing dc.n;;nl'i for lit,hupone3 by the pr?i:~t, Tlocr-covcrin~;, ,md rt1tbe.r indl~stries, ~3c.vs1o~:rnc2t of cto~entic de~onits has cr~ntim~ed to c-cpand. 13 1914, the salnr! oC doxegtic c~l~.dt? t,m-it~ ;u~cr-~nteii. to 52,91? tons, in 1237 ???,1!.1 tons nmre so1.d; thc 12:t~r rcyrprcntcd 77 .E;T pmccnt of the tot,:rl, dr??;ectic and imortcd., haritd US~C in the Cnited State? di7rinz t,hat :.vXr. C,f +he total 193,3:& ton? coy.1~-ed in the United 4 Steter ir. 135, 3E.X percent v;as usec? as groi.z.ld ~rai.te? , "0.3 percent arr lithopone, and 17 .:A ].ercc?t in the rnx 11fact,ure of b;~riim chs:nicals ]

Jan 1, 1938

By R. G. Meara, O&apos

[P.F? bmit e-ninirq ir.3.l r;tq: in the Znited State :; was u~irlyortant p~ior to the Torld ;Jar, ?-.lt with the c~r,sxti~rl of imports d11rln.c thr World 'Jar tke Rmericnn mar~factu~er:. of 1itkopone mcl Sayiun c;~oai?als forced tile tl~veloor?.ent of domertic bar,i$e dqosit9. Pr%~~,n-ily bcca-lse of tho increasing dc.n;;nl'i for lit,hupone3 by the pr?i:~t, Tlocr-covcrin~;, ,md rt1tbe.r indl~stries, ~3c.vs1o~:rnc2t of cto~entic de~onits has cr~ntim~ed to c-cpand. 13 1914, the salnr! oC doxegtic c~l~.dt? t,m-it~ ;u~cr-~nteii. to 52,91? tons, in 1237 ???,1!.1 tons nmre so1.d; thc 12:t~r rcyrprcntcd 77 .E;T pmccnt of the tot,:rl, dr??;ectic and imortcd., haritd US~C in the Cnited State? di7rinz t,hat :.vXr. C,f +he total 193,3:& ton? coy.1~-ed in the United 4 Steter ir. 135, 3E.X percent v;as usec? as groi.z.ld ~rai.te? , "0.3 percent arr lithopone, and 17 .:A ].ercc?t in the rnx 11fact,ure of b;~riim chs:nicals . ]

Jan 1, 1938

By H. S. Caldwell

A magnesium-base incendiary alloy, containing about 20 percent cadmium, 4 percent aluminum, and 0.5 percent zinc, was investigated in a series of vacuum-distillation experiments to determine the feasibility of recovering magnesium and cadmium as refined metals. Alloys prepared in the laboratory and actual bomb-casing alloy were studied at temperatures of 550° to 750° C. and pressures of 100 to 150 microns. Simple distillation and fractional distillation methods were only partly effective in separating the cadmium and magnesium. They were separated satisfactorily, however, with a special vapor baffle designed to condense the metals selectively. Magnesium and cadmium products were 99 percent pure and together comprised 82 percent of the total condensate. About 17 percent of the condensate was intermediate-grade alloy that could be recycled with new charge and contained about 70 percent magnesium and 30 percent cadmium.

Jan 1, 1959

By B. W. Dunning

The Bureau of Mines investigated the concentration and distribution of precious metals in the various fractions produced from mechanical processing of obsolete military electronic scrap. Whole avionic units, printed circuit cards, and electrical connectors were processed and analyzed. Materials recovered included baghouse lights, wire bundles, mag-netics, and metal concentrates from eddy-current and high-tension sepa-ration. Higher value fractions were processed by a commercial toll refiner for recovery of gold and silver. Lower value fractions were analyzed by the Bureau. Three fractions, the lights, wire bundles, and metallics from high-tension separation, contained most of the precious metals. Depending on the type of scrap feed, these fractions represented 34 to 60 pct of the original sample weight. Collectively, they represented 68 to 97 pct and 75 to 98 pct of the contained gold and silver, respectively.

