Search Documents

By Samuel O. Akande

"Gold occurs as native metal, in electrum, and in a telluride mineral in quartz carbonate veinlets of three vein systems at the Ross Mine, northern Ontario. The 14 Vein System is made up predominantly of concordant veinlets within layered ankeritic dolomite stratabound by, and conformable with, andesite tuff Individual veinlets contain pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, tennantite, pearceite, proustite, native gold and electrum in a matrix of quartz, dolomite, ankerite and calcite. The 2B Vein System is made up of both concordant and discordant veinlets within andesite tuffs. The veinlets contain pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, bornite, tennantite and free gold in quartz, calcite and dolomite. The 18 Vein System is comprised of stockwork veinlets in and around intrusive syenite which has both sharp and gradational contacts with enclosing andesite tuff The veinlets contain pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, native gold and calaverite. Sulphide and silicate minerals in veinlets and wall rocks are stable assemblages for the regional metamorphism of greenschist rank. ,The 14 Vein System is interpreted as a metalliferous siliceous carbonate chemical sediment, the components of which were leached from the underlying volcanic rocks by convecting sea water and subsequently deposited on the sea floor between the extrusion of flows and pyroclastic rocks. Subsequent regional metamorphism and intrusions remobilized and redistributed the syngenetic stratabound material into dilatant fractures in adjacent tuff, as in the 2B and the 18 vein systems."

Jan 1, 1982

By M. R. KEYS

"The property is about 120 miles north of Red Lake in the Favourable Lake area, district of Kenora ( Patricia part) , Ontario. The original discovery was staked by K. Murray in December, 1927. The first development work was done by the Favourable Lake Mining and Exploration Company. In 1936 Newmont Mining Corporation acquired control of the property and developed it to production by September, 1939. Production to the end of 1945 had a value of $7,534,656 from 441,457 tons of ore, an average value of $17.04 a ton . This production was mainly from gold and silver, with lead and zinc of subordinate importance.The rocks in the vicinity of the mine trend in a north-south direction. From east to west the sequence is: (1) A dark-coloured, massive rock, presumably a flow, composed mainly of quartz and biotite. ( 2) A buff- coloured, scricitized rock locally containing quartz phenocrysts and black hornblende. This is an alteration product of the dark variety and is later than the folding. It occurs mainly within the dark rock. (3) A series of sediments comprising thin beds of greywacke, grit, quartzite, conglomerate, and iron formation. ( 4) A gabbro sill, now largely altered to amphibolite.With the exception of the buff type, these rocks dip 80°E. The buff rock has a very irregular outline in comparison with the other rocks and appears to dip somewhat more flatly east. Felsite and diorite dykes are also present. These have a general strike of S.60°E. and dip 65°S .W. A post-ore diorite dyke trending N.15°E. occurs about 2,000 feet east of the mine area."

Jan 1, 1954

By P. G. West-Sells

At Barrick's Zaldivar Copper Mine in Chile, the addition of sulfuric acid to the ore going to heap leaching is a major expense. A process in which a portion of this acid is replaced by elemental sulfur added to the heap has been developed by Barrick and Westcoast Biotech that has the potential for significant cost savings. Initial shake flask tests with plant raffinate solution indicated that oxidation of elemental sulfur by a culture of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, some indigenous to the Zaldivar heap, showed a significant lag period. This lag period could be reduced by dilution of the raffinate, but dilution would not be economical to implement at Zaldivar. Short (0.75 m) column tests indicated that after the initial lag period, sulfur biooxidation occurred steadily and the acid requirement for obtaining the same copper recovery as the control without sulfur was reduced by as much as 13 kg/t. These tests were followed by taller (5.1 m) column tests that confirmed the reduction in acid consumption, with no negative effect on copper extraction.

