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By A. J. Kraemer

For a number of years the Bureau of Mines has been conducting an investigation of crude petroleum from producing fields in the United States and the Western Hemisphere and has published a series of reports on these fields. Analyses of crude-oil samples tom some oil fields of Louisiana are given in Bulletin 291.4/ Analyses of 26 representative crude oils from various producing formations of southern Louisiana are given in is report. These.samples are from 14 field's in 10 parishes in the southern part of the State, usually designated as the "Louisiana Gulf Coast area." ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks are due the representatives of the various companies from whom samples were obtained for their cooperation and assistance in helping to secure representative samples. The samples were analyzed under the direction of E. C. Lane at the Bartlesville station of the Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1934

By Robert J. Timko

In early June 1986, an underground fire of unknown origin erupted in one of several entries of a coal mine located in southwestern Colorado. For a time, mine personnel aggressively fought the fire. However, control of the fire was later lost. To prevent further damage and reduce the possibility of an explosion, all portals and shafts to the mine were sealed. The mine operator requested the U.S. Bureau of Mines' assistance in obtaining and analyzing mine fire gases taken from sampling ports placed through the mine seals, as well as down boreholes drilled after the fire. This report recounts activities within the first 2 years of the mine being sealed. It includes a description of gases analyzed and mine atmosphere status equations generated from the analyzed gases. The gases were analyzed by chromatography and included standard atmospheric gases as well as higher hydrocarbons that are found in postfire atmospheres. Nine equations were used to evaluate what was occurring within the sealed mine. Following a description of the rationale behind each equation, the 2-year trend is briefly analyzed.

Jan 1, 2010

By Joseph J. Wallace

1. The investigation shows that there are 2 coal beds of major importance in Letcher County from the standpoint of present production - Upper Elkhorn No, 3 and Fire Clay - and 5 beds of minor importance - Whitesburg, Flag, Haddix, Elkhorn Leader, and Amburgy, The Upper Elkhorn No. 3 and Fire Clay beds contain the largest remaining known reserves. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves in all beds, based on a minimum thickness of 14 inches and on 1,600 tons per acre-foot of coal in place, are estimated at 1,353 million short tons as of January 1, 1952. Of this total, 1,056 million short tons ere in beds 28 inches and more thick. Areas in each bed were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bad characteristics are too meager to make an estimate that conforms with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, such reserves should be added to the total estimated reserves.

Jan 1, 1953

By W. W. Roepke

The Bureau of Mines has developed an interactive computer program that enables mine operators and others to identify the effect of cut-ting system changes on relative dustiness at the face. The program, which simultaneously evaluates machine parameters, coal seam parame-ters, and operator-controllable parameters, was developed for use on any microcomputer using BASIC programming language. The program allows the user to change one or more of the cutting system parameters at a time to see how these changes affect relative dustiness. A complete program listing and flowchart are included along with operating in-structions and sample outputs. An example showing how to use the program is also included.

Jan 1, 1985

By D. H. Hileman

Economic investigations indicate that bituminous coal can be mined underground in the Uinta region and marketed at a cost competitive with that of other energy sources in the West. A selling price of $3.90 per ton of coal was calculated from a cost analysis of a projected coal mine in the Emery coal- field of Utah. Although mines in some of the coalfields have extremely difficult mining conditions and cannot compete in the energy market at this price level, at least two other coalfields in the Uinta region contain coal reserves that could be mined and sold at a price of approximately $3.90 per ton. Projections by power companies and other coal-consuming industries indicate a strong future market for the large coal reserves in the Uinta region.

Jan 1, 1970

By Ad. Breyre

For more than 20 years, Belgium, leading all the coal-mining countries, has made increasing use of sheathed explosives, which wore first suggested by the late E. Lemaire, predecessor of the author gas Director of the Institut National des Mines. It appears to the author that it will be valuable to show how the use of sheathed explosives has developed in Belgium, how the various difficulties encountered in their manufacture have been overcome gradually, and the tyros of sheathing that have survived and the reasons for their survival.

Jan 1, 1940

By J. K. Whyatt

Researchers at the U.S. Bureau of Mines collected and analyzed overcore measurements and other indicators of in situ stress characteristics at the Lucky Friday Mine, Mullan, ID. An analysis of these data revealed that significant local variations in in situ stress are present in this mine and that these variations existed prior to mining. High stresses were found to be associated with the most competent strata and a locked section of a fault. An estimate of the predominant stress field was developed for mine-wide modeling. The estimate shows that the greatest principal stress was oriented north of northwest. This information should provide a basis for mine-wide structural modeling of the Lucky Friday Mine and should generate important insights into localized stress conditions, which may significantly affect both local and mine-to-mine variations in seismicity induced by excavation.

