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By Stewart A. Ferguson

Location.-The property consists of eight claims (P-12339 to 12343, 12403 to 12405) in Robb township, adjoining Jamieson township on the west. A mocor road extends twenty-two miles northwest from Timmins to the mine. Acknowledgments.- The field work was done in 1940 and 1943, while the writer was employed by the Ontario Department of Mines. The Metals Reserve Company has made available information regarding the property through Messrs. W. R, Dunbar, of Hollinger Consolidated Gold Mines, and W. C. Ringsleben, of the Metals Control Board, Department of Munitions and Supply.

Jan 1, 1945

By H. W. Little

INTRODUCTION MINERAL deposits of Salmo map-area (Figure 1) have aroused the interest of prospectors for more than a half-century. Properties within the map-area have produced lead, zinc, silver, tungsten, and gold. Sheep Creek mining camp ranks fifth in the Province in the total production of gold, but during recent years interest has been concentrated upon base metals, and meticulous prospecting and exploration have resulted in the discovery of many large zinc-lead orebodies. PREVIOUS WORK Geological investigations of the region were begun long ago, and it is interesting to trace the development of ideas with our increasing knowledge of the geology of this complex area. The first geological examination of the rocks of Salmo map-area was made in 1859-60 by H. Bauerman (1), who was employed as geologist accompanying the first international Boundary Survey. Bauerman examined the rocks exposed along Pend d'Oreille river and published a section indicating that the sedimentary rocks are probably of Palaeozoic age, and are intruded by granite of unknown age. McConnell and Brock(2), in 1894 - 1900, carried out the reconnaissance mapping of the West Kootenay Sheet, on which they outlined the Mesozoic rocks of the Rossland Beaver Mountain volcanic groups that they believed rested unconformably upon the sedimentary rocks to the southeast, which they regarded as of Palaeozoic age.

Jan 1, 1951

By P. L. Wright

"This is a brief history of the development of the mining project, with a description of the proven geology. The paper describes how the experiences gained progressively demanded change in the mine design. The equipment used is described, together with methods of working. Interesting facts have been proved regarding gas emissions and roof. supi;iort. The. working cycles evolved are completely flexible m operation and lend themselves to maximum utilization of the most productive units. The two underground mines are compared, showing the variance in conditions already experienced. Programs currently in operation to improve standards and production are: the training of miners, maintenance men and officials; experiments in floor consolidation and continuing roof support trials; and the effect of comparative stability of working crews on the performance of the operation."

Jan 1, 1973

By I. P. Swainson, A. Ilbagi, H. Henein

Powders of Al-50wt%Ni, Al-40wt%Ni and Al-36wt%Ni were produced using the Impulse Atomization technique, a rapid solidification technique. The molten droplets were cooled in-flight by the stagnant helium or nitrogen in the atomizing chamber. The resulting powders were sieved into different size ranges. X-Ray diffraction and neutron diffraction were used in order to quantify the phase fractions in the samples. The computer software GSAS was used to calculate the weight fraction of the existing phases, namely Al3Ni2, Al3Ni and Al, by profile refinement method. The effect of processing parameters, alloy composition and particle size will be discussed in this paper. In brief, no AlNi was found in any of the samples analyzed. Higher cooling rates resulted in the reduction of the ratio of Al3Ni/Al3Ni2. Also, at high cooling rates, Scheil closely predicted the ratio of Al3Ni/Al3Ni2. Some metastable phases were found in Al- 36wt%Ni.