Jan 1, 2007

By V. G. Papangelakis, I. Guzman, S. J. Thorpe

Pressure oxidation (POX) leaching has been commercially applied to refractory gold ores since the 1980s. In the process, sulphide material is oxidized and dissolved in order to release the gold encapsulated in the sulphide matrix, making the gold available for further recovery. Redox potential is a significant parameter during POX, however it is only measured ex-situ at atmospheric conditions. In-situ redox potential measurement would provide instant information that allowing adjusting the process parameters accordingly. In the present study, redox potential measurements were performed during POX of sulphide material at high temperatures and high pressures. The working electrode was an Ir electrode combined with a flow-through reference electrode in a novel and robust configuration. Experiments were performed in a 2 L titanium autoclave, at 200–220°C, 50–110 psi oxygen overpressure, and 10–30% solids mass fraction. Temperature and oxygen pressure conditions were selected in order to reflect POX of refractory gold ores. Results show that the Ir electrode is consistent with theory and is able to perform well under these conditions, showing promise as a new in-situ sensor.

Jan 1, 2017

By J. E. Gill

"The Wasa Lake property is a block of about 1,640 acres in Beauchastel township, Quebec. Gold was discovered there first in 1936 in what is now known as the 'Southern area ( Fig. 1). Stripping and trenching were followed by 9,218 feet of diamond drilling in twenty holes. A number of good intersections were obtained, but their interpretation in terms of ore was difficult. A shaft was then sunk to 220 feet vertical depth. Thirteen hundred feet of lateral work and 543 feet of diamond drilling were completed at the 200-foot level before work was discontinued in 1938. Results up to this point had been just fair.Early in 1944, surface diamond drilling was resumed. The first hole cut material of ore grade in a strong shear zone 1,000 feet north of the old workings, and holes to the east and west showed this to be an extensive gold-bearing zone.In August 1945, a main working shaft was started. This has been sunk to 550 feet slope depth. A cross-cut at 390 feet vertical depth was driven to the ore zone and, by drifting and drilling at regular intervals, a length of 725 feet had been tested to December 31st, 1946 ( Figs. 1 and 2). The results check those from surface drilling quite closely.In the main zone, scoping widths from 8 to 40 feet and averaging about 25 feet are indicated. The grade after dilution should be about 0.15 oz. gold a ton and operation will probably start at 1,000 tons a day."

Jan 1, 1954

By Z. D. Hora

Air hough diatomite is known in many parrs of British Columbia, deposirs of mineable size have only been found in the area between Kam/oops and Quesnel in the sourh-cenrral parr of rhe province. Ar Quesnel, commercial producrion has continued since 1950 from diatomite lenses up ro 35m rhick. OCCURRENCES of diatomite are reported from many parts of British Columbia, but deposits of mineable size are known only from the area between Kamloops and Quesnel. Only Quesnel deposits have yet reached the production stage. Commercial production dates back to 1950, and up until 1979 approximately 22,700 tonnes of diatomite had been produced. Most extracted diatomite was processed until 1980 by Crownite Industrial Minerals Limited in Quesnel to produce an oil absorbent and animal bedding. Smaller shipments are used to make insulating bricks on the lower mainland. Deposits near Quesnel extend 40 km along the western bank of the Fraser River from Quesnel to Alexandria; most production has come from Lots o. 6132 and 906. Di atomite is present as discontinuous lenses up to 35 m thick. Diatomite beds Industrial Minerals in Canada are of Upper Miocene age and are overlain by plateau basalts. Diatomite consists almost exclusively of Melosira granulara diatoms that are usually very small and mixed with variable amounts of clay, ilt and volcanic ash. In recent years, extensive beds of diatomite were identified near the confluence of the Chilcotin and Fraser rivers. Diatomite in this locale is a part o f the Upper Miocene to Pliocene Chilcotin Group of sedimentary rocks that are overlain by olivine basalt and related luffs. A deposit near Red Lake is situated 50 km northwest of Kamloops. Diatomite beds occur in the Tranquille Series of Eocene age and are similar in composition to those in the Quesnel area. The Red Lake deposit is abo ut 4 m thick but its areal extent is only a few tens of hectares.

