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By W. F. Faragher, W. A. HORNE

Previous interrogation of German scientific personnel by numerous in- vestigators and the examination of evacuated documents indicated that fur- ther information was desirable on a miscellany of products and processes of interest to the Petroleum Industry. Accordingly, Dr. Pier and a large number of other men of the I.G. Farbenindustrie, A.G. plant at Ludwigshafen/ Oppau were further interrogated in July-1945. The information contained in this report supplements that previously reported in the CIOS report of 16 August, 1945: "Report on Investigations by Fuels and Lubricants Teams at the I. G. Farbenindustrie A.G. works at Ludwigshafen and Oppau", edited by Lt. Col. R. Holroyd, (FP).

Aug 1, 1943

By Bruce I. Thomas

The occurrence of tin-bearing gravels along Tozimoran Creek in central Alaska has been known for a number of years. In September 1944 the Bureau of Mines investigated an area approximately 1,000 feet long and 200 feet wide along Tozimoran Creek to deter-mine the cassiterite content of the stream gravels, which are about 4 feet deep and covered by 3 feet of overburden. Nine trenches and two shafts were excavated, from which samples of the underlying gravels were taken. This report contains a discussion of sampling methods and tables giving the results of analyses.

Jan 1, 1948

By C. Fang, D. B. Kittleson, K. L. Rubow

"Under contract to the U.S. Bureau of Mines, a study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using the microorifice. uniform deposit impactor (MOUOI) to measure the size distribution of aerosols containing various mixtures of coal dust and diesel exhaust particles. The project objective was to determine if the mass concentration of diesel exhaust particles, in an airborne mixture of coal dust and diesel exhaust particles, could be determined on the basis of the size distribution of the two aerosols. In general, the mass of diesel exhaust particles is in the submicrometer size range while that of the coal particles lie in the larger size ranges.The MOUDI is a cascade impactor with small diameter nozzles to obtain small cut sizes and rotating impaction plates to avoid particle overloading of the deposit. For this study, a 7 stage version was used. At the sample flow rate of 30 L/min, the cut sizes were 0.10, 0.23, 0.70, 1.0, 2.6, 4.9 and 10 pm.Size distributions of aerosols generated in the laboratory and in several underground coal mines were measured. The primary emphasize of the laboratory tests was to ascertain if the diesel exhaust particles could be separated from the coal dust, regardless of mass fraction of the diesel exhaust particles in the total aerosol mixture. Diesel exhaust, from a Caterpillar Type 3304 NA diesel engine, was mixed with coal dust generated with a· TSI Model 3400 fluidized bed dust generator. Experiments showed the size distributions of the mixed aerosols exhibited two definite modes with the minimum between the two modes in the 0.7 to 1.0 um size range. Distinct modal separation was obtained as the mixture fraction of the diesel exhaust aerosols was varied from 3% to 98%.The field study was conducted in three underground coal mines, two utilizing diesel-powered equipment and the third exclusively using electric equipment. Sampling sites were selected to obtain a wide variety in the diesel exhaust and dust aerosol concentrations. Size distribution data showed these aerosols are bimodal. The mass median aerodynamic diameters of the diesel particulate mode and the coal dust mode were approximately 0.15 µm and 3 to 10 un, respectively. The results, in all cases, clearly show a separation between the two modes in the 0.7 to 1.0 µm size range with the minimum in the vicinity of 0.8 pm. The separation was found to be independent of mass fraction of the diesel exhaust particles, total particle concentration and sampling site."