Jan 1, 2010

By Richard P. Taylor, Rod Henham

Abstract - Newly discovered pegmatites distributed throughout the sub-surface environs of the Musselwhite Archean gold deposit occur as narrow dikes that intrude most of the major lithological units. The mineralogy and textures of the pegmatite dikes are characteristic of granitic pegmatites of the "Rare-Element Class"; more specifically, they closely resemble varieties of the "Complex-type" granitic pegmatites that are commonly associated with zones of tantalum mineralization. The essential minerals in the dikes comprise albite, quartz, and K-feldspar, together with lesser amounts of mica (including lepidolite), spessartine, tourmaline, and locally, spodumene. Fine-grained (30 µm to 300 µm), tantalum-bearing minerals occur in the quartzo-feldspathic matrix of the dikes as disseminations, in interstices, and in small vugs. The nature of the tantalum-bearing mineral assemblage present in individual pegmatite dikes varies from a simple mineral assemblage composed of ferrocolumbite (with around 39 wt% Ta2O5) in the most northerly dike, to more complex assemblages comprised of manganotantalite (with up to 75 wt% Ta2O5), ferrotapiolite (with up to 79 wt% Ta2O5), and microlite (with up to 76 wt% Ta2O5) that are present in dikes located several kilometers to the south and southwest. The compositional characteristics and textural relationships of the tantalum-bearing minerals in the dikes provide evidence of igneous fractionation trends that are typical of rare-element granitic pegmatites. Such trends suggest that the newly discovered pegmatites represent part of a more extensive group of cogenetic, tantalum-mineralized dikes.

Jan 1, 2001

By R. J. Smyth

A Steel Compression Reinforcement Repair Technique (PetroSleevel) system has been developed that has the ability to repair pipeline defects such as stress corrosion cracking (SCC) without requiring welding to the operating pipeline. The Technology has been used to repair active cracking in ERW seam and cracking in the pipe body. All repairs were performed while the pipeline was in operation. This paper will discuss the engineering theory, testing performed to verify the engineering theory, and examples of actual sleeve installations.

Jan 1, 2005

By Gerhard Kircbner, Boen Tan

"IntroductionThe Key Lake uranium-nickel ore deposits are located in the Athabasca Basin of northern Saskatchewan, Canada (Fig. 1). Many papers have been published on Key Lake in the past (Dahlkarnp and Tan, 1977; Kirchner and Tan, 1977; Kirchner et al., 1980). Immediately after its incorporation in 1968, Uranerzbergbau GmbH, a German holding company, set up exploration subsidiaries in Australia, the United States and Canada. This account reviews those exciting years starting with the concept to explore the rim of the Athabasca Basin in Saskatchewan, and leading up to the discovery of the deposits in 1975 and 1976.A few summary statements can be made:• The discovery of Key Lake resulted from a very systematic exploration approach and the persistence of Uranerz, the operator. • Cluff Lake and Rabbit Lake had been discovered some seven years before, but it was the discovery of the Key Lake deposits which brought Saskatchewan to the forefront to become Canada's foremost uranium producing province.• The experiences gained at Key Lake, which were subsequently published, triggered the discovery of many other deposits of similar, or even larger, size than Key Lake. The spatial relationship of those deposits to graphitic conductors and hydrothermal alteration zones are presently the most effective indicators for locating new deposits - indicators which were first recognized at Key Lake.• Key Lake is, and will remain for some years to come, the largest producing high-grade uranium mine in the world."

Jan 1, 1994

By Zhongxue Li

This paper reviews an analytical model that defines the relationship of weight-weighted or volume-weighted average haulage distance with bench height and other related parameters, presents the optimum bench heights under various conditions in terms of minimizing the weighted average haulage distance of ore/waste during the full lifetime of an open pit mine, and discusses the truck haulage economics of mining open pits by high bench, specifically by 15 m, 18 m and 20 m benches through marginal analyses. The observations from these analyses disapprove the previous conflicting assertions that the over-all weighted average haulage distance either increases or decreases directly with bench height. It is concluded that: (1) an increase of bench height to 15 m from 12 m is likely to be viable under the general conditions of large-scale deep open pit mines; (2) the reduction of haulage cost is much limited with the case of increasing bench height to 18 m from 15 m; and (3) the feasibility of mining open pits by 20 m benches is generally questionable. These conclusions may serve as a useful guide for those who advocate open pit mining by high bench.

Jan 1, 1995

By Michael S. Moats, Addin Pranowo, Gerardo R. F. Alvear F., Nigel Aslin

The toxicity of arsenic is well known and documented. However, the presence of arsenic in copper electrorefining anodes and electrolyte is critically necessary to produce high quality cathode. Arsenic as well as antimony and bismuth concentrations vary depending on their relative concentration in the anode copper received from the smelter. This paper will discuss the behaviour and benefits of arsenic in copper electrorefining and the detrimental effects of antimony and bismuth on cathode quality and tankhouse performance. This will include the minimization and mitigation of problems associated with arsenic, antimony and bismuth including cathode contamination, floating slimes, scaling and anode passivation.