Jan 1, 1984

By Y. Chunhua, L. Chunsheng, W. Sheng

"Countercurrent solvent extraction is the dominant industrial rare earth separation method. For the rare earth separation, with low separation factors and multiple components, designing and optimization plays an important role in reaching product quality and reducing separation plant costs. Based on the theory of countercurrent extraction, cost-efficient methods, such as third-outlet separation and hyperlinked extraction processing, have been introduced following computer simulation. The consumption and fixed investment of industrial practice are compared, by which advantages of the optimized rare earth separation process are indicated. INTRODUCTIONThe rare earths (RE) have outstanding optical, magnetic and electric properties in advanced material applications and have therefore received much international attention in recent years. Liquid-liquid extraction is the major industrial RE separation method and is widely used in the industry. Supported by the government and with collaboration from the institutions and enterprises, China has made great progress in RE separation, and has become the dominant supplier of separated RE products. Complicated by multiple elements and low separation factors, careful design of RE separation processes is vital for the quality and cost of production. The theory of separation is the key to basic of flowsheet design and industrial applications.BASIC SEPARATION PROCESS AND THEORYGeneral ProcessAcidic extractants such as P507, P204 and naphthenic acid, are the most popular extractants in modern RE separation industry. In the general separating process, the extractant is saponified with a base, then ion-exchanged with RE solutions, thereby to provide stable and high RE loading in the extractant to fulfill the requirement of production quantity and quality. The RE-loaded extractant is then countercurrently extracted and scrubbed with RE solutions and the RE element thereby is purified. After the countercurrent extraction process, the RE-loaded extractant is stripped with acid to obtain an aqueous RE product, and prepare the extractant for recycling (Xu, 1995)."

Jan 1, 2012

By J. C. Folinsbee, D. R. Derry

"The Property of Opemiska Copper Mines (Quebec) Ltd. is in Levy Township, Chibougamau district, west of Chibougamau and south of Opemiska Lake. The original find was made in 1929 by the late Leo Springer and associates of Prospectors Airways Ltd., following observation from the air of an area of dark rocks in newly burned-over country. Work on the ground discovered three veins of high-grade chalcopyrite in gabbro (No. l, No. 2, and ""North"") and, after several seasons of trenching and diamond drilling, financed by Ventures Ltd., a shaft was sunk in 1936. This work indicated about 280,000 tons of six per cent copper ore to a depth of 500 feet. During this period, the senior author carried out a reconnaissance geological survey over the whole property and surrounding claims, which showed that the veins were in the gabbro portion of a large composite basic sill that had been folded with the enclosing lavas. Owing to the low price of copper and lack of transport work was suspended and the property remained dormant until 1951.In that year the company was re-financed, the property prepared for production, and further exploratory drilling undertaken. The drilling, based on structural indications, located a new vein of which the only previous evidence had been some irregular stringers. This vein, No. 3, was traced by drilling for a length of 2,000 feet and the indicated reserves were thereby increased to about one million tons. An additional vein, No. 4, was intersected in several holes.With this encouragement, plans for production were confirmed, and operations commenced' at the beginning of 1954 on a scale of about 400 tons a day, concentrates being shipped by truck to St. Felicien and thence by rail to Noranda. In the first year of operation concentrates were re-covered carrying 14,047,210 pounds of copper, 76,714 ounces of silver, and 6,259 ounces of gold. The operation is under the direction of J. P. Millenbach, General Manager, with J. M. Thompson as Assistant General Manager and F. G. Cooke as General Superintendent on the property."

