Search Documents

By J. Jankovic

Numerous advantages have been recognized for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operating at temperatures of 500-700°C. However, there are several issues related to low temperature SOFCs, such as high electrolyte resistance and high electrode polarization. One of the routes to enhance the electrode performance, particularly for the cathode, is to use new materials with optimized microstructure. In this work, the plasma-spraying technique, recognized to have several advantages over presently used deposition techniques, was used to deposit cathode materials onto ceramic and stainless steel substrates to obtain highly porous structures. Cathode materials with composition of Lao 6Sr0.4Co02Fe0 8O3 (LSCF) were employed in the powder form. The LSCF was prepared from powder precursors with different pore formers and binder levels, or from already produced, single-phase LSCF. The (La0.8Sr0.2)0.98MnO3 (LSM) cathode material was also processed for comparison purposes. The deposition process was developed to obtain coatings with good bond strength, porosity, film thickness and residual stresses. The phase and microstructure of deposited materials were characterized using XRD and SEM.

Jan 1, 2005

By Ralph V. Stewart

"The asbestos orebody is contained within ultrabasic rocks of Precambrian age, being located in the continuous permafrost zone of the Quebec Ungava Peninsula, some 300 miles north of the tree line at approximate latitude 61'49' and longitude 73°58'.The asbestos deposit is at the western tip of a folded ultrabasic sill complex which trends northeast and covers an elliptical area 4.5 miles wide by 15 miles long. Locally. the asbestos occurs in. a completely serpentinized dunite rock. The principal rock types in the vicinity of the ore-body originally consisted of dunite, peridotite and pyroxenite, all of which have experienced at least two periods of alteration, so that no fresh rock now remains.The main ore zone in the open pit is approximately one quarter mile in length, 150 to 200 feet in width, and plunges at 25 to 30 degrees in a northeast direction below surface, to a vertical depth of at least 1,200 feet, Consider¬able tectonic activity resulted in favourable structural conditions which culminated in the formation of the ore zone in its present form.The deposit consists principally of cross-fibre ""gash type"" veins which vary in length from several inches to several feet. The principal fibre vein direction is parallel to the dip of the enclosing serpentinized dunite and sill complex.Some of the problems encountered during diamond drill¬ing in permafrost are briefly discussed."

Jan 1, 1976

By Yongjie Bu, Wei Sun, Zhiyong Gao, Yuehua Hu, Hongbiao Tao, Runqing Liu, Central South University

"The flotation behavior of O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate (IPETC) and pH for chalcopyrite and galena was studied through pure mineral test, adsorption quantity determination, solution chemistry calculation and Materials Studio simulation. The results show that the recovery differential value of chalcopyrite and galena is about 20% when pH of the pulp 9.5 and IPETC is 7×10-4 mol/L, the flotability differences of the two minerals is significant. There is competitive adsorption between OH? and IPETC on mineral surfaces, it lead to galena flotability is lower than chalcopyrite flotability. IPETC can remove the hydration layer on mineral surface and adsorb on active sites for collector adsorption, minerals have a better hydrophobicity.INTRODUCTIONCopper and lead are two of the most widely used metals in industrial and living, their applications include building construction, various metal alloys, heat and electricity, machine manufacturing (Zhang et al., 2014). Chalcopyrite and galena are the major source of copper and lead, normally they associated with each other. With the growing use of these resources, high grade and dissemination large particle sizes minerals are less and less, the use of low grade and complex dissemination minerals have to be paid more attention (Chen, Ye, & Li, 2010; Liu, Sun, Hu, & Wang, 2009). As the special properties and complex composition of copper-lead sulfide ore, flotation separation of chalcopyrite from galena effective is a research emphasis and difficulty point in mineral processing (Bruckard, Sparrow, & Woodcock, 2011).In the separation process of chalcopyrite and galena, it is rather important to choose effective collector (Huang, Wang, & Liu, 2014). Enlarging and using the two mineral flotability will be a good basis and start in flotation (Reyes-Bozo et al., 2014). Qin et al. (2013) made a great deal of research on flotation separation of copper/lead concentrate, collector O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate (IPETC), butyl xanthate (BX) and ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate (ADTP) were investigated, BX and ADTP floated both chalcopyrite and galena well, specific adsorption appeared in the surface of mineral, the problem was the collectors were not selective enough, however IPETC showed better selective."