Jan 1, 2014

By H. E. Lake

VERY EARLY in the initial stages of underground development work at Eldorado's Beaverlodge operation, the decision was made to use mill tailings as a backfill product. Mining and milling commenced in June, 1953, using locally available sand as backfill, while test work and installation of a plant was carried out to prepare ?and deliver the tailings to the mining areas. The first use of tailings was made in February, 1954, a sandslime separation being carried out with hydraulic cyclones. To date (January. 1956), approximately l 40,000 tons of fill have been used in the stoping areas, providing very effective support in a 50 deg. Vein system of cut-and-fill mining. The recoverable portion of the mill tailings amounts to 40 to 45 per cent, which has resulted in a product giving a percolation rate of 6 to 10 inches per hour. Owing to the fact that Eldorado has milled from 15 to 2 5 per cent more ore than it has mined, through the purchase of custom ore, the degree of control on the sand-slime separation has not been as critical as it might normally be when the filling operation must depend only on the tailings from ore mined. A description of the conditions involved and of the plant as finally installed is given below. It might be mentioned here that, with the impending increase in milling capacity from 700 tons to 2,000 tons p.er day, the present plant will be considerably altered within the ensuing year to handle the increased tonnage and distribution.

Jan 1, 1956

By S. Torres, J. Álvarez, R. Castillo, R. Fuentes, C. Sandoval, R. Parra, Myakalwar A. K., M. Velázquez, J. Yáñez, D. Sbarbaro

Rapid analytical assessment in copper mining industry is a limiting factor for operational purposes and for the improvement of processes. The present work aims to review the analytical assessment in the copper industry utilizing emerging spectrochemical techniques such as laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and UV-Vis-IR Hyperspectral Sensing. LIBS is a plasma based spectroscopic method where the sample surface is irradiated by high power laser. The light emitted from the plasma contains atomic -molecular spectral information and can be detected using a simple CCD based spectrometer. UV-Vis-IR Hyperspectral Sensing is produced by the reflection of light from the sample’s rough surface in all directions and it can be collected by using an ellipsoid or paraboloid mirror arrangement. The electromagnetic radiation emitted by the samples in the UV-Vis, NIR and MIR region can be used for molecular characterization. The spectrometer splits different wavelengths through a CCD arrangement in 2D spatial and spectral dimensions, thus a hyperspectral cube of data is generated. Chemometric techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), K- nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM) among others, can be applied to LIBS and Hyperspectral data for better classification and quantification purposes in copper ores. Real- time determination of elemental and mineral species used for online processing control will help to achieve the copper industry 4.0. INTRODUCTION The demand for copper mineral resources is intensely growing with the increase in population, per capita GDP, the development of new technologies and the increase in global living standard. With the rise in consumption of copper, it is important to optimize mining and metallurgical processes tending to the copper industry 4.0 (Ge, Song, Ding, & Huang, 2017). The real-time analytical assessment in the mining and metallurgical processes is a crucial part for allowing the global improvement in mining industry. The features considered for better analytical assessment are the instrumental automation and interconnection, real time results, low cost, quality in terms of accuracy and precision. Furthermore, improving recovery (extraction), timing and quality of final products avoiding environmental impacts. Some elements such as Cu, Fe, Ag, Au, Mo, S, As, Pb, Zn are important to be determined in the process control. Additionally, rapid mineral identification of few species such as CuFeS2, Cu4FeS5, FeS2, CuS, Cu2S, MoS2, Cu3AsS4, FeAsS, among other can be challenging.

Jan 1, 2019

By David Dreisinger

Arsenic occurs in nature in association with many valuable metals including copper, nickel, cobalt, gold and platinum group metals. The recovery of these valuable metals is of course complicated by the need to extract and stabilize arsenic in a form suitable for disposal. In this paper, a review of some recent developments related to hydrometallurgical treatment of arsenic bearing materials is provided. The key aspects of metal dissolution, arsenic stabilization and disposal are discussed.