Jan 1, 1949

By O. S. Perry, G. H. Charlewood, K. Griffin, S Ogryzlo, H. Hopkins, G. MacIntosh

"The gold mines of Kirkland Lake are in Teck township, Timiskaming district, Ontario, latitude 48°9'N. and longitude 80°3'W., at an elevation of 1,038 feet above sea-level.There are seven contiguous producing mines in a length of 3;1/2 miles along the general east-west strike of the deposits. The seven mines are, in order from west to east, Macassa, Kirkland Lake, Teck-Hughes, Lake Shore, Wright-Hargreaves, Sylvanite, and Toburn.The first discovery of gold in the zone was made by W. H. Wright in 1911 on the east claim of the Wright-Hargreaves property, and the following year the Tough brothers and H. Oakes found gold in what is now the No. 1 vein_ at the Toburn. Production began at the Toburn in 1915, followed by Teck-Hughes in 1917, Lake Shore in 1918, Kirkland Lake Gold in 1919, Wright-Hargreaves in 1921, Sylvanite in 1927, and Macassa in 1933.To the end of 1946, 31,938,350 tons of ore had been milled at the Kirkland Lake mines, from which 16,132,700 oz. gold, having a value of $498,517,600, were recovered. The bullion varies from mine to mine between 800 and 900 fine, the average for all the mines being 853. The average fineness of the native gold is 941.The workings of some of the mines are more than 6,000 feet deep and sinking to depths below 7,000 feet is now in progress.GENERAL GEOLOGYThe regional structural geology of the area in which the mines of Kirkland Lake occur is described in a preceding paper in this volume by J. E. Thomson."

Jan 1, 1954

By F. Liu, S. Rezaei, M. Muinonen, M. Barati, V. L. Lakshmanan, S. Marcuson

Canadian nickel-copper ore deposits have been a major source of nickel, copper, cobalt and precious metals for more than 100 years. The two main minerals of interest, pentlandite (Pn, (Ni,Fe)9S8) and chalcopyrite (Cp, CuFeS2), are usually accompanied by large quantities of pyrrhotite (Po, Fe1-xS). Until the 1950s, Po containing small amounts of nickel was routinely smelted as part of the valuable Ni concentrate. The rapid growth in Ni demand following the Second World War created impetus to treat the Po separately. This action would liberate a valuable smelting capacity for higher value Pn, allow for recovery of Ni locked in Po, convert the Fe to iron oxide or metallic iron pellets, and recover S as sulphuric acid or elemental sulphur. The roasting process also has the potential to produce energy due to the highly exothermic oxidation of Po. The Ni industry would then have a “waste-free” process. Both Inco (now Vale) and Falconbridge (now Glencore) developed processes and built large industrial plants for this purpose that operated with some success. But technical issues and tenuous economics were continual challenges. By the early 1980s these industrial operations were closed. Sophisticated froth flotation methods of rejecting Po were developed, and Po containing up to 1% Ni became a waste material reporting to the tailings stream. As part of a major study on possible processing methods of Po for both value recovery and waste remediation, this paper presents a historical perspective on Canadian Po tailings with regards to their generation, inventory, value, and attempts to process them.