Jan 1, 2016

By Karl J. C. Harries

"The Table of Contents that follows is only an example and is the Table of Contents from an actual negotiated agreement. It is merely intended to show how an agreement might be set out and the nature of possible provisions. As a negotiated agreement the format was dictated by the negotiations. It is not offered as a precedent of what should be contained in a joint venture agreement (“JVA”), the “proper” sequence of Articles, or a complete listing of the contents of joint venture agreements generally. The set-up used for an agreement should be decided by the parties and be one they consider flows in a logical and workable sequence. This example sets out the “deal” first, followed by the provisions relating to how work is to be carried out and then by administrative provisions necessary to make the agreement work. If you are more comfortable with, say, having the Committee provisions at the beginning, by all means have it drafted that way -- you are going to have to live with the agreement and work under it.Notes:1. The Table of Contents provisions appear in bold print. The italicized sections are annotations, which have been provided in some cases where the heading may not clearly describe the contents. They are not intended to be comprehensive, but refer to some specific matters that are considered to be of interest or to need some clarification.2. The subject matter of many of the articles and paragraphs is discussed or commented upon in the text of the book. Some of section cross-references have been provided. Such references are only to sections where the topic is a principal subject and no attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive indexing.3. Although this particular agreement is a three-party agreement, *B* and *C*, the Owners, are required to act as a unit (see para. 1.09. – § 8.44.), making the agreement effectively a two-party agreement. The parties insisted upon having a decision-making Committee and structuring the agreement accordingly. As is explained in § 8.11., such an arrangement is not recommended and can result in problems.5. See also §§ 8.24., 8.41. and 14.13. for discussions on tables of contents, summaries, and headings."

Jan 1, 2003

By W. A. Lang

"IntroductionCARBONIZATION, gasification, and chemical utilization of coal are interrelated topics, which makes it difficult to review one without indicating its connection with the others. Hence, in Progress in Coal Technology, Series No. 5: Carbonization, reference was made to gaseous products recovered in the carbonization of coal, and .to a number of chemicals made from the tars, light oils, and ammoniacal liquors which are by-products of coal carbonization.In this, the sixth paper in the review series, prime consideration will be given to the complete gasification of coal to give a fuel for domestic industrial, or power purposes and a synthesis gas suitable for the manufacture of gasoline, Diesel oil, and chemicals. The hydrogenation of coal, an alternative source of liquid fuels and of chemicals, will be reviewed, as will be a number of processes for •the recovery of chemical products from coal by extraction and chemical treatment."

Jan 1, 1952

By G. Armand, G. Arnold, A. Giraud, C. Auvray

The knowledge and understanding of the mechanical behavior of claystone is of critical importance in the aim of nuclear wastes storage. In this study, specimens of Callovo-Oxfordian claystone (COx) have been obtained from the ANDRA underground research laboratory in Meuse/Haute-Marne (France). This claystone is composed of carbonate inclusions (10-50µm) embedded in an argillaceous matrix (representing expanding clay minerals, such as smectites). The matrix itself is also multiphase and composed of clay aggregates of 1µm-size carbonate and quartz inclusions. This multiphase microstructure leads to a high heterogeneity witch was analysed through nanoindentation test grids. Moreover, the mechanical behavior of the claystone matrix is highly sensitive to humidity and temperature. The nanoindentation tests were performed in a climatic (i.e. temperature and humidity controlled) chamber at relative humidity levels from 50% to 98% and at two temperatures: 20°C and 60°C. In a first step, the curves of indentation were analysed using the commonly used Oliver and Pharr’s approach. Other wellknown parameters as the creep factor were also extracted. In a second step, Fisher-Cripps model (Fischer- Cripps, 2004) and Vandamme and Ulm model (Vandamme & Ulm, 2006) were used to identify viscoelastic properties. A statistical analysis is used in order to extract mechanical characteristics of the different phases. Hardness and elastic modulus decrease drastically with saturation (above 80% humidity) and to a lesser extend with temperature.