Jan 1, 2014

By Marco Quirion

The Daniel-Johnson dam, formerly named Manicouagan-5 (Manic-5), is located 800 km northeast of Montreal (Quebec) in Canada. This is the largest multiple-arch concrete dam in the world consisting in 13 arches and 14 buttresses. Since its construction in 1969, various type of cracks have appeared on both downstream and upstream faces of almost all the arches of this concrete dam. As a part of the Daniel- Johnson’s dam safety assessment program, Hydro-Québec is currently performing structural analysis of the dam with advanced numerical models to better understand and predict the dam behaviour. Because the buttresses transmit all the arch loads to the rock mass, determination of the properties of the dam foundation should not be neglected in dam global safety analysis and also to insure that reliable input parameters are used in the dam numerical simulations. This paper summarizes the past and the more recent investigations of this foundation used to assess its safety and stability. Moreover, the use of rock mass classification to estimate the deformation modulus, based on empirical equations, gives values in the range of 30 to 40 GPa that are higher than expected values. Using those values in the numerical simulations for dam structural analysis gives an excellent correlation with displacements monitoring of the buttresses.

Jan 1, 2015

By A. Lemay, G. Morin, C. Desmeules

"Incorporated in 1976, Sidbec Normines was mandated to exploit a deposit of specular hematite at Fire Lake. A combined effort of three companies, Sidbec, which holds 50. 1 % of the actions, British Steel Corporation another 41.67 % and finally Quebec Cartier Mining, a subsiduary of U.S. Steel Corporation, with still another 8.23 %.The deposit is located 60 miles north of the town of Gagnon. The extracted ore is crushed, in a giratory crusher, to-8 11 chunks, and from there, it is transported, by rail, to a concentrator at Lac Jeannine.A concentrate containing 65.5 % Fe and 5.5 % Sio2 is produced, using conventional methods like autogeneous mil ls and spirals. The concentrate is then transported by rail to the Port Cartier installations.The installations in Port Cartier include a secondary concentrator, a pellet plant, and stockpiling facilities for pellets and concentrate. The pellet plant has two product lines in paralel, producing a total designed tonnage of 6 millions tons of iron ore pellets, of which 3mi11ions tons are used in direct reduction furnaces.The secondary concentrator is designed to remove a portion of the silica contained in the ore, usually less than 2 % Si02 should remain from the original 5.5 % Si02 in order to produce iron ore pellets which are well suited for use in direct reduction and electric furnaces."

Jan 1, 1981

By Lawrence Devon Smith

What is a Failed Project? For mining projects, some key indicators of a ?failed? project are: ? Cost is more than it should be (particularly capital) ? Schedule ? It takes longer to build than expected ? It takes longer to ramp-up than expected ? It does not do what it is supposed to do ? Poor performance; output, product specifications; ? Low revenue ? High costs ? No one is happy about it: Management, Shareholders, Bankers ? Does a project fail if it does not meet expectations that were unrealistic and unattainable? ? Caution: Failure may not become evident until years later

May 1, 2010

By O. Guyot, A. Broussaud, M. Revalor, G. Legrand, D. Kok, E. Roux

"The paper describes the advanced grinding control system implemented at Newmont Ahafo gold mine, Ghana in 2009 and 2010. It shows how the different components of the Advanced Process Control (APC) system cooperate for increasing plant performance.The SABC circuit processes hard rock from different pits mixed with a variable proportion of oxides. The control strategy is designed to address specific disturbances, including start/stops of pebble crushers, unavailability of oxides, changes in rock size distribution resulting from segregation in the stockpile, and changes in ore type and hardness.The system consists of an expert system per se with extensive use of fuzzy logic, supplemented by an online dynamic model of the process used as a soft sensor, a VisioRock™ rock size measurement system over SAG mill feed before addition of recycled pebbles, and an AudioMill™ system to analyze the SAG mill sound and detect impacts on liners. All these components are embedded in the same OCS© software platform, which, among other benefits, makes it easy to support the entire system remotely. The paper details the physical constraints and the variables that are manipulated. It describes the control strategy and the contribution of each component of the system. It also describes the project implementation and the performance of the system. In addition to a strong involvement and support of management, the very good acceptance of the operators has been facilitated by the remote access system that made it possible to immediately modify the system each time it was needed during the baby sitting phase.The system made it possible to increase gold production significantly through increases in tonnage and recovery thanks to a better control of the grind size through a stabilization of the secondary ball milling circuit and an improvement of the operating conditions of the classifying cyclones."