Jan 1, 1989

By Avery H. Reed

[The Bureau of rides is making a general study of the occurrence of the Clinton red iron ores of Alabama. In the course of this study, it developed that the iron-ore seams of the Woodstock and Bucksville areas were virtually unexplored., and the nature and extent of the ore deposits were undetermined. As a part of the work of the project, the Bureau investigated the occurrence of red iron ore in the .areas. Eighty-four channel samples, representing 317.6 linear feet, were taken from l2 locations along the outcrop of the red iron-ore seams, Ten diamond-drill holes, amounting to 3915.5 linear feet, were drilled. In these areas, commercial- and marginal-grade ores of minable thickness have been shown. It is estimated that 4,500,000 tons of indicated ore and 6,700,000 tens of inferred commercial-grade ore averaging 5.1 feet thick, 47.6 percent Fe, 26.1 percent insoluble, 0.1 percent CaO, and 0.04 percent P; 7,200,000 tins of inferred marginal grade ore averaging 6.1 feet thick, 36.2 percent Fe, .35.0 percent insoluble, 3.9 percent CaO, and 0.14 percent P; and 18,500,000 tons of ferruginous sandstone averaging 12.2 feet thick, 19.2 percent re, 50.1 percent insoluble, 9.6 percent CaO, and 0.14 percent P are present in the areas.. All tonnages are estimated as gross tons of recoverable ore in place, based' on 65-percent mining recovery. In accordance with established policy of the Bureau of Mines of publishing factual data as soon as possible after completion of field work, this description of the Woodstock and Bucksville areas is presented. As soon as work is completed in other areas additional reports will be prepared.]

Jan 1, 1953

By G. J. Slavens

The U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted research on preparing submicrometer titanium nitride (TiN) powder as a substitute for tungsten carbide (WC) in cutting tools and wear-resistant parts. Earlier research on a small scale was expanded to include a larger reactor. The TiN powder was produced by contacting titanium tetrachloride (TiCI4) with anhydrous ammonia (NH3) in the presence of Mg at 1,100° C. The powder was collected in an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) filled with ultra-high-purity (UHP) Ar. All collected powder was thermal vacuum distilled to remove Mg and magnesium chloride (MgCl2), leaving the purified TiN. Powder handling and purification procedures were conducted to assure low oxygen content in the powder product. Oxygen content in the distilled TiN powder product was as low as 0.40 wt pct. Nitrogen averaged near 22.0 wt pet with a high of 22.4 wt pct. The purified powder product had an average median particle diameter of 0.14 µm with a standard deviation of 0.09 µm.

Jan 1, 2010

By T. M. Romslo

The Lake Shore property, located in the early 1880's, contains copper-bearing deposits that have been developed by surface excavations, underground workings, and churn-drill holes. Operation of the property ended in 1929 with a total recorded production of 280,000 pounds of copper. The property is near the foot of the Slate Mountains, which are made up mainly of probably the Pinal formation of pre-Cambrian age. In the mine area there are a few outcrops of granite, which is exposed over a large area east of the property. Other outcropping rocks on the property are limestone, quartzite, and diabase. The limestone and quartzite probably are the Mescal and Troy formations of pre-Cambrian and Cambrian age, respectively. The predominant copper mineral is chrysocolla, a hydrous silicate that occurs mainly as fracture filling in bedded schist. It is also, the principal copper mineral in the shear zone at the schist-granite contact and in limestone southeast of the main workings. Investigation of the Lake Shore property by the Bureau of Mines included both topographic and geologic mapping, exploratory drilling, and metallurgical test work. One diamond-drill, hole and five churn-drill holes were completed for a total of 2,872.5 feet. Drilling started January 19 and was completed May 13, 1949.

Jan 1, 1950

By William Seymour, L. D. Schmidt, J. W. Myers, W. T. Reid

"This investigation was conducted by the Bureau of Mines as part of a program of the Solid Fuels Administration to encourage the utilization of anthracite fines, the objective being to determine the practicability of using anthracite fines in the manufacture of packagedThe experimental loss of packaged fuel covered by this report were made at a commercial plant using the Glenn Smith process and ordinarily making packaged fuel from Pocahontas screenings. These lots included several made from straight antimacite mines and others made from various blends of anthracite fines with four different bituminous coals. In all cases an asphalt binder was used. Determinations of the physical properties and the cobustion characteristics o the various samples of packaged fuel were made by the. Bureau of Mines at the Central Experiment Station.The physical tests indicated that a packaged fuel of sufficient strength for ordinary handling can be made from straight anthracite coal or from a wide variety of blends of anthracite fixes with bitunimous coal, using asphaltic binder. However the combustion tests indicated that packaged fuel made from anthracite alone tended to crumble excessively during burning and that as much as 30 to 50 percent of a caking coal may be required In the mixture to produce a block having satisfactory combustion characteristics.The authors wish to acknowledge the. splendid cooperation of Messrs. H. W. Kelly, J. L. Mooney and C. H. Stoss of Columbus, Ohio, who were chiefly responsible for obtaining the materials and making all the arrangements necessary for the production of the packaged fuel for testing.Thanks are due to the officials of Carnegie Institute of Technology for the use of their Olsen. Testing Machine and to H. M. Cooper and W. A. Selvig of the Bureau of Mines for analyses and tests."

