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By T. Egleston

AT the Dover meeting of the Institute, Mr. F. A. Canfield showed some of the members a machine which he had invented for dressing mineralogical and geological specimens, which he has since modified and brought to such a high state of perfection, that after having used it for several months in preparing specimens for the cabinet of the

Jan 1, 1876

By T. Egleston

At the Dover meeting of the Institute, Mr. F. A. Canfield showed some of the members a machine which he had invented for dressing mineralogical and geological specimens, which he has since modified and brought to such a high state of perfection, that after having used it for several months in preparing specimens for the cabinet of the

By Frank C. Appleyard

Gypsum, the dihydrate form of calcium sulfate, has a history of usefulness to man dating back several thousand years, and a worldwide industry has been built on the mining and processing of this versatile industrial mineral. However, anhydrite, the other principal calcium sulfate mineral has very limited use, so much so that separate statistics for it are not always kept, but are usually included with those for gypsum. Although often found in close association, the two minerals have important chemical differences in that anhydrite is the anhydrous form of calcium sulfate (CaSO,) whereas gypsum is the dihydrate (CAS0;2H20). These two molecules of combined water result in significant differences in hardness, density, and solubility of the two minerals. However, of most importance is the difference in thermal properties wherein gypsum, upon the application of a modest amount of heat, can be converted to the hemihydrate of calcium sulfate (CaS0;Vi H,O) or plaster of paris, an intermediate product upon which is based over 90% of the value of all calcium sulfate end products. Anhydrite, on the other hand, is inert at these temperatures and its uses have been limited to only those few cases where calcium sulfate in the anhydrous form may have an advantage. The earliest known use of gypsum plaster dates back some 5000 years to the time of the Pharaohs of Egypt who had discovered that gypsum rock, when exposed to fire, broke down into a powder which when mixed with water would form a putty that could be "plastered" on a rough mud brick or stone wall to make a smooth finish. It was used down through the centuries in a limited way for ornamental purposes, but did not achieve wide acceptance because of its quick (25 to 30 min) setting or hardening time which made it difficult to use. The first real understanding of gypsum chemistry was developed in France about 1755, and the gradual growth of its present utilization dates from that time. In the United States, the first utilization of gypsum was to grind it to a fine material for use as a soil conditioner at about the time of the Revolutionary War, and the term "land plaster" for ground gypsum has remained in use. Another cementituous material-lime or calcium oxide-had become the usual plastering material, but by about 1870 a method for retarding the set of gypsum plaster was discovered and it has today almost completely replaced lime as a plastering material. In recent years, gypsum products sold in the United States have reached a total valuation of approximately $500 million per year as illustrated in [Table 1].

Jan 1, 1975

By C. P. PERIN, DONALD BELCHER

T HE production of pure iron by electrolyzing solutions of its salts has been the object of scientific curiosity and research for about 80 years; and in the last two decades a realization of the unusual physical and chemical qualities of electrolytic iron has turned the attention of chemists and metallurgists toward a commercial application of this accumulated knowledge. Thus Burgess and Hambuechen in America, . Cowper-Coles in England, and Fischer in Germany- devised methods, more or less successful, for the electrolytic refining of iron, but none of these processes has yet attained large-scale operation. During the war some interesting ,work was done in France and England on building up worn or defective machine parts by electrodeposition of iron. It remained for the Société "Le Fern in France to carry on the process commercially. For six years Les Fonderies et Forges. de Sainte-Maire et Gravigny and the works of Bouchayer & Viallet at Grenoble have manufactured pure-iron boiler tubes in competition with established practice. The French process originated in the researches of Anthelme Boucher in 1910, and was, not put into operation until several years of experimentation had passed.

Jan 1, 1921

By H. B. Muller

Single stage autogenous grinding of run-of-mine ore was selected by Broken Hill South Ltd., parent Company of Cobar Mines Pty. Ltd. for the concentrator to treat 60,000 tons per four weekly period of copper and complex copper-lead-zinc sulphide ores from the C.S.A. Mine at Cobar, Australia. Ore is mined by mechanised horizontal cut-and-fill stoping and is prepared for grinding by crushing under- ground in a 60 in. x 48 in. jaw-crusher set at 5 in. closed side setting. The ore is reduced to 80% minus 76 microns in two parallel sections each of one 22 ft. dim. x 7 ft. long autogenous grinding mill, powered by a 1,250 H.P. motor, operating in closed circuit with a single stage 20 in. dim. cyclone. Broken Hill South's original concept of the concentrator required the maximum use of reliable instrumentation, centralised control, and the minimum of manning. To achieve this objective the control room, housing the process recorders, alarms, closed circuit television monitors and all the control equipment, overlooks the grinding and flotation sections, and the whole plant is serviced by a public address system. The grinding units and associated equipment are located in the open and are serviced with the aid of a mobile crane and a mobile hydraulically-operated liner lifting device.