Jan 1, 2017

By Yosuke Ota, Makoto Tawara, Tetsuya Kojima

"Dry-lube has been used in Europe to enhance formability of aluminum sheet for automotive applications, but it is difficult to ensure degreasing performance with lower degreasing bath temperature. However, newly developed, highly lubricating pre-coats utilizing a urethane resin, which is soluble in water, have been found to show excellent degreasing performance. Furthermore, a richer pre-coat weight coincides with a lower friction coefficient and better formability. Combined use of anti-rust liquid oil showed different friction coefficient depending on applied surface pressure.INTRODUCTION The global demand for aluminum alloy products, especially for automotive application, has been increasing because aluminum alloys can offer excellent corrosion resistance with good strength and low density compared with steel. Aluminum alloys can contribute to saving much more energy and greenhouse gas emissions over the lifetime of the product. On the other hand, the amount of aluminum alloys in vehicle architectures is still somewhat limited due to relatively low formability. As a consequence of this low formability, it is necessary to set a certain limit to the shape of an aluminum alloy panel for automotive applications. So far hot melt wax dry lubricants have been in use especially in Europe as they have been recognized to provide better lubrication than conventional rust protection oils (Meiler & Jaschke, 2005). The benefit of hot-melt wax for automotive manufacturing is associated with a more stable forming process and the possibility to avoid extra lubrication in the press shop. But because of the low poorer solubility of hot-melt wax in degreasing aqueous bath solution, a higher degreasing temperature is required so that no remnant of hot melt wax can be carried over to the next manufacturing process. This temperature control is difficult to impress upon a manufacturing degreasing bath originally designed for liquid oil, especially in Japan. The typical temperature of degreasing bath in Europe is around 60°C, while it is only around 40°C. in Japan. Various types of pre-coats other than hot-melt with high lubricity have been reported (Tawara, 1993; Ueda, Hatsuno & Totani, 2013), but a balance between sufficient degreasing performance and high lubricity has not yet been achieved for an actual production process line."

Jan 1, 2018

By F. E. P. PEARSON

Sandstone quarried from an island in Lake Winnipeg is barged 130 km to a processing plant at Selkirk on the Red River. The stone is white, poorly consolidated, and consists of rounded quartz grains of high natural purity. It is an important supplier of silica in Western Canada for glass, fiberglass, foundry and other industrial uses.

Jan 1, 1984

By C. H. Hopper, D. R. Derry, H. S. McGowan

"The property of Matachewan Consolidated Mines is in the Matachewan area on the west side of Montreal river. It lies in the western extension of the Kirkland Lake sedimentary belt. The first discovery of gold on the property was made by S. Otisse, in 1916. The property was taken over by Ventures, Limited, in 1933 and production commenced in late 1934. To date (December 31st, 1947) it has amounted to 2,308,800 tons, from which gold and silver to the value of $9,567,600 has been recovered. The mill is currently treating 650 tons of ore a day.GENERAL GEOLOGYThe deposits lie close to the south contact of a belt of sediments striking in a general east-west direction. The sediments, presumed to be of Timiskaming age, consist of light buff arkose and greywacke, containing small pebbles. The Keewatin volcanic rocks to the south are andesites or basalts with cuff and agglomerate bands developed especially near the contact with the sediments. The lavas and sediments are overlain by relatively flat-lying sediments of the Cobalt series to the south and west of the mine, but these later sediments are not involved in the mineralization under discussion. The Keewatin lavas and Timiskaming sediments are intruded by dykes and lenses of red syenite porphyry that have approximately the same strike and dip as the invaded rocks. Later diabase dykes, apparently post-ore, run in a north-south direction and cut all rocks except the Cobalt series.OREBODIESThe gold-bearing mineralization forms bodies of two different types: (1) Within the volcanic rocks irregular orebodies with limited vertical extent. These consist of a series of flat-dipping quartz stringers and adjacent lavas and /or cuffs fractured, bleached, and mineralized with pyrite and gold. They are higher grade than the second type (average about 0.16 oz. gold a ton) and formed the main source of ore for the first 5 years of production. They are described in more detail than can be given here in an article by C. H. Hopper (4). More recent work on deeper levels has failed so far to find orebodies of comparable grade, though low-grade mineralization of a similar type does occur on the projected rake of the main group of the 'basalt type' of orebodies."