Jan 1, 2012

By Adrianus (Adrian) Halim, Tomas Bolsöy, Stina Klemo

"This paper describes the ventilation system used in underground hard rock mines in Sweden and Finland, which is very different than the system used in other major mining countries such as Australia, Canada, South Africa, and USA. The system utilizes auxiliary fans with Variable Speed Drive to distribute primary airflow to working levels instead of regulators that are commonly used in other countries. Descriptions about Ventilation on Demand in this system and ventilation regulations in Sweden and Finland are presented in this paper. This paper also quantifies a comparison between the Nordic and the system used in other countries. KEYWORDS Auxiliary fan, Regulation, Ventilation on demand (VOD), Variable speed drive (VSD) INTRODUCTION The primary objective of an underground mine ventilation system is to provide sufficient airflow to dilute atmospheric contaminants that are produced by mining activities. Typically, a mine ventilation system consists of one to four primary fans, regulators to control primary airflow distribution to levels or panels, and auxiliary fans that distribute airflow to dead-end workings via ducts. Depending on circuit geometry, underground booster fans are sometimes used. This system is widely employed in many countries such as Australia, Canada, USA, United Kingdom, and South Africa. However, mines in Nordic countries such as in Sweden and Finland employ a different system, in which auxiliary fans instead of regulators are used to control primary airflow distribution, as well as distributing airflow to dead-end workings. This paper describes the general layout of Nordic ventilation system, its VOD and heating system, its comparison with the system that is widely used in other countries which is referred as “Non-Nordic ventilation system” in this paper, and the current ventilation regulations in Sweden and Finland. The comparison was quantified by doing simulations using Ventsim Design 5 software. DESCRIPTION OF NORDIC VENTILATION SYSTEM General System Layout Figure 1 shows a schematic of typical ventilation system used in Swedish and Finnish mines. The schematic was drawn by Franzen, Myran, Larsson, and Rustan from Stiftelsen bergteknik forskning (Swedish Rock Engineering Research Foundation) and the English translation is written next to the Swedish terminologies. The system is generally a push-pull system. None of Swedish and Finnish mines use exhaust system. As shown in Figure 1, the primary airflow is distributed to levels by auxiliary fans that are bolted to a bulkhead located in the access to intake raise/shaft. These intake fans are attached to ventilation ducts that distribute airflow to all working faces. The exhaust auxiliary fans, which are not attached to any ducts and also are bolted to a bulkhead located in the access to exhaust raise/shaft, then flow the exhaust airflow into the exhaust shaft. A small quantity of this exhaust air is directed into the ramp, which acts as another main exhaust airway. The deepest level is also equipped with booster fan(s) that draw air from the intake shaft/raise and direct it into the ramp to provide fresh air in the ramp. There is no free split in this system. Figure 2 shows a schematic of a level ventilation layout in the Nordic system. Figure 3 shows a photo of these auxiliary fans."

Jan 1, 2019

By K. G. Markkola

Since 2005, Compafifa Contractual Minera Candelaria (CCMC) has defined various strategies which aim to optimize the usage of the available energy in each of the SAG grinding circuit modules (SABC-A configuration). For this purpose, the use of larger size balls along with operating with an optimum balls/load ratio has been implemented. Additionally, in the ball mills, the amount of balls in relation to the equipment's usable diameter has been optimized. In the pebble crushing circuit, the percentage of material passing 12 mm (112 in) product has been increased by 15% by: (1) modifying the crusher mantle profile, (2) implementing a strategy for maximizing the power in each crusher, (3) using continuous improvement tools (Lean - Six Sigma), (4) redesigning SAG mills discharge grates, and (5) changing discharge grates in order to control the crusher feed size distribution profile. All these activities have improved plant throughput by 1,000 t/d with no significant capital investment. As part of the energy consumption optimization study, we have considered determining the optimum operational rate of each SAG mill, in relation to the mill liner life and also the improving the control strategy in conventional grinding.