Jan 1, 1970

By G. J. Wolga, W. W. Tyler, A. C. Wilson

THE physical properties of uranium have been reviewed by Katz and Rabinowitch.1 Their review includes thermal conductivity data for ternperatures above 375°K. Recently, Mendelssohn and Rosenberg' have published data on the thermal conductivity of uranium from 2" to 20°K. Our measuremerits indicate the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity in the temperature interval from 20" to 300°K. Electrical resistivity and thermoelectric power were measured on the same sample. The material studied was normal uranium which had been heated at 700°C in a lead bath for 10 min and then quenched in a water bath held at 50°C. From this material a rod M in. in diameter and 2 1/2 in. long was machined. Two 0.040 in. holes were drilled into the rod 1 3/4 in. apart. Copper-constantan thermocouples for temperature and potential measurements were soldered to copper pins which were pressed tightly into these holes. Details of the equipment and experimental techniques used in making the measurements have been described elsewhere." Fig. 1 shows micrographs of a section of the sample studied. Fig. la was taken with unpolarized light and shows impurity inclusions, probably uranium carbide. Fig. lb, showing the same field, was taken with polarized light and gives some indication of the grain size and twinning within the grains. Experimental Results Thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity data are shown in Fig. 2. Table I shows values of

Jan 1, 1954

Jan 1, 1931

By J. J. Bowman

The term "secondary aluminum" frequently is used loosely and often is considered synonomous with "inferior quality." Under war conditions, when every pound of material must contribute its share to the job at hand, this type of thinking is most unfortunate. Actually, given a supply of segregated scrap, an experienced smelter can produce remelted ingot of good quality, comparing closely to the analysis of the original material, and of considerable value of the war effort. The alloys he can produce are, of course, somewhat controlled by the analysis of the available scrap and, by the very nature of things, some of his production is not suitable for indiscriminate use. However, remelted scrap ingot provided about 273,2 per cent of this country's domestically-produced 1942 aluminum supply and probably will comprise about 39 per cent of the 1943 supply. (Canadian production is excluded from these figures.) That this part of the supply remains important is indicated by a recent report that "requirements" for the second quarter of this year were about 14 per cent greater than the supply, even though that supply will be almost twice the prewar annual production. (And those requirements, incidentally, were prepared after many conservation measures had been taken into account.) Since W. Bonsack recently has published a paper2 on the effects of the various alloying elements and impurities on the properties of aluminum, and such con¬siderations really are the important ones in a discussion of the metallurgy of secondary aluminum, it is planned to restrict this discussion more to a consideration of the sources, general characteristics and possible uses of these materials. For the purpose of this discussion, mill (or run-around) scrap may be disregarded and only plant scrap and obsolete scrap considered. Plant scrap, of course, is that scrap which is generated during the production of some part or assembly from a fabricated form of aluminum, such as sheet, tubing, forgings, castings or the like, and it may consist of solids (including rejected parts or subassemblies) or of machinings. To the extent that the several alloys are effectively segregated and the material is properly identified, the composition after remelting can be rather closely controlled or predicted. Obsolete scrap, on the other hand, is the "junk" which accumulates because of the wearing out or breakage of some piece of equipment. Although it is almost always in the form of solids, the accumulation includes many different alloys (often in the same assembly) and may include a considerable amount of nonaluminum material. The "metallics" recovered from drosses also contribute a portion of this class of material. The composition after remelting, therefore, may vary over rather wide limits and can not be very accurately predicted in any specific instance. SEGREGATION OF PLANT SCRAP Unfortunately, perhaps, it was not very common practice before the war to