Jan 1, 1954

By Hans Lundberg

An electric survey from a 'plane flown over the ground is much faster and cheaper than an electric survey carried out on the ground. The results are obtained as continuous recordings that are resolvable into both a depth expression and a conductivity effect, so that the indications are easier to evaluate, as well as to correlate from one flown line to the other. The prospecting technique adopted in our electric airborne surveys may be brie fly described as follows: A loop of many turns of insulated copper cable is fastened around the fuselage of the 'plane and connected to a generator supplying a few ampere alternating current, usually of a frequency less than 1,000 cycles per second. Just as the current in the primary coil of a common transformer will induce current in the secondary coil when shorted, the alternating magnetic field from this primary current now induces alternating current in electric conductors that happen to be located in the vicinity of the path over which the 'plane is flown. This induced secondary current in each conductive section of the ground causes, in turn, an alternating magnetic field, secondary field, which disturbs or dampens the normal alternating magnetic field from the primary loop flown by the 'plane. These secondary fields are then picked up and recorded by the help of detecting solenoids, amplifiers, and recorders carried in the 'plane. By closer study of such a secondary field it is possible to localize the secondary current causing it and, thereby, the conducting body that contains the secondary current. In the 'plane are continuously recorded, besides the amplitude or intensity of the field, also the phase, which is a measure of how much the recorded secondary field is out of step with the primary field.

Jan 1, 1950

By S. Sillitoe

In mining, as in other business and engineering enterprises, efficient operation depends upon how well and how quickly the lines of communication can function. Mines have used the telephone on and between levels for many years, but in the hoisting shaft maintenance of physical wire connections for communication with the moving cage or skip has been found, for all practical purposes, impossible. A most natural solution was, therefore, the code-bell or buzzer signal system between fixed levels, and this has been standard practice throughout the mining world for many years. However, this system has serious limitations which make it impossible to signal a cage between levels in the shaft, and it requires crude, hazardous or costly methods for signalling during daily shaft inspection. Radio signalling overcomes these difficulties, because the communication medium is never broken and the cage-tender or shaft inspector can safely signal to, and receive signals from, the hoistman at any time from any position in the shaft, whether stationary or in motion. In addition to both audible and visual code signalling, two-way telephone communication and slack cable alarm are facilities made possible in recent commercially developed equipment.

Jan 1, 1949

By Lisa L. Van Loon, Neil R. Banerjee

Canada is a world leader in uranium exploration, but many deposits are located in remote regions making exploration targeting challenging. Novel approaches are needed to detect the presence of large-scale ore-forming systems and to vector toward mineralization. Boron is commonly used as a key pathfinder element associated with sandstone/unconformity-hosted and basement-hosted uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin, but the genetic relationship remains uncertain. Alteration assemblages containing boron geochemical anomalies are commonly spatially-associated with – and possibly coeval with – uranium mineralization. Boron is commonly found in tourmaline minerals but in some portions of ore deposits the host mineral for the anomalous boron remains cryptic. Boron coordination chemistry within alteration haloes can better constrain boron host mineralogy, provide insight into the nature of the boron-uranium relationship, and thus has the potential to better constrain targets for exploration. Synchrotron-source X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy is a direct, element-specific analysis that identifies boron coordinated in both trigonally- (BO3) and tetrahedrally-coordinated (BO4) forms. This makes XANES uniquely suited for identifying the geochemical hosts for boron that may be related to hydrothermal ore forming processes. XANES spectroscopy was conducted on whole-rock assay powders from uranium deposits across the Athabasca basin containing boron concentrations ranging from <10 ppm to >10,000 ppm. XANES directly identifies the relative amount of trigonally- (BO3) and tetrahedrally-coordinated (BO4) boron in these complex mineralogical mixtures. Our work suggests a link between boron and uranium that is likely related to the unique physiochemical characteristics of ore bearing fluids that may provide a unique vector to mineralization.

Jan 1, 2020

By BRIAN HITCHON

Calcium, magnesium, bromide and iodide extraction from formation waters for use as industrial minerals has occurred in several countries, but not yet in Canada. Potential commercial brine fields exist in th e Upper Devonian Beaverhill Lake Formation of so uthern Alberta, and the Middle Devonian Elk Point Subgroup of north-central Alberta, f rom which calcium, magnesium and bromide are potential products. Iodide contents in fo rmation waters f rom the Upper Cretaceous Belly River Formation and the Lower Cretaceous Viking and Bow Island fo rmations in central and southern Alberta are at the lower range limit of commercial iodide-bearing formation waters elsewhere in the world. Available information is insufficient 10 outline potentially commercial areas in Alberta, but such info rmation can be most easily obtained f rom test borings for shallow natural gas. Lithium is not now produced commercially f rom formation waters but its content should be monitored in view of f uture increased demand for this metal.