Jan 1, 1983

By D. C. Dahlin

The Bureau of Mines conducted laboratory batch beneficiation tests on samples from four potential platinum resources in southeastern Alaska to concentrate platinum and other precious metals. Thin Investigation was done as part of the mission of the Bureau to insure an adequate supply of minerals to meet the Nation's needs. Petrographic studies and beneficiation methods including gravity concentration, froth flotation, and magnetic separation were used to determine mineral association and to attempt to concentrate the platinum values with a primary mineral value such as chromite, copper sulfide, or magnetite. A high-graded sample from the Salt Chuck copper sulfide deposit yielded the platinum-group metal concentrate; the maximum grade attained was 0.04 oz Pt and 1.5 oz Pd per ton of high-grade copper sulfide concentrate. The other samples yielded low-grade primary mineral concentrates with low platinum-group values, and/or the platinum-group metals did not concentrate with the primary mineral value.

Jan 1, 1981

By W. W. Cutler

An oil-field drilling campaign is used in this paper to signify the spacing of the wells to be drilled as well as the drilling program, which is interpreted as the number of wells drilled in a unit of time, This has an important bearing upon the time of receiving income, as well as upon the amount of revenue obtained In periods of low prices for oil, such as the present, the margin of profit is at the best very small, and the correct determination of the drilling campaign may be the deciding factor between incurring financial loss or gain during the depressed period. General policy of the operator. Drilling should be planned by the field engineer to conform with the general policy of the operator. This policy may be one of conservation daring the early life of the property, but as mentioned later, this may result in a smaller ultimate recovery it often occurs that the market price of oil does not warrant rapid development, or it may be desirable to hold in reserve a supply of oil for a refinery. The policy may be to recover all of the oil as quickly as possible, or it may be to maintain a constant and sustained production. In any case, the operator should, outline as far as possible a definite policy, and should understand the principles underlying the recovery of oil, the influence of rapidity of drilling and effects of spacing, in order that he may obtain the oil as required with the least expenditure.

Jan 1, 1921

By Robert Lee Stahl

Comprehensive field tests were made in the Gas Hills, Wyo., to determine whether surface geophysical techniques could be used to detect and delineate faults in marginal uranium deposits. The tests were made on property owned by Federal American Partners, Gas Hills, Wyo., and included seismic refraction, self-potential, induced polarization, magnetometer, electrical resistivity, airborne infrared thermal scanning, and airborne photography. Of the several geophysical techniques tested in the field, horizontal resistivity profiling with electrode spacings in the range of 25 to 50 feet was most diagnostic of faults. The method is quick, cheap, accurate, and one that can be easily used by personnel employed by mining companies to detect and delineate faults.

Jan 1, 1973

By H. C. Fuller

Submerged combustion and inverse solubility methods were investigated as promising alternative means for crystallizing manganese sulfate from solutions produced by leaching manganese ores with either sulfuric acid or sulfur dioxide. Evaporation of water from typical manganese sulfate solutions by sub-merged combustion techniques enabled production of a slurry containing 32 to 39 pct MnSO4.H2O crystals suspended in a saturated solution of manganese sulfate. Such a slurry required further processing by thickening or filtration and drying to produce crystals of MnSO4.H2O. In a second approach, semicontinuous processing of manganese sulfate solu¬tions by thermal crystallization under pressure effected a recovery of 94.5 pct of the MnSO4.H2O as dry free-flowing crystals. Treatment of a solution containing about 100 grams manganese per liter at 189° C, produced a "barren" solution containing only 1.9 grams manganese per liter. Calculations made on comparable manganese sulfate solutions show that the heat requirement of the thermal crystallization method was about one-third to one-fourth that of the submerged combustion method.

Jan 1, 1966

By Fred Hodges

This paper describing the concentrator practice of the Hurley Plant of the Nevada Consolidated Copper Co. at Hurley, N. Mex., is one of a series of papers on milling methods and costs being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines. The Hurley concentrator has a normal daily capacity of 13,500 tons of ore, and for the first four months of 1930 the heads of the concentrator averaged 1.32 per cent of copper and 3.14 per cent of iron. The recovery for this period was 83.98 per cent and the concentrates produced averaged 27.54 per cent of copper.