Jan 1, 1943

By Herbert Clark Hoover, Lou Henry Hoover

GEORGIUS AGRICOLA was not only the author of works on Mining and allied subjects, usually asso ciated with his name, but he also interested himself to some extent in political and religious subjects. For convenience in discussion we may, therefore, divide his writings on the broad lines of (1) works on mining, geology, mineralogy, and allied subjects; (2) works on other subjects, medical, religious, critical, political, and historical. In respect especially to the first division, and partially with regard to the others, we find three principal cases : (a) Works which can be authenticated in European libraries today ; (b) references to editions of these in bibliographies, catalogues, etc., which we have been unable to authenticate ; and (c) references to works either unpublished or lost. The following are the short titles of all of the published works which we have been able to find on the subjects allied to mining, arranged according to their present importance :-De Re Metallica, first edition, 1556; De Natura Fossilium, first edition, 15,46 ; De Ortu et Causis Subterraneorum, first edition, 1546; Bermannus, first edition, 1530 ; Rerum Metallicarum Interpretatio, first edition, 1546; De Mensuris et Ponderibus, first edition, 1533; De Precio Metallorum et Monetis, first edition, 1550 ; De Veteribus et Novis Metallis, first edition, 1546; De Natura eorum quae Effluunt ex Terra, first edition, 1546 ; De Animantibus Subterraneis, first edition, 1549. Of the " lost " or unpublished works, on which there is some evidence, the following are the most important:-De Metallicis et Machinis, De Ortu Metallorum Defensio ad Jacobum Scheckium, De Jure et Legibus Metallicis, De Varia Temperie sive Constitutione Aeris, De Terrae Motu, and Commentariorum, Libri VI. The known published works upon other subjects are as follows:-Latin Grammar, first edition, 1520; Two Religious Tracts, first edition, 1522; Galen (Joint Revision of Greek Text), first edition, 1525 ; De Bello adversus Turcam, first edition, 1528 ; De Peste, first edition, 1554. The lost or partially completed works on subjects unrelated to mining, of which some trace has been found, are:-De Medicatis Fontibus, De Putre¬dine solidas Partes, etc., Castigationes in Hippocratem, Typographia Mysnae et Toringiae, De Traditionibus Apostolicis, Oratio de rebus gestis Ernesti et Alberti, Ducum Saxoniae.

Jan 1, 1950

By K. C. McCutcheon, John Chipman

To a very large extent the quality of a mild steel ingot is determined by the manner in which it is poured into the ingot mold and its behavior during the first few minutes after it has been poured. The formation of the solid rim of metal around the periphery of the mold, the effervescent action of the liquid steel within this solidified rim and the upward or dounward movement of the metal level are indications of what is going on beneath the surface of the liquid metal, especially at the interface at which solidification occurs. Observation of this "rimming action" enables an experienced observer to predict the thickness of the sound skin of the ingot and the location and extent of cavities or "blowholes" caused by entrapment of gases. The control of rimming action at the hands of a skillful steel pourer is a vital part of the control of quality in mild steel sheet, and the behavior of the liquid steel during the rimming period is a useful criterion of the melting and refining practices employed in the open hearth. The behavior of rimming steel during solidification depends primarily upon the evolution of gases from the molten metal and it is therefore a problem of considerable interest to determine the nature and amount of the gases evolved. A number of attempts to determine either the amount or the analysis of the evolved gases have been reported. Klinger,' in 1925, analyzed the gases extracted from rimming, sernikilled and killed steel ingots and found that the chief constituent of the rimmining gas was carbon monoxide. The relatively large amounts of nitrogen reported in his first few samples may have been due to incomplete removal of air from the gas-collecting mechanism. McKune² reported similar studies of rimming ingots from which surprisingly large proportions of nitrogen and hydrogen were evolved. Ameen and Willners3 determined both the amount and composition of gases extracted from unkilled ingots with the aid of diminished pressure. Their ingots weighed only 80 kg. (176 lb.) and apparently were solid within two or three minutes, so that their