Jan 1, 2015

By Stephen B. Cheeseman

The quantity of data available and the rate at which we access such data are rapidly increasing. Electronic data capture systems, fleet management systems and a host of other technological advancements have created a constant stream of real-time, tactical data. However, are we taking advantage of this data? Are we converting data into useful information to aid in efficient decision-making? Mining operations are struggling with ?information overload?, finding it difficult to extract the benefits from vast stores of data. Without the necessary tools to facilitate a data filtering and information reporting process, most operations revert to old practises such as re-entering data into multiple spreadsheet reports. As a result, the ability to make effective use of data still eludes many mining operations. Some operations have taken audacious steps to rectify this situation. The De Beers Venetia mine in South Africa has implemented an integrated mining information technology solution that transforms their data into practical, usable information allowing staff and management to make decisions that improve efficiencies and reduce costs. In the absence of quantitative justification or ROI, De Beers took a risk in implementing change. Today, they are realising the benefits. This paper will unearth the information technology issues that surfaced during the Venetia implementation, then identify the benefits De Beers has obtained from deploying an integrated mining information technology solution at the Venetia mine.

May 1, 2002

By Dave Shook

A Mineral Processing facility in Montreal has recently implemented a leading-edge intranet solution for monitoring the performance of plant operations, and providing condition-based maintenance. This innovative multi-faceted software implementation incorporates: web-delivered plant information systems; area-wide control loop performance assessment (using sophisticated algorithms to evaluate poorly performing controllers); and integrated alarm management functions. The system has enabled a project to improve plant operations through better process control. Maintenance technicians, engineers, supervisors and managers all can see the performance of the controllers, and the performance of the plant itself, through webdelivered graphics and reports. Information is combined from many sources, real-time, historical, relational and analytical, to provide a complete picture of plant operation. The web-based solution centralizes the administration of user access, and simplifies the deployment of several different kinds of information to many desktops. It is an extensible system that allows users to create and share their own web pages and data views. The paper will discuss the solution architecture and the improvements the I.T., operations, maintenance, and engineering groups have experienced, and overall benefits to the facility.

May 1, 2002

By 000-900-009-492

The flotation has been and is still the most widely used mineral concentration method. Because of its complexity, the flotation process required the development of robust control strategies which was facilitated by the introduction of on-line sensing instruments such as x-ray fluorescence (XRF) on stream analyzer (OSA), gamma density gauges and electromagnetic flowmeters. The interest in developing control strategies has persisted because the benefits to be gained in terms of improved metallurgical performance are substantial. As the flotation control becomes more and more difficult due to the emergence of low grade and complex ore cases, other control strategies have to be introduced. Froth based control is one of the emerging useful control strategy This paper will focus on the state of the art in the on-line froth characterization as obtained by numerical image analysis. The technology of machine vision provides a novel solution to several of the problems encountered in conventional flotation systems for monitoring and control, and constitutes a powerful tool for the investigation and interpretation of the effect of various flotation parameters as driven for the froth phases. Copyright @2001CIM

May 1, 2001

By B. Tougas

Recycling of titanium represents an important economic activity due to high cost of the material and the amount of returns of machined parts which represent the bulk of finished titanium products (typical "buy to fly" of 10 in the aeronautic industry). In the present work, the metallurgical quality of 76 mm in diameter and 20 cm ingots poured in coated graphite mold will be assessed against the nature and condition of application of 4 coatings namely aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide and zirconium oxide with 4% aluminum oxide. The metallurgical quality has been evaluated in terms of alpha case thickness, microstructure and composition. Microhardness from surface will be assessed against casting conditions. Least square regression analysis have been use to optimize casting conditions.