Jan 1, 1984

By E. H. Rose

THE most useful guide to the role of lime in flotation is the view that the chemistry of any flotation operation is primarily a pattern in relative solubilities. We have the coming together of a number of minerals, reagents, fortuitous salts, water, and oxygen, many of which have not been previously in contact with each other, and every one of which is free, at least to some extent, to abandon old alliances and to form new ones. Of one thing the operator may be sure, and that is that, when equilibrium has been reached, those new chemical combinations will have formed which are the least soluble combinations possible to the environment. The laws of solution govern the operation, which means that relative concentrations are always a factor, and temperature frequently is. What the operator is really doing when he chooses his reagents .in the first place (empirically or otherwise) and works out their? optimum amounts, is to provide an environment in which (1) the least soluble possible compound of the mineral he desires to float is one which is also non-wettable, while at the same time (2) the least soluble compounds possible to the minerals he desires to depress are wettable. Since all metathesis is reversible, perfection is impossible to achieve, and the operator is constantly striving to establish that combination of concentrations which will drive each and every particular reaction as far as possible in the direction he desires it to go, in accordance with the law of molar concentration.

Jan 1, 1939

By H. L. Cameron

General Statement In July, 1948, experimental aerial photography o shallow water zones on Northumberland strait was carried out by the Nova Scotia Research Foundation. This work was designed to test the feasibility of aerial photography for coastal surveys o various types, including seaweed and bottom detail surveys. In the course of the work at Lismore, undersea faulting was noted visually and was later clearly apparent in the photographs. In order to prove beyond doubt that the lineations photographed are actually faults, a ground check was made, and terrestrial stereoscopic photographs were obtained of these features where they intersect the shore line. There can be no doubt of their nature, and the type of faulting is probably thrusting due to compressive forces. This is indicated by the successive right- and left-hand displacements on intersecting faults. The age of the fracturing is post Lower-Pennsylvanian (Lismore) and is correlated with similar compression faulting in western Cape Breton. As far as can be ascertained, this is the first time that subsea faulting has been photographed, though it is quite possible that similar structures have been observed elsewhere. Location and Area Lismore is on Northumberland strait, approximately thirty-five miles east of Pictou (see index map, Figure 1). The area mapped from aerial photographs (Figure 2) is a strip approximately two miles long by a quarter of a mile wide. Figure 3 shows a stereo-pair of the aerial photographs used to construct this map. The terrestrial stereoscopic photographs (Figure 4) show one of the faults.

Jan 1, 1949

By J. H. Brown

"THE need for continuing education has been recognized only in fairly recent years as a major concern of the engineering profession. Formerly, it was acknowledged that engineers were required, at least informally, to follow the professional literature and to give some attention to new technical and technological developments. However, those relaxed days, when progress could be followed in a casual or incidental evening of reading, have disappeared in these days of mushrooming information. The engineer is now in the position of the man trying to control the flow from a fire hydrant with a child's pail. Our problem is that of developing an effective flow system -be it trough, hose, pipe or a bigger pail.The first step in achieving an effective means for continuing the education process is to realize that the need for the system is really an outgrowth of an increasingly sophisticated society. It is merely one more symptom of that society; others would• include the facts that new engineering graduates are more highly trained than those of several years ago, that graduate schools are now the norm and that even some fairly recent technologies are becoming outdated. There-fore, let us examine the education-al systems from which the bulk of the increasing sophistication has grown."

Jan 1, 1966