Jan 1, 1938

By John Chipman, K. C. McCutcheon

To a very large extent the quality of a mild steel ingot is determined by the manner in which it is poured into the ingot mold and its behavior during the first few minutes after it has been poured. The formation of the solid rim of metal around the periphery of the mold, the effervescent action of the liquid steel within this solidified rim and the upward or dounward movement of the metal level are indications of what is going on beneath the surface of the liquid metal, especially at the interface at which solidification occurs. Observation of this "rimming action" enables an experienced observer to predict the thickness of the sound skin of the ingot and the location and extent of cavities or "blowholes" caused by entrapment of gases. The control of rimming action at the hands of a skillful steel pourer is a vital part of the control of quality in mild steel sheet, and the behavior of the liquid steel during the rimming period is a useful criterion of the melting and refining practices employed in the open hearth. The behavior of rimming steel during solidification depends primarily upon the evolution of gases from the molten metal and it is therefore a problem of considerable interest to determine the nature and amount of the gases evolved. A number of attempts to determine either the amount or the analysis of the evolved gases have been reported. Klinger,' in 1925, analyzed the gases extracted from rimming, sernikilled and killed steel ingots and found that the chief constituent of the rimmining gas was carbon monoxide. The relatively large amounts of nitrogen reported in his first few samples may have been due to incomplete removal of air from the gas-collecting mechanism. McKune² reported similar studies of rimming ingots from which surprisingly large proportions of nitrogen and hydrogen were evolved. Ameen and Willners3 determined both the amount and composition of gases extracted from unkilled ingots with the aid of diminished pressure. Their ingots weighed only 80 kg. (176 lb.) and apparently were solid within two or three minutes, so that their

Jan 1, 1938

By Barton, Donald C.

THE elastic, earthwaves produced naturally by earthquakes -have been used for a long time as evidence from' which to draw conclusions in regard to the constitution of the interior and crust of the earth. The elastic earthwaves produced artificially by occasional explosions and recorded by seismological .observatories were used to draw conclusions regarding the-geology of the intervening area. Intentionally produced elastic earthwaves in the past five years have come to be used extensively in the investigation of very local geologic structure. The seismic method of working geologic structure, which makes use of artificially controlled explosions and the resulting earthwaves, has developed almost `clairvoyant power in handling certain geologic situations, and in the discovery of salt domes in the Gulf Coastal: Plain region of Texas and Louisiana has 'scored the, most brilliant success.

Sep 1, 1928

By Immo H. Redeker

Through close cooperation with geophysical and geological test work by Texas Gulf Sulphur Co. in Beaufort County, the Asheville Minerals Research Laboratory assisted in the evaluation of North Carolina's most valuable mineral resource, the Pungo River phosphate deposit. After a core evaluation study, the flotation process for the concentration of North Carolina phosphate was demonstrated in a 500-lb per hr pilot plant in Asheville. Tonnage samples of phosphate concentrate were produced for customer evaluation in the United States, Europe, and the Far East. Plans for a larger pilot plant to be erected at the plant site at Lee Creek were prepared for TGS. The larger pilot plant was operated by TGS in conjunction with a test dredging operation which led to the adoption of a dragline dry mining method to move 90,000 tpd of material for the production of 10,000 tpd of phosphate concentrate in the all-flotation phosphate concentrator. Calcining, dry grinding, and byproduct studies complimented the construction of one of the world's largest and most modern fertilizer raw-feed complexes on the eastern North Carolina seaboard.

Jan 1, 1972

By Eugene Guccione

"Instead of just talking to ourselves we should inform the public of the grave problems that beset our profession and our industry." We've all heard and voiced that complaint at SME-AIME meetings; and if we were physicians, lawyers, pretzel retailers, or what-have-you, we'd hear and voice the same complaint at meetings of the American Medical Association, the Bar Association, the American Pretzel Institute, etc. Somehow we are all convinced or at least hope that if we could only, "get our message across to the public" (an extremely difficult and astronomically expensive proposition), everything would suddenly turn for the better. But would it? Hardly.