Jan 1, 2011

By Jean Dugas, Roger Sirois

The Mineral Deposits Service of the Quebec Department of Natural Resources is engaged in the preparation of metallogenic maps as a contribution to the Canadian Sub-Committee of the Metallogenic Map of North America. The preliminary work is being done on large-scale maps. The main objective is to clearly represent information on ore deposits in a suggestive way. The design of the legend to meet these requirements is discussed. As these maps are still only descriptive, a further step will be the interpretation of data into metallogenic maps with Jess emphasis on the individual deposits and more on the metallogenic factors. Both types of map should prove useful in the search for ore deposits; the first by providing at once a large amount of information, the second by suggesting the ore controls.

Jan 1, 1967

By H. Hitchen

THE PURPOSE of this paper is to indicate the working capacity of different types of ropes for various engineering and mining duties. ROPE CONSTRUCTIONS There are approximately one hundred different designs of ropes in use today but, normally, only about ten are necessary for mining and engineering duties. The rest are designed for unusual equipments, or are different ways of combining wires of special shapes. Basically, the various designs of mining ropes consist of round, triangular, and oval strands, constructed with one or several layers of wire over a single wire, or a compound construction of sever.al wires. To suit different installations ropes are made with 3, 4, 5, or more of these types of strands over a central core, the ?co re itself being manufactured from either a fibrous material or a combination of steel wires. Nevertheless, in mining, the demand for 'locked coil rope', wl1ich may be considered as a single strand, is steadily increasing, especially for use on vertical shaft winding engines. So far as the locked coil rope is concerned, many constructions have been developed to suit different requirements, such as - in addition to winding ropes - aerial carrying Topes, shaft guide ropes and haulage ropes.

Jan 1, 1957

By J. C. Rudolph

"THE TOPIC on which I am speaking this afternoon is ""The Future of the Canadian Oil Industry.'' At the time of C + 100, we should take a searching look at ourselves, an honest appraisal of our achievements and a forthright accounting of our shortcomings as well as the uniquely Canadian aspects of this industry. I would like to put before you some of my views on the direction we are taking in the exploration field and in the production field. I would also like to speak briefly on some of our problems and the role of the various segments of our industry in solving these problems.First of all, let us look at the exploration picture. We are in the midst of an exploration boom. There were 133 seismic crews active in Western Canada this winter, the highest since 1957, land prices are appreciating rapidly, Canadian oil reserves increased + 16 per cent during 1966, there is a great demand for technical personnel of every kind and the whole industry, except the drilling segment, seems to be prospering. This surge of activity has its roots in two major occurrences. The first of these was the change in the pro-ration system in Alberta, the major producing province, accompanied by the change in spacing pat-terns. The proration change was designed primarily to encourage in-creased exploration and it has certainly had this effect. It has also had the unforeseen effect of put-ting everyone into what we, in the oil business, call ""elephant hunting."" In other words, the days of the development of barely economic, marginal fields are over. Oil companies today are only interested in high-reserve, high-productivity, high-quality reservoirs."

Jan 1, 1968

By Franz Xaver Spachtholz

K+S Potash Canada GP (KSPC) is part of the K+S Group, one of the world's leading suppliers of standard and speciality fertilizers and the world?s leading salt producer. Globally, the K+S Group employs more than 14,000 people. The K+S share ? the only commodities stock on the German DAX index ? is listed on all German stock exchanges. Legacy, K+S Group?s most recent project, is a greenfield solution potash mine and production plant in the south of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Therefore K+S will invest 4.1 billion CAD. With the expected commissioning in summer 2016 the company projects to reach the two-million-tonnesmark of production capacity at the new location at the end of 2017. The gradual extension of the annual capacity to 2.86 million tonnes of potash products will occur afterwards. The Legacy Project will be Saskatchewan?s first new potash mine in nearly 40 years. It is one of the world?s most economically attractive potash projects. The project will contribute to Saskatchewan?s growth through employment, tax revenues, utilities, and local partnerships. Located in the southern part of Saskatchewan?s potash belt, the deposit is too deep to be mined conventionally due to rock mechanics and high temperatures. Legacy will therefore be a solution mine. Proximity to the urban centers of Regina and Moose Jaw is imperative, with their workforces and economy, as well as access to highways, railway carriers and, most importantly in the prairies, water. With this unique project setting and mining technique, we are convinced that Legacy will be one of the most efficient, economic, sustainable and safe potash facilities in the world.