Jan 1, 1931

By S. J. Schatzel, P. W. Jeran, W. P. Diamond, F. E. McCall, F. Garcia, J. C. LaScola, T. P. Mucho

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office for Mine Safety and Health Research, is investigating the geologic and mining factors influencing the migration of longwall gob gas. One goal of these studies is to optimize methane drainage strategies to reduce the volume of gob gas that reaches the underground workplace. As part of this research effort, longwall gob gas flow paths in a mine operating in the Pittsburgh Coalbed, PA, were investigated using SF6 tracer gas. Tracer gas released into the ventilation airflow underground generally stayed in the bleeder system and was vented at the associated bleeder fan shafts. Tracer gas injected into an inactive (intaking) gob gas venthole migrated to the two inby producing ventholes on the study panel, indicating that all three ventholes were in communication. The tracer gas that was injected into the gob generally stayed in the gob and only migrated to the ventilation system in response to the venthole on the study panel closest to the injection hole going off production. Tracer gas flow velocities in the longwall gob reservoir and factors influencing the production performance of gob gas ventholes in the study area are also discussed.

By A. C. Fieldner

In preparing this paper, an attempt was made to obtain results of plant-scale carbonization tests on washed and unwashed coal from the same mine. A letter. in which the following questions were asked was sent to some 50 coke-oven superintendents and others who might be interested; "What is the influence of washing coal on: (1) The chemical and physical properties of coke, as for example, the size the amount of breeze, the fracture, strength, cell-structure, etc. (2) The quantity and quality of gas and by-products. (3) The capacity of the ovens. (4) The composition of the coal. "Your general opinion, as well as any specific data or results of tests, on this important subject will be arc greatly appreciated."

Jan 1, 1930

By Mark Sheppard

[Considerable research work has been done on secondary crushing and coarse rued fine grinding, and the literature on the general subject of crushing contains many references to the work of investigators on the laws governing end the factors entering into the economical production of fine materials. However, little information on primary crushing in available. The literature deals mainly with problems and practices in ore dressing, end in this field the engineer or investigations is concerned largely with the production of fine material rind the unlocking of minerals in the ore. Under such conditions close control of screen sizes of primary-crusher products is a secondary consideration and has received very little attention. The growth and development of tae nonmetallic industries have drawn more attention to primary crushing. Many of these industries are interested is the production of a minimum amount of fines and a maximum amount of a coarse Product that meets certain definite size specifications, a condition entirely different from that in the field of ore dressing. Under such conditions tae proper type of primary-crushing equipment and a knowledge of the factors governing the operation of such equipment nest are essential to economical production of a satisfactory material.]

Jan 1, 1938

By Foster Fraas

The objective of this research was separation of one highly conductive mineral from a second conductive mineral , a procedure which is impractical in commercial electrostatic separators using metal rolls . Such separators permit separation of nonconductive from conductive minerals . A new technique involved use of carrier electrode rolls specially prepared by anodizing and / or oxidizing at high temperatures to form suitable oxide surfaces . Specific oxides included aluminum , copper , and nickel . The significant result provided by the new surfaces was the extension of the separation range to higher conductivities , an extension in relative mineral conductivity from 10-14 mhos . The results are in accordance with the blocking- layer theory .

Jan 1, 1964

Cutter roof failure, a ground control problem that frequently results in massive roof failure, is common in coal mines of the Northern Appala-chian Coal Basin, causing delays in production and posing a safety hazard to mine personnel. The Bureau of Mines is conducting research on the causes of cutter roof failure to gain a basis from which to predict and prevent its occurrence, and to support such roof when failure occurs or is imminent. Research conducted at the Greenwich Collieries North and South Mines, in central Pennsylvania revealed a correlation between the presence of clastic dikes and formation of cutter roof failure. The research con-sisted of in-mine mapping of geologic and deformational features, rock pressure monitoring, core recovery and evaluation, and in situ stress measurement. It was found that roof failure increased in areas where the occurrence of clastic dikes was most frequent, especially where two or more clastic dikes intersect. Staggering of crosscuts prevented the extension of cutters and deterred the occurrence of large falls extending over several break-throughs. In addition, trusses and cribbing were effective in stabilizing clastic dikes and inhibiting the development of cutter roof failure when employed immediately or shortly after mining.