Jan 2, 1976

By Lloyd Pollish, Robert N. Breckenridge

SUCCESS in any underground mining operation is determined by accessibility of the orebody, which in turn is dependent upon maintenance of passageways to the mining zones and temporary support of the voids caused by extraction of ore. This is accomplished by one or a combination of the following methods: timbering, back-filling, pillaring, or, more recently, rock bolting. Timbering has usually been the principal means of maintaining these underground openings necessary for mining operations. Timber, however, does not prevent ground movement beyond the scope of localized sloughing, which is indicated by the gradual failing of the timber itself. Besides this, timbering has always been a costly process, and with the decline of available supplies of timber close to the mining areas, mining men have constantly sought other methods of controlling ground. Rock bolting is now replacing timbering at an ever increasing rate. Experience has proved that this form of ground support is just as applicable to blocky igneous rock as to stratified rock. Besides preventing sloughing of the walls and back of underground openings, Fig. 1, rock bolting has a stabilizing effect on the surrounding ground in much the same manner that steel reinforcing rods add to the strength of concrete structures. Further, rock bolting is flexible and may be applied to any shaped excavation, whereas timber sets are in a fixed pattern and the ground must often be changed to conform with this pattern. Rock-bolting installations were made in metal mines of the Northwest as early as 1939. An exhaust air crosscut was driven that year in one of the Butte mines of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. The crosscut was rock-bolted and gunited at the time it was driven and is still being used to exhaust hot humid air from the 3400 level of the Belmont mine. It is interesting to note that no sloughing or caving has taken place in the 14 years it has been open. Even though these early installations of rock bolts were successful, few men recognized their potentiality until recent years, when the coal mines started their programs of mechanization and the great trend toward roof bolting began. In some areas of the Northwest stopes that previously required heavy timbering and close backfilling are now being mined by the more economical cut-and-fill and shrinkage methods. When used in conjunction with timbering, rock bolting increases the efficiency of the operation by decreasing hanging wall dilution and by making it possible to blast larger rounds. Most of the rock bolts installed to date in mines of the Northwest have been the 1-in. diam slot and wedge type, but there has been a recent trend to- ward using the 3/4-in. diam expansion shell bolt shown in Fig. 2. In addition to these commercially manufactured steel bolts, wooden bolts have been used with considerable success by the Day Mines of Wall'ace, Idaho. Installation of the slot and wedge type requires three distinct operations, with tools for each operation: 1—drilling the hole to proper diameter and depth, 2—setting the bolt, and 3—tightening the nut. Holes are drilled and bolts set with pneumatic rock drills. A number of setting or driving tools have been used successfully, but most follow the same general pattern. Usually the driving tool is designed to accommodate a short length of drill steel on one end and the rock bolt on the other end. In this manner the hammering effect of the rock drill is transmitted through the steel and driving tool to the bolt. When machines not having stop rotation are used, slippage is allowed between the driving tool and bolt or between the drill steel and driving tool. The rock bolt nuts are tightened either with pneumatic impact wrenches or with hand wrenches. Impact wrenches are desirable because they are faster and assure adequate tightness. Expansion shell bolts have the following advantages over slot and wedge rock bolts: 1—No special equipment other than a wrench is needed for their installation. 2—Installation is faster. 3—They are removable. 4—Holes need not be drilled to a specific depth as the expansion shell will anchor anywhere along the length of the hole. These advantages are offset somewhat by the lesser strength of the bolt, since expansion shell bolts are generally made from 3/4-in. diam steel as compared to 1-in. diam steel for the slot and wedge type. One manufacturer, however, is now fabricating expansion shell rock bolts from steel of high tensile strength, which gives this ¾-in. bolt a much greater strength than that of the mild steel bolt. Table I illustrates tests made by the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. to determine the proper hole size to use with various types of bolts and to determine

Jan 1, 1955

By Hugh M. Roberts, R. D. Longyear

Introduction ............................ 27 GEnERal Geology........................... 29 The ORebodY in Western Falco~ridgI TownsRip........... 31 Quartzite-Graywacke Formation................... 33 Greenstone............................ 33 Norite ............................. 33 Metamorphism.......................... 35 The Orebody........................... 36 Mineralogy ........................... 37 Grade of Ore........................... 42 Genesis oF tEe Ores . :....................... 43 Summary of Various Hypotheses.................. 44 Magmatic Segregation by Crystallization of Sulphides........ 44 Gravitational Segregation of Molten Sulphides at the Base of the Magma 45 Intrusion of Molten Sulphides after the Consolidation of 'he Nurite.. 45 Deposition by Hydrothermal Solutions.............. 46 Magmatic Segregation by Extraction from Crystallizing Norite... SO The Relationship between the Exploration and Theories of Origin .... 50 Volume Relations of Norite and Sulphides............... 62 Intimate Association of Norite and Sulphides............. 53 Granitic Material........................ 54 Uniform Content........................ 54 Sulphides in Walls......................... 54 Absence of Typical Hydrothermal Minerals.............. 55 SUmmaRY................................ 56 Introduction During 1916 and 1917. the E. J. Longyear Co. of Minneapolis. Minn., carried out a campaign of exploration for nickel-copper ore in the Sudbury District of Ontario. The work was initiated by W. E. Smith. a resident of Sudbury. who called the attention of W. J. Mead. Chief Geologist

Jan 1, 1918

By Dermot Macaragh Ross-Brown, Brian Stimpson

Borehole information is often the only source of information on rock conditions at depth during the stage of feasibility studies of a project, and from this data the rock mechanics engineer would like to make some quantitative estimates of rock mass cohesive strength. While judgement and experience will usually play a paramount role at this stage, simple tools for estimating rock mass cohesive strength would be an asset. In this paper, an approximate technique is suggested for assessing the cohesive strength of a randomly jointed rock mass from borehole data on fracture intensity and intact rock strength.