Aug 1, 2013

By R. W. Davis

INTRODUCTION CHURCHILL river was named for John Churchill, first Duke of Marl-borough and third Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, in the latter part of the 17th century, some fifty years after the ill-fated Danish expedition, led by Munck, had abandoned the site of the now famous seaport of Churchill, as a worthless, cold, disease-ridden country. No other attempts were made to explore the interior until the river basin became a part of the grant to the Hudson's Bay Company and began to play its part in furnishing the luxury of fine furs to civilized people as it had furnished the necessities of food and dress for untold centuries to uncivilized natives. This was the sole contribution of the region to the economic life of the country for some two hundred and fifty years, until 1926, when the power site at Island Falls was discovered by engineers seeking a cheap power source to make possible the development of the great ore-body at Flin Flon. DRAINAGE BASIN OF CHURCHILL RIVER The river is some 1,325 miles long. Rising in the headwaters of the Beaver river, in east-central Alberta, it flows in an easterly direction across Saskatchewan and northeasterly across Manitoba to Hudson bay, through a remarkable basin of some 115,500 square miles, only 6,000 square miles less than the area of the British Isles. A journey down this river leads one through three distinct belts of country, each vastly different from the others geologically and in surface characteristics. For the first five hundred miles the river flows through a basin of 36,000 square miles of the great central-plains country, which is covered with fertile soil and carpeted in its southern part with prairie grass, which gradually gives way to the mixed forests of poplar, spruce, birch, and jackpine in the northern and eastern sections: About midway across Saskatchewan, bald-headed knolls and ridges begin to make their appearance as the river meets the western margin of the Canadian Shield. Then, for some seven hundred miles, it passes through country underlain by the pre-Cambrian rocks of the Shield, which continue to within one hundred miles of Hudson bay. Here the character of the country again changes to a low, clay plain underlain by sandstone, and through this 'clay belt' the river flows between steep clay banks, to empty into Hudson bay.

Jan 1, 1935

By J. S. Fox

It is generally recognized that the interpretation of bedrock geochemical data in volcanic terrains can be improved by adjusting for rock-type. Various chemical attributes of volcanic rocks have been put forward in the literature as rapid indicators of rock-type, but there is some question as to which of these is the most reliable . Only one such attribute, total iron, seems to have seen systematic use in geochemical mapping in the Flin Flon region. Discriminant analysis of 500 basalts, andesites, dacites and rhyolites suggests that SiO2 is the most important rock-discriminating variable and that MgO, CaO, TiD2, AI2O3 and FeOtot, are successively poorer discriminators. Lithological normalization in the subalkaline volcanic environment should therefore be made over ranges of this variable. Trace-metal data from drill core through the sulphide orebody at Hanson Lake, Saskatchewan are used to demonstrate various approaches to lithological correction, including silica normalization, factor analysis and trend analysis. All of these extract economically important information from the core that is not apparent in the raw data logs. However, silica normalization does not seem to be subject to as many serious limitations as factor and trend analysis in this case, and therefore seems to provide the most reliable basis for the interpretation of subsurface exploration geochemical data.

Jan 1, 1978

By B. R. Hart, S. S. Dimov, J. Fournier

Carbonaceous matter (c-matter) in sulphide ores can adversely affect the process of gold recovery during cyanidation due to its ability to adsorb, or preg-rob, gold from a cyanide leach solution. This paper describes a standardized procedure for characterization of c-matter in an ore sample providing detailed information on its composition, maturity and preg-robbing capacity. The procedure utilizes the following complementary analytical techniques in conjunction with several chemical tests and assays: SEM/EDX Raman spectroscopy and TOF-SIMS. Results of the test can be used as a predictive tool to estimate the impact the c-matter will have on the gold recovery process. A comparison between predicted preg-robbing behaviour and cyanidation test results are presented.