Jan 1, 2007

By S. Markstrom

The Boliden AITIK copper mine is located 100 kilometres north of the Arctic Circle in northern Sweden. A pre-feasibility study was conducted in 2005 with the aim of increasing the capacity of the existing processing plant. After analysis, options to upgrade the existing plant were abandoned in favour of building a new processing plant, with higher capacity and therefore greater profitability. A new plant could be designed with greater flexibility to make potential future expansions easier. A feasibility study for a new 36 Mt/y processing plant including fully AG grinding circuits and flotation was completed in 2006. The project was approved by the Boliden board shortly thereafter. Construction started in the beginning of 2007 and was completed during 2009. Commissioning of the new plant was undertaken in the first half of 2010. The grinding circuit consists of two lines with each line consisting of a 22.5 MW AG mill and a 10 MW Pebble mill in closed circuit with a spiral classifier. The nominal production level is 2 200 t/h for each grinding line. This paper presents the start-up and operation of the grinding circuit.

Jan 1, 2012

By K. Negishi, H. Izui, Y. Komiya

"Aluminum has the disadvantage of low strength. In order to obtain the high strength composites, crystals were refined in the composites. Grain refinement was approached at two process points, generating new grains and grain growth. It is important for refinement how to control the grain growth. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique and TiB2powder addition prevent grain growth. To investigate effects of strain and additives to the alloy, aluminum powder was sintered at 70 MPa and 80 MPa, changing the content of TiB2additive powder by SPS method. As the results, the crystal grain size was finer in the composite sintered at higher sintering pressure and with larger amount of additive, though over 1.0mass% TiB2addition dissuades grain refining. These grain refinements improve hardness and tensile strength of sintered aluminum alloys.INTRODUCTIONAluminum matrix composites have low density, high specific strength, and low cost. Their applications are growing continuously in the field of automotive and aerospace industries. Recent studies to improve their good mechanical and tribological properties use different ceramic materials such as Al2O3(Das, Munroe, & Bandyopadhyay, 1996; Ashwatha & Anthony Xaviorb, 2014),SiC(Hassani, Bagherpour, & Qods, 2014), B4C(Ehsan, Masoud, Touradj, Amir Hossein, & Ali, 2015),TiC(Ehsan, Ali, Masoud, Kamyar, & Touradj, 2017), and TiB2(Fei & Zhong-Hua, 2013).On the other hand, grain refinement is also an important techniques for improving the properties of aluminum alloys. Finer grains improve the mechanical properties of the alloy. For cast and wrought alloys, addition of grain refiners in molten alloys accelerates generation of nucleus and suppresses grain growth. Al-Ti-B alloy is generally added as grain refiners in the molten aluminum alloys(Easton & Stjohn, 2001). Especially, TiB2has very high melting point, low density, and excellent hardness. Therefore, TiB2was selected as additions into aluminum alloys. Liquids reaction leads to high cost, oxidation, discoloration of molten alloy, and clustering of additive powder as compared with solid reaction such as sintering. However, sintering of aluminum alloy powder with ceramic powders is difficult for oxide layer surface. Recently, we take attention to spark plasma sintering (SPS) as advanced sintering process. SPS process can easily sinter a high quality specimen at a lower sintering temperature and in a shorter time than conventional sintering processes. By SPS process, we have sintered titanium powders that are as difficult to be sintered by any other processes as aluminum powders, and improved mechanical properties by adding hard ceramic powders TiC and TiB(Kamegawa, Izui, Komiya, Kobayashi, & Arimoto, 2015; Sampei, Izui, Komiya, Shigimura, & Suzuki, 2015). Furthermore, it is important to consider not only pure aluminum but alloys for solid-solution or precipitation strengthening. Actually, pure Al does not have enough strength compared with the alloys. Al-Cu alloy and Al-Mg alloy demonstrate adequate strength for industrial and commercial sectors. Al-Mg alloy retains good formability, and has high resistance to corrosion. It is therefore used for many applications. We must consider alloying processes. The most cost effective process is blended elemental technology where alloying elements are added to base powder as elemental or master alloy powder (Smugeresky & Dawson, 1981; Yasue, Radjai, Miwa, & Sakaguchi, 2003; Bolzoni, Esteban, Ruiz-Navas, & Gordo, 2012)."

Jan 1, 2018