May 1, 1946

By Robert R. Perron

The U.S. Bureau of Mines is engaged in many diverse programs for improving mine safety. Of particular interest to the Bureau are new and improved means for minimizing the hazard of fire which can be initiated by prolonged low energy electrical faults on trolley line systems. When a high energy fault occurs on a trolley line, wherein the current exceeds the magnitude normally drawn by legitimate loads, such as locomotives, then the circuit breakers at close-by power rectifier sets trip. Tripping of the breakers not only protects the equipment at the rectifier sets, but also disconnects the energy source from the fault and thereby minimizes the fire risk. However, the fault current is frequently of a level substantially below that required to trip the overload breakers. When the fault is a substantial percentage of the set level of the breakers, the energy dissipated by the fault is frequently sufficient to clear the system by rapidly burning itself clear. Such a fault is often short-lived and does not present as serious a fire risk hazard as a prolonged, much lower energy fault, wherein the energy level is too low to clear the system. The breakdown of a trolley line insulator, in which there was a 20 or 30 ampere leak, would represent such a fault or illegitimate load and a substantial fire risk.

Jan 1, 1974

By Parry. V. F., John B. Goodman

"INTRODUCTION The Denver region coal field, covering an area of approximately 7,640 square miles, extends from the Wyoming State line to the middle of El Paso County, Colo. The coal in this region is subbituminous in rank. Much of it is used as domestic fuel. During the last decade the production of coal in this field has remained fairly constant at an average of 2,600,000 tons per year. This production has come from 50 to 60 mines, 88 to 90 percent of the production being from the section of the field north of Denver.According to the Standard Specifications for Classification of Coal by Bank of the American Society for Testing Materials 4/ the coals in this region are classified in the Subbituminous B and C group. On the as—mined basis, they contain about 22 percent moisture and average 9,600 B.t.u. per pound. They are noncoking and slack to a variable extent when exposed to the weather. This is characteristic of subbituminous coals."

Aug 1, 1939

By A. J. Forney

Recent experiments used catalysts of plate assemblies in synthesizing high-Btu gas and gasoline indirectly from coal. A gas with a heating value of 925 to 943 Bt-: per cubic foot has been prod u la the hot-gas-recycle pilot plant from synthesis gas (3H2+100) with lathe turnings used as catalyst in the first reactor, and assemblies of parallel sprayed plats of nickel in the second. Solid plates made of Raney nickel, and steel and aluminum plates sprayed with Raney nickel or nickel oxide were tested. Those catalysts had very low resistance to gas flow; 90 percent lower than nickel granules used in previous experiments. In a single stage of synthesis thee nickel plates were only partially successful. Although the heating values of the product gas ranged from 856 to 941 Btu per cubic foot, the carbon monoxide content of he gas was above 0.1 percent. Both steel and wrought turnings were tested in single-stage synthesis, but the conversion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide was too low to attain the desired heating value of 900 Btu per cubic foot in the product gas. Assemblies of plates thermally sprayed with fusel iron were tried in an experiment to make gasoline. A gasoline yield of 52 percent (of the hydro¬carbons produced) was obtained using a 1H2-10O feed These sprayed assemblies were in service for 1,500 hours, the longest that this type of catalyst has been used. When a second reactor containing Raney nickel catalyst was added in series with the first reactor, complete utilization of the feed gas was obtained because in addition to the liquid product, a high-Btu gas with a heating value of 800 Btu per cubic foot was made.