Jan 1, 2011

By W. C. Whittaker

"This paper gives a brief resume of the changes in the market picture for Western coal since 1948. It then analyzes present markets and recent developments in Western Canada, the western United States and Japan, and forecasts future markets in these areas to 1975.INTRODUCTIONCOAL HAS BEEN MUCH IN THE NEWS OF LATE, both in the United States and in Canada. In the United States, this is because of the booming condition of the industry and because of the purchase of control of a number of America's largest coal producers by the integrated oil and metal producing companies seeking additional fossil fuel reserves and diversification. In this regard, it is interesting to note that ownership of America's largest strip coal producer was recently acquired by one of the world's largest copper mining companies. In Canada, the conclusion of several large-scale, long-term contracts for the sale of coal to the Japan Steel Group and the projected use of Canadian coal in steel mills in the western United States has focused much attention on the coal industry."

Jan 1, 1968

By N. Behnood, W. Pascheto

"Laboratory wear tests are important tools that can be used for the evaluation of materials for wear applications and mitigation of wear problems in the mining industry. However, laboratory test parameters must be fully characterized and test results must be carefully interpreted if a material selection is to be made. Failure to do so may lead to erroneous conclusions. Suitable lab-oratory tests are valid only if they reflect the field conditions to which materials are subjected. Therefore, it is important to know, in detail, the field conditions, as well as the wear test techniques being considered. It is important to recognize the limitations of the various wear tests and the wear test data published in the literature. This work will review present wear testing technology, including the various wear tests avail-able, wear test equipment and test limitations. Several wear test procedures will be related to common equipment used in the mining industry.IntroductionThis paper will concentrate on non-lubricated wear mechanisms, because they are the most costly to the mining industry. Very frequently we are faced with the task of selecting materials for wear applications or improving existing systems that are giving poor performance. There are plenty of examples in the literature of practical wear cases and ranking of materials for wear applications. It is also very common to find materials manufacturers’ data -sheets listing wear tests results by comparing their materials performances against those of competitors. Much of the published wear data lack the description of the type of wear test, test parameters and the type of wear mechanism to which the data should be applied (if any).Before considering wear test data for a specific problem one should ask which type of wear mechanism is involved? What type of test and what test parameters were used to produce the results? Even if the type of wear tests and parameters are known, how accurate and useful are the published wear data? How are the results related to a particular type of wear? It is important to point out that even the standardized wear tests, such as those in ASTM standards, have limitations. Such limitations are recognized and clearly spelled out in the standards themselves. Basically, wear tests may lead to erroneous results if the test is not able to repro-duce the same wear mechanisms encountered in the field. Therefore, the use of published results may be helpful, as a starting point, but may be of little value for a final material selection.This work will discuss the main types of non-lubricated wear mechanisms encountered in the mining industry. In addition, it will discuss the many wear tests available and their correlation with the various types of wear mechanisms. The limitations of several standardized wear tests and the limitation of using published wear data will also be discussed."

Jan 1, 1997

By Nordau R. Goodman

"IntroductionTHE HISTORY of Nova Scotia's gypsum industry goes back about two hundred years. The extensive deposits found in the Windsor formation, which is Lower Carboniferous, were the first discovered in North America and were known to the earliest .settlers. There has been a steady increase in production from these beds, except for minor setbacks in years of wars and depressions, but at the same time there has been a decrease in the number of operating quarries. This decrease reflects the change from the days of horse-and-cart recovery to the modern, large-scale, highly mechanized operations. In the beginning, almost any outcrop could •supply the tonnage requirements and the most •convenient were selected, but the millions of tons needed to meet present-day needs are not easily found.Despite the size and importance of the Nova Scotian deposits there has been little detailed geological work. Sir Charles Lyell, in 1843 ( 10), established that the beds are Lower Carboniferous and this was confirmed by Sir William Dawson (3) a .few years later. Both Lyell and Dawson agreed the calcium sulphate beds were an original part of a bedded series .but did not consider they resulted from a concentration of sea water. Lyell reached the conclusion that the gypsum was related to volcanic action in the form of heated vapours or hot springs. Dawson believed it was formed by the action •of sulphuric acid on calcium carbonate. The acid, derived from the oxidation •of iron pyrites which was abundant in the older formations, was carried by rivers into basins which were rich in shells."

Jan 1, 1954