Jan 1, 2010

By Louis A. Panek, John A. Stock

A flat slot is created in rock to cause stress relief effects in a pair of hydraulic borehole pressure cells (previously installed in drill holes above and below the slot ) , which act as sensing devices . This relief is annulled by repressuring the slot by means of a flat hydraulic cell . The slot pressure at annulment is taken to be the existing ground stress at right angles to the plane of the slot . A number of trial installations in the rib of a mine drift showed that for a valid determination of ground stress the sensing devices that respond to relief and repressuring must be within a specified zone close to the pressure transmitter ; otherwise the indicated ground stress may be excessive . By using an additional pair of borehole pressure cells , installed a few feet away , the existing rock stress can be redetermined at intervals , irrespective of a change of stress intensity subsequent to the initial installation . Based on these findings , equipment and procedures have been developed that make possible the installation and operation of a permanent rock stress monitoring station for observing mining - induced stress changes . The station consists of a 12 - in - wide hydraulic pressure cell cemented in a flat slot and four 2- by 8 - in flat hydraulic pressure cells in nearby drill holes . All drilling for the installation can be done with an air leg drill and conventional bits . Once the installation is completed , all required information is obtained by Bourdon pressure gage readings . The apparatus is simple , relatively inexpensive , and reliable under operating conditions in a wet mine . Unlike most methods of rock stress determination , this scheme permits periodic remeasurement of absolute rock pressure over several years , without additional drilling or instrumentation . Similar to other flat slot procedures , stress measurements are obtained without making auxiliary tests to determine elastic

Jan 1, 1964

By Ludwig Schmidt

The consumption of gasoline in the United States varies materially with the seasons; during some of the summer months it exceeds the rate of production and in the other seasons the production of gasoline exceeds the consumption, The usual practice of the larger refiners is to store surplus stocks during the winter season in order to meet the heavy demands during the summer months. The following table shows the stocks of gasoline at refineries on the last day of April for the past five years: 1919 593,616,170 gallons 1920 643,5526644 " 1921 747,222,900 " 1922 892,567,766 " 1923 1,336,417.871 "

Jan 1, 1923

By Ad. Breyre

For more than 20 years, Belgium, leading all the coal-mining countries, has made increasing use of sheathed explosives, which wore first suggested by the late E. Lemaire, predecessor of the author as Director of the Institut National des Mines. It appears to the author that it will be valuable to show how the use of sheathed explosives has developed in Belgium, hour the various difficulties encountered in their manufacture have been overcome gradually, and the tyres of sheathing that have survived and the reasons for their survival.

Jan 1, 1940

By J. W. Stevenson

The Bureau of Mines investigated the influence that atmospheric pressure changes exert in a gassy coal mil on a ventilating air current with a system of bleeder entries. During the season when abnormal barometric fluctuations usually occur, recording instruments monitored the air current ventilating an active coal-producing area. It HL he rate of coal production caused a more significant change in methane concentration than did barometric change. The hazard that accompanies methane release due to expansion of the gob gases during atmospheric lows was minimized by the effective bleeder system.

Jan 1, 1966

By J. M. Stuve

The present Bureau of Mines investigation measured low-temperature heat capacities of NiBr2 (8 to 302 K) and NiS04 (9 to 70 K) by adiabatic calorimetry. The standard entropies (S°, 298.15 K) of NiBr2 and NiS04 were calculated as 29.26 ± 0.06 cal/deg mole and 24.21 0.04 cal/deg mole, respectively. (1 cal = 4.1840 joules.) Heat-of-solution measurements of anhydrous NiBr2 were used to determine its enthalpy of formation (?Hf°, 298.15 K) as -50.64 ± 0.31 kcal/mole. High-temperature enthalpies of NiBr2 and NiS04 were measured by drop calorimetry to 1,150 K and 1,002 K, respectively. Enthalpies, heat capacities, and related formation functions are tabulated to 1,200 K.

Jan 1, 1978

By Michael S. Miller

In 1985 and 1986, at the request of the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Bureau of Mines studied the 17,000-acre Pyramid Peak planning area in order to evaluate its identified mineral resources. The planning area is located in Riverside County, CA, 15 miles south of Palm Springs. The planning area contains marginally economic resources of marble and mica, subeconomic resources of garnet and occurrences of gold and tungsten. The area is underlain by marble, quartzite, schist, migmatite, intrusive rock, and a wide zone of intensely sheared rock. Quaternary stream, landslide, talus, and colluvial material overlie the older rocks. Ten claims for marble in or overlapping the southwest and southeast parts of the planning area are current (1986). Many other current claims are outside the planning area, adjacent to or within 2 miles of the southwest and southeast corners. Hundreds of millions of tons of inferred, marginally economic marble in and near the planning area may be mined for cement or lime after other developed resources near markets are depleted or if large-scale construction or other markets develop nearby.