Jan 1, 1980

By Anton Eilers, R. W. Raymond, O. H. Hann

THIS paper will treat of such works only as beneficiate ores directly in the mining districts. And when it is said that more than twenty

By C. G. Dunn, F. W. Daniels, M. J. Bolton

Recent observations on grain boundary movements in sihcon iron have indicated the possibility of studying grain growth phenomena in two-grain specimens in which several variables affecting growth are readily controlled. These variables are (1) the energy per unit area (?) in the grain boundary, (2) the orientation relationship of the two grains, and (3) the radius of curvature (7) of the moving boundary. Ideally, one grain A should be a narrow rectangular parallelepiped adjacent to a second grain ß as shown two dimensionally in Fig 1. Such a two-grain group becomes unstable when one end of grain A is shaped according to the dotted line. Since the width w of grain A remains constant during growth of grain B, T should also remain constant. The other vari- ables mentioned above can be controlled in the preparation of each two-grain specimen.l,2,3 For a parLicular orientation of each grain, is not necessarily fixed; ? may also depend on the orientation of the grain boundary, but this may be controlled to some degree. The energy relationships for the gowth of grain ß may be derived from the more simple arrangement of two grains A' and B' shown schematically in Fig 2. Here B' largely surrounds A'. Assume these grains are oriented with a common plane parallel with the flat

Jan 1, 1950

By AIME AIME

Report of Committee 24, of the International Association for Testing Materials, presented at the Brussels Congress, 1906. Republished for use at the 94th Meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, New York, N. Y., February, 1908. Discussion by letter is requested by the Secretary of the Institute. The Committee appointed for the solution of Problem 24 consisted of the following members Prof. H. M. Howe, New York, N. Y. (Chairman); L. Levy, Paris, France (Vice-Chairman) ; Prof. D. Tschernoff, St. Petersburg, Russia (Vice-Chairman) ; Prof. Albert Sauveur, Cambridge, Mass. (Secretary) ; Van Drunen, Ixelles, Belgium; Lieut.-Col. H. Tusen, Copenhagen, Denmark ; E. P. Martin, Abergavenny, England ; A. Pourcel, Paris, France ; H. Brauer, Dortmund, Germany ; Dr. Prof. H. Wedding, Berlin, Germany; P. Verole, Milan, Italy ; A. Baalsrud, Christiania, Norway ; A. R. v. Dormus, Vienna, Austria ; A. Sailler, Vienna, Austria; Bureau des Forges, St. Petersburg, Russia; Prof. N. Belelub-sky, St. Petersburg, Russia ; N. Jossa, St. Petersburg, Russia ; Maj.-Gen. M. Korobkoff, St. Petersburg, Russia ; S. Smirnoff, St. Petersburg, Russia ;.Ladislaus v. Tetmajer, Budapest, Hungary ; H. H. Campbell, Steelton, Pa. Early in February, 1905, a list of species and varieties of iron and steel, with definitions, drawn by the Chairman and Secretary of Committee 24, was sent to every member of this Committee with a request for comments and suggestions. A special request was sent to the following gentlemen . for the equivalents in their several languages of these species and varieties : A. , Pourcel, Paris, France; Prof. H. Wedding, Berlin, Germany ; J. A. Brinell, Stockholm, Sweden ; Prof. H. I. Hannover, Copenhagen, Denmark; Prof. P. Kley, Delft, Holland; P. Verole, Milan, Italy; Col. Cubillo, Trubia, Spain. This present report, which is based upon our original list and definitions, and upon the replies to these requests, consists of four parts I. A polyglot, which gives the names of the chief classes of iron and steel in English, French, German, Swedish, Danish and Dutch. We .regret that we have failed to get the Italian and Spanish names. II. English definitions of principal classes of iron and steel. III. A glossary of special sizes and shapes of iron and steel. IV. A note on the boundary between steel and cast-iron. I. POLYGLOT, IN ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, SWEDISH, DANISH AND DUTCH, OF THE CHIEF CLASSES OF IRON AND STEEL, AND OF THE APPARATUS IN WHICH THEY ARE MADE. This list is not intended to be complete, but rather to include only those varieties which are of interest to the Association.

Mar 1, 1908