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By A. A. Schweizer

This paper documents the growth and projects the future of Green Diamond Sand Products. Since1954, Green Diamond, located in Riddle, Oregon, has been producing sand from granulated nickel slag for use in various markets. Through the years, the company has seen several changes from its ownership to its product lines. In 1991, Green Diamond was producing abrasive sand at a rate of about 30,000 tons per year. It was at this time that Green Diamond became part of Glenbrook Nickel Company. Over the next eight years, Green Diamond would quadruple its production to over 140,000 tons while moving into three new markets, as well. Green Diamond is now producing sand for use in the abrasive, foundry, construction, and roofing industries. In 1998, Green Diamond again found itself under new, private ownership. With plans on developing agricultural sand and spent abrasives recycling, the future of Green Diamond appears to be one of further expansion coupled with diversification of its product lines.

Jan 1, 2000

By S. C. Tadolini, P. Mills

"INTRODUCTION This research produced a shotcrete formulation that extends beyond stabilization and can be used to restore the structural integrity of damaged infrastructure. The primary challenge was to develop a shotcrete or gunite with structural strength within a few minutes to prevent parasitic loading and allow ingress into damaged structures within a few minutes of the mix formulation being applied. This also applies to mining conditions where rapid support of progressive failures can minimize failure. An additional benefit was the discovery that the product had extremely high adhesion properties in addition to high flexural strengths. The approach to product design was the development of “single bag” dry mixes that are entirely self-contained, can be rapidly transported anywhere in the field or underground, and be deployed using simple equipment. Dry mix eliminates issues relevant to high shear water mixing, as water is added in the form of a mist at the point of delivery; thus low W/C can be achieved. However, as there is no onsite powder mixing, the product must have a high degree of inherent homogeneity. A commercial version of this material is currently offered as Minova’s Tekcrete Fast® product which has been successfully deployed in the mining industry and is currently being used in civil, construction and tunneling operations. The material can rapidly stabilize unstable ground in metal/nonmetal and coal mines. This paper described the technology development, product testing results and applications in mining and civil applications. BACKGROUND The original development of this product was to complete rapid stabilization of shock damaged structures, which falls outside the purview of normal construction and mining practices, due to the critical time issue and the nature of the damaged structure. The stabilization of damaged structures requires materials and equipment that can be rapidly deployed to place materials that have very rapid strength development. These materials need to be placeable at a distance to provide some degree of safety to the responders. In addition, the materials must be able to adhere to structural surfaces that have not been specially prepared and conditioned, and may also be highly fractured, dusty, wet, and quite possibly hot or extremely cold. The technology for the rapid delivery of large volumes of cementitious materials to vertical or even overhead surfaces currently exists. Pneumatic delivery (shotcreting) has been used in construction for over 100 years (American Shotcrete Association, 2014). Shotcreting has played a major role in structures like the Washington D.C. Metro subway system and been used in underground mining applications routinely to serve as part of the primary and secondary support system when used in conjunction with traditional roof bolts. Numerous rapid setting cements are commercially available. They are used for rapid repair of surfaces such as bridge decks, pavements, and commercial floors, as well as structural repairs of vertical and overhead surfaces. Few of these products are specifically marketed for use in shotcrete applications. The majority of rapid setting cements are based on, or at least contain, Portland cement as a principle component. Other components are added that help provide early strength, such as high alumina cement (HAC), organic polymers, chemical accelerators (which can also be added during concrete batching), and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (e.g. gypsum plaster) (Lea, 1971). Cementitious mortars prepared with some of these cements can achieve compressive strengths of 6.8 – 13.8 MPa (1,000-2,000 psi) within 1 hour. However, Portland cement mortar and concrete typically require many weeks of proper curing to reach significant levels of their ultimate strengths, even when used with set accelerators. Also, high early strengths require the use of large proportions of Portland cement in the concrete mix, which can lead to high heat evolutio"

Jan 1, 2017

By Donald C. Strimbeck

The Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, is conducting research and development on a coal-burning gas turbine. This work includes the development of (1) turbine blades resistant to coal ash erosion, (2) equipment to feed coal under pressure to a turbine, (3) an efficient combustion system, and (4) equipment to remove coal ash from the gases that drive the turbine. Initial emphasis is being placed on testing the first turbine ever equipped with blades designed specifically for use with coal as the fuel. Operating tests with this turbine are now in progress. This paper describes the Bureau's coal-burning gas turbine development program and progress on this operating test.

Jan 1, 1964

By J. F. Brune

This paper analyzes the explosion hazard resulting from the formation of methane-air mixtures in the mined-out gobs of underground longwall coal mines. Although direct examinations of the gob atmosphere are difficult due to the inaccessibility of these gobs, evidence from methane drainage practices and investigations of numerous mine explosions suggests that explosive methane zones can form within longwall gobs. Explosions and fires resulting from these methane accumulations have led to severe and fatal injuries to the miners. Most recently, this was demonstrated in the explosion of the Upper Big Branch Mine in