Jan 1, 1987

By J. V. Batty

In the course of the investigation of manganese mineral occurrences in the United States, Bureau of Mines examining engineers collected several lots of ore from the Black Rock, Kramer, and. Morgan-Cromar properties, Tooele and Juab Counties, Utah. Extensive laboratory tests were made to determine the amenability of the ores to standard ore-dressing methods of concentration. The Black Rock claims 1 and 2 are 42 miles northwest of Jericho, Tooele County, Utah. A. J. Huber of Salt Lake City and Ross Rydalch of Tooele, Utah, are the owners. The deposit-is reported to be a definite manganese fissure vein in quartzite along which considerable shearing and cross fracturing have occurred. Laboratory work was conducted on a 2-ton sample of run-of-mine ore procured by a Bureau of Mines examining engineer and two smaller, higher-grade samples submitted by the owners as a result of later development. The Kramer deposit is described as a bed of manganese oxides in quartz. The property is being worked by L. E. Kramer, Tooele, Utah, and is 41 miles northwest of Jericho) Tooele County, Utah, approximately 1 mile north of the Tooele-Juab County line. A 1-ton run-of-mine sample was submitted for testing by the examining engineer.

Jan 1, 1952

By A. J. Farstad

The current emphasis on energy needs in the United State sand abroad has placed an increased demand on the coal mining industry. The United States is fortunate to have abundant coal reserves. However, coal mining techniques and technology have not kept pace with the increased demand for coal. Consequently, coal mining in the United States continues to be one of the most hazardous industries. One of the daily hazards faced by coal miners is the sudden and unexpected occurrences of roof falls. The research program described in this final report focuses attention on the problems of unstable roof conditions in coal mines and describes prototype equipment which, with further development, has potential of being able to warn miners of impending roof falls in mines. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Geophysical Instrumentation Systems Group was awarded a contract to develop and test a microseismic roof fall warning system based on general specifications derived from earlier Bureau of Mines research [1], [2]. During the first year of this two year effort (Contract H0242045) the electronic monitoring systems were de signed and built while the second year of the contract was devoted to equipment field testing in working coal mines.

Jan 1, 1976

By Robert Lundquist

REAM is a unique method of rock breaking using high energy projectile impact. This report-describes the most recent in a series of tests demonstrating mining applications for the REAM method. In an underground limestone mine at Greer, West Virginia, REAM was used to drive a short tunnel and drill a large diameter borehole. Along with breakage data from these tests the goal of the program was to examine environmental problems which might result from the use of cannons under-ground. A total of 103 shots was used to advance a 14-l/2-feet high by 10-feet-wide face a distance of 5-1/2 feet. It is estimated that the 9.3-pound-concrete projectiles launched at 5000 feet per second will break an average of 0.78 tons of limestone or 67 percent of the 1.125 tons of granodiorite broken in previous tests. The 9-inch-diameter borehole was drilled horizontally by repeated axial impact for 7 feet, 2-1/2 inches by 21 shots giving an average of 4.12 inches per shot. Scaling this result to compressible impact energy yields an estimated 5.8 inches per shot for a 12.8-inch-diameter hole compared to 8 inches per ~hot for a 16-inch-diameter hole in granodiorite. Noise measurements indicate that a silenced cannon can be used within a few hundred feet of mine personnel in a room and pillar mine within the legal limit of 140 dB impulse without additional protection. Some fume measurements were made with satisfactory results, even though the military propellants used produce much greater quantities of toxic fumes than the liquid propellant proposed for the future.

Jan 1, 1976

By E. Morrice

The Bureau of Mines investigated methods for beneficiating platinum-palladium ores from the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Results of bench-scale and pilot-scale studies employing froth flotation to recover sulfide concentrates containing platinum-palladium values from a serpentinized ore are presented. Best results in the pilot mill were obtained with a sodium isobutyl xanthate-normal dodecyl mercaptan col-lector combination at a natural pH of 8.2. A rougher concentrate con-taining 1.7 oz/ton Pt and 4.7 oz/ton Pd was prepared. Recoveries of platinum and palladium were 96 pet and 86 pet, respectively. Batch cleaner flotation of rougher concentrates yielded concentrates contain-ing 3.7 oz/ton Pt and 9.8 oz/ton Pd.

Jan 1, 1984

By J. J. Shields

The Bureau of Mines observed two different types of longwall mining; the advancing longwall method and the retreating longwall method at seven bituminous coal mines located in five of the coal producing states. In two mines using the advancing face method, the coal faces were abandoned because of roof failures and poor production. In the other five mines using the retreating method, roof control was good as was production. The success of longwall mining depends on good roof control and good production. The use of self-advancing hydraulic roof supports, such as Westfalia, Dowty, and Wanheim props along with Westfalia coal planers and the Anderton and Eickhoff shearer-loaders have been a factor in recent successes.