Jan 1, 1987

By James J. Dowd

The investigation to evaluate the reserves of coking coal is being made by the Bureau of Mines in three parts: (1) To estimate known measured and indicated recoverable reserves of all coking coal; (2) to upgrade marginal coals through effective preparation; and (3) to study the carbonizing properties of coal and coal blends not now widely used for metallurgical coke making. This is the tenth of a series of reports giving the results of studies by counties under part (1) of the investigation. (See appendix.) This report covers Knott County, Ky., which comprises parts of the Salyersville, Prestonsburg, Troublesome, Hindman, Pikeville, Cornettsville, and Whitesburg quadrangles. (See fig. 1.) A base map for each bed in each quadrangle was made to the scale 1 inch equals 1,200 feet. Maps of mines, locations of drill holes, bed and total coal thicknesses, and the outcrop of the bed were plotted on the maps. With all available data plotted, isopach lines were drawn to limit areas of known unmined reserves in beds up to 14 inches thick, 14 to 28 inches thick, 28 to 42 inches thick, and over 42 inches thick. These areas of coal reserves also were divided into "measured" and "indicated" categories. All areas in each thickness range and category, mined-out areas, areas excluded from the estimate but which may contain reserves based only on geologic inference, and areas outside of the outcrop were measured by planimeter on the base maps. Estimates of total reserves 14 inches and more thick and maps for individual beds were prepared from these data.

Jan 1, 1952

By Ronald S. Conti

The Bureau of Mines conducted a comprehensive laboratory study of the thermal ignitability of various carbonaceous dust clouds with particular emphasis on various ranks of coal dust. The tests were conducted using a new 1.2-L furnace. Autoignition temperatures of dust clouds were obtained as a function of coal volatility and particle size. Dust particles and gas samples were collected by a rapid-sampling system in order to study the reactions involved in preignition and postignition processes. The autoignition temperatures measured in the new 1.2-L furnace were significantly lower and therefore more conservative than those measured previously in the Godbert-Greenwald furnace. The combined effects of thermal and electrical ignition of dust clouds were also studied in the 1.2-L furnace using electrical discharges of varying energies at ambient and elevated temperatures. The minimum spark energy necessary to ignite a dust cloud decreased significantly as the temperature of the dust cloud increased.

Jan 1, 1983

By McMillan W. D.

Vermiculite is the name of a group of micaceous minerals characterized by their property of exfoliating when heated and thereby increasing many times their original volume. The resulting product has excellent heat-and sound-insulating properties, is used as a lightweight aggregate, and has numerous other industrial applications. Deposits of vermiculite occur in areas of pre-Cambrian rocks of the Llano uplift of central Texas, particularly in Burnet and Llano Counties. Because of the growing economic importance of vermiculite products, the Bureau of Mines undertook a detailed investigation of several deposits in Llano County. This investigation was completed in February 1947. The work comprised topographic surveys of five deposits, drilling with a 4-1/4 inch Parmanco power auger drill, and laboratory evaluation of samples. 342 drill holes, aggregating 4,905.5 feet, were completed, and 377 samples were taken. Laboratory evaluation of the vermiculite comprised expansion tests on both crude and beneficiated samples. The products obtained were compared with commercial-grade vermiculite from Montana.

Jan 1, 1949

By Robert H. Merrill

This Bureau of Mines report summarizes the design and tests of a gage that will simultaneously measure the deformation of a borehole along three diameters 60 degrees apart; the measurements are in a single plane normal to the axis of the borehole. The inherent errors in measurement are considered together with the problems associated with the use of the gage in the relatively severe environments in and around mine openings. These problems were treated in the design and tests of the gage and the results establish that the gage can be used to satisfactorily is determine estimates of the stresses in rock.

Jan 1, 1967

By John L. Miller

The synthetic fluormicas may be divided on the basis of silicon content into tetrasilicic, trisilicic, and disilicic. Properties of lead and barium disilicic fluormicas were determined to characterize these two representative members of the disilicic group. Properties described include unit-cell parameters from X-ray diffraction, optical data, chemical composition, density, melting point, and mechanical and dielectric properties. Both the lead and the barium micas were typically monoclinic; neither was sufficiently cleavable to yield usable mica splittings. Both yielded polycrystalline, machinable ceramics with excellent mechanical and dielectric properties.

Jan 1, 1963