Jan 1, 1965

By George T. Krempasky

This report is one of a series of Bureau of Mines Information Circulars dealing with mining methods and costs throughout the United States. It describes drifting, crosscutting, and raising operations at several mines in the Coeur d'Alene mining district, Shoshone County, Idaho. Ore bodies in the Coeur d'Alene district are generally in steeply dipping tabular ore zones, are irregular in shape, erratic in occurrence, and have been extensively mined along the strike and down dip. Because of the extended attitude of the deposits a great deal of development work is required. Drifting, crosscutting, and raising methods are described in this report. Shaft sinking is the subject of another report in the same series.

Jan 1, 1960

By A. J. Kraemer

This report on research and experimentation by the Federal Bureau of Mines on technologic and scientific problems of the petroleum and natural gas industries presents a resume of work from July 1, 1953, to June 30, 1956. The preceding report, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1953,3/ indicated continuation of the Bureau's program of petroleum and natural gas research of world-wide significance, which began in 1910. The petroleum and natural gas research of the Bureau of Mines is divided into five main categories: (1) Production of petroleum and natural gas, (2) transportation and storage, (3) petroleum chemistry and refining, (4) thermodynamics, and (5) economics.

Jan 1, 1959

By Amanda S. Azman

It is known that exposure to high sound pressure levels can lead to permanent hearing loss; however, many workers, in mining as well as other occupational sectors, frequently receive hazardous noise exposures. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends using a criterion level of 85 dB(A) for implementation of hearing loss prevention programs1. But, despite engineering and administrative controls, workers continue to exceed their recommended daily noise dose. Hearing protection devices are worn as a final defense against noise overexposure, but many workers have difficulty communicating or detecting warning signals while wearing them. New electronic technology has been integrated into conventional hearing protectors to allow for some degree of sound restoration. Research is currently being carried out within NIOSH, Pittsburgh Research Laboratory (PRL) to evaluate the performance of sound restoration hearing protectors. Due to certain features of the devices, such as their non-linear performance and possible manipulation of electronic settings, there are obstacles to testing them using the existing standard hearing protector test methodology (ANSI S12.42-1995 and ISO 4869-3:1997). These and other issues related to testing these devices are outlined within this paper, and possible solutions are discussed. Measures of attenuation properties have been done on a set of the devices and preliminary findings indicate that new test methods, or at least modifications of existing methods, must be developed to accurately determine device performance. Furthermore, it is necessary to know not only the attenuation properties of such devices, but also the degree to which speech intelligibility or recognition of warning signals is preserved, as compared with conventional hearing protectors. As additional data is collected a more accurate and reliable test methodology will be developed, and a more comprehensive picture regarding device performance will be determined and disseminated.

Jan 1, 2008

By Davis E. Traut

TiC14, AIC13, and VC14 were coreduced simultaneously via a Kroll-type magnesium reduction to form an alloy sponge as part of a research effort by the Bureau of Mines to produce titanium alloy powder. Reduction tem-peratures of 750°, 850°, and 950° C, a range of chloride feed rates from 34 to 152 Ib/(ft2·h), and crucible diameters of 7-3/4 and 10-1/4 in were tested. Microprobe analyses using a 40-um-diam spot showed no effect on alloy microhomogeneity (distribution of Al and V in the Ti, considered critical as a powder property), due to changes in process variables within these ranges. Statistical analysis of these data for alloy sponge indicated greater variation in the chemical composition (AI and V) than that found in commercial Ti-6Al-4V plate or Plasma Rotating Electrode Process (PREP) powder. Therefore, a one-step approach to pow-der, such as grinding the Ti alloy sponge, would not produce a powder product of acceptable chemical homogeneity. An approach that homoge-nized the sponge, such as with a melting step, would produce an accept-able powder product with respect to chemical homogeneity.

Jan 1, 1987

By W. W. Agey

As a result of a field examination made during the Bureau of Mines intensive manganese program, three lots of ore were procured from the famous old Paymaster District, 7 miles from Midway Wells, Imperial County, Calif. This district is an old producer and shipped approximately 10,000 tons of 45-percent manganese ore during World War I. A 2-ton lot of ore was taken of a Bureau engineer from the exposure of a small fissure vein in conglomerate on the Turtle Group of claims; 1 mile east of the Pacific Coast Manganese Corp. claims. The vein material consisted of manganese oxides, calcite, and quartz in fairly coarse association.

Jan 1, 1949

By C. M. Mason

The methods currently used by the Bureau of Mines to evaluate the sensitivity, strength, incendivity, gaseous products, and physical properties of explosives and hazardous chemicals are described. Included are the tests used to evaluate explosives which arc certified as permissible for use in underground coal mines.

Jan 1, 1972

By P. L. Sibrell

The U.S. Bureau of Mines has tested cyanide leaching for recovery of palladium (Pd) from spent petroleum processing catalysts. Three different catalyst samples were supplied by a spent-catalyst processor. These catalysts consisted of a zeolite base and contained 0.4 to 0.7 pct Pd. During alkaline cyanide leaching, the catalysts exhibited ion-exchange properties due to their zeolite matrices. Hydrogen ions were released from the zeolite in exchange for sodium ions in solution, resulting in a significant decrease in solution pH. This could present a safety hazard because of the potential for release of toxic hydrogen cyanide gas. A pretreatment step where the catalysts were contacted with a 1.0M sodium hydroxide solution was found to prevent the pH shift from occurring. Following the sodium hydroxide pretreatment, two stages of leaching at 160 °C with solution containing 1 pct sodium cyanide and 0.1[M] sodium hydroxide gave at least 75 and up to 95 pct Pd recovery. The Pd was quantitatively recovered from the leach solution by thermal decomposition in an autoclave at 250°C for 1 h. The Pd content of the precipitate was over 50 pct. Thermal decomposition also decreased the total cyanide content of the barren solution to less than 0.2 mg/L. The catalyst leach residues passed the Federal Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure and the California Waste Extraction Test, indicating that landfill disposal of the leach residues would be acceptable.

Jan 1, 2010

By M. E. Tyrrell

This Bureau of Mines investigation was made to determine the possibilities of using Florida beach-sand concentrator wastes in ceramic products. Sands used in the investigation originated in the Trail Ridge area of Florida, where continued operation of processing plants for recovering titanium minerals promises a dependable source of raw materials. Three general classes of ceramic products were studied, namely: (1) Structural, (2) refractory, and (3) electric-furnace slags.

Jan 1, 1956

By Fred N. Kissell

This handbook describes effective methods for the control of mineral dusts in mines and tunnels. It assumes the reader is familiar with mining. The first chapter deals solely with dust control methods, regardless of the application. It is a brief tutorial on mining dust control and will be of help to the reader whose dust control problem does not conveniently fit any of the mining equipment niches described in later chapters. The subsequent chapters describe dust control methods for different kinds of mines and mining equipment. This includes underground coal and hard-rock mines, as well as surface mines, stone mines, and hard-rock tunnels. Because dust sampling has so many pitfalls, a chapter on methods used to sample dust is included. For those occasions when there is no practical engineering control, a chapter on respirators is also included. Except for those listed as ?future possibilities? in the longwall chapter, the dust control methods described are practical and cost-effective for most mine operators. If controlling dust were a simple matter, dust problems in tunnels and mines would have been eradicated years ago. Unfortunately, most underground dust control methods yield only 25% to 50% reductions in respirable-sized dust. Often, 25% to 50% reductions are not enough to achieve compliance with dust standards. Thus, mine operators must use several methods simultaneously, usually without knowing for sure how well any individual method is working. In fact, given a 25% error in dust sampling and day-to-day variations in dust generation of 50% or more, certainty about which control methods are most effective can be wanting. Nevertheless, over the years, some consensus has emerged on the best dust control practices. This handbook summarizes those practices.

Jan 1, 2003

By John C. Machisak

Injury data and experience, with related employment statistics, at coal mines in the United States for 1960 are presented in this publication under the following general sections: A General injury experience: Tables 1 to 6: Current data on number of injuries, decree of injury, frequency and severity rates, average severity, and related employment and production data by work location. B Selected injury experience: Tables 7 to 38: Current data on principal agencies of injuries, distribution of injuries by part of body injured, days of disability, extent of hand and machine loading, experience by employment and production groups, and various other operating factors and physical conditions related to the occurrence of injuries at the Nation?s coal mines.

Jan 1, 1962