Jan 1, 1967

By Árpád B. Palotás, Adel F. Sarofim, John B. Vander Sande, Lenore Rainey Christian, J. Feldermann

"Interest in the fine structure of soots and carbon blacks is motivated by a variety of possible applications. The structure provides information on the origins of the particles and on their adsorptive and reactive properties. This paper describes a method for quantification of the structure of soots and carbon blacks based on direct electron microscopic observation followed by image analysis of these materials. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) provides a very detailed observation of particle structure. The differences in soot structure, because of its complexity, may not be easily quantifiable with the human eye; therefore, high-level computer software has been used to manipulate HRTEM images. This technique involves the application of fast Fourier transforms (FFT) to single particles and the measurement of characteristic parameters such as interplanar spacings and crystallite sizes from these particles. The methodology and application of this characterization technique are presented here. Results are shown for dif¬ferent samples obtained from soot and carbon black particles selected to illustrate the capabilities of the methodology. Quantitative information can be obtained on structural characteristics, e.g., interplanar spacing, circularity, orientation, elongation, and length distribution of lattice fringes, as well as on the fractional coverage of the extracted pattern. c 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This paper presents a combination of techniques for recognizing and classifying different carbonaceous materials, using their structural morphology. A new method to assess and quantify the parameters which define such structures is proposed and discussed. The technique is based on the use of HRTEM (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy) and computational image analysis.It is well-known that carbonaceous materials like graphite, soots, coals, cokes, chars, etc. possess characteristic structural appearances which can vary from mostly random or amorphous to a perfectly ordered graphitic crystalline structure (Buseck and Bo-Jun, 1985; Buseck et al., 1987). The carbon structure has been variously described as turbostratic (Oberlin, 1989) or as crumpled sheets (Rouzaud et al., 1991) to indicate that parallel layering, reminiscent of graphite, is observed over dimensions of nanometers, but that these planes or crystallites show disorder over larger scales. The degree of order of such structures is strongly dependent on the thermal treatment of the material as well as on the composition of the source of the carbonaceous material. The value of the electron microscope in studying the morphology of such materials has been well-established, and abundant information is available (Ishiguro et al., 1991; Lahaye and Prado, 1978; Buseck, 1992).The use of HRTEM has brought further insight into this matter. Qualitative assessment of the structural order of such materials has been attempted over a long period of time in order to differentiate between various sources or treatments. There is, to date, no successful method available for quantifying the structural characteristics of various carbonaceous materials. This paper presents a technique which is able to recognize dif-ferent materials and to quantify the structural parameters of those materials using HRTEM and computational image analysis, including pattern recognition techniques.In the case of perfectly ordered graphitic crystals, electron diffraction is widely used for obtaining details on structure. Analysis of diffraction patterns can reveal parameters such as interplanar spacing, d002, crystallite size along the c-axis, Lc, crystal size in the plane of the layers, L., mean number of crystallites, Nc, etc.Complicated electron microscopy methods such as defocusing, tilted illumination, axial illumination, etc., often have to be used in order to characterize complex materials such as randomly oriented crystals in soots and carbons. Obtaining the right fo"

Jan 1, 1998

By William H. King

The Mercur Dome mine is in the Camp Floyd mining district, Tooele County, Utah (fig. 1). The property lies between 6,000 and 8,000 feet altitude on the southwesterly slope of the Oquirrh Mountains, a short distance west of Mercur, the district settlement. Mining began in the Mercur area in 1870. Operations at the Mercur Dame mine were started in 1937 after several claims had been consolidated into one group. Preliminary examination of the ground by F. H. Gunnell, a Bureau of Mines engineer, disclosed the presence of vanadium in a carbonaceous shale horizon. Rocks near the Mercur Lame property are chiefly sediments of Carboniferous age, including the Madison and Deseret limestones. The main shaft penetrates the Deseret formation to a point a few feet above the 1,000-foot level where it enters the Madison limestone. The flat-lying vanadiferous shale horizon is exposed on the 1,000-foot level near the top of the Madison limestone. The Bureau of Mines development program, consisting of diamond drilling, auger hole drilling, and sampling, was planned to determine the extent and assay value of the vanadiferous bed. Seven diamond-drill holes totaling 300 feet were drilled from the 1,000-foot level of the mine. Eight hand auger holes were drilled in the back of the drift on this level (fig. 2). Assay determinations were made on 74 samples from the drill holes and supplemental channel samples and are tabulated in this report. The concluding section embodies results of metallurgical tests.

Jan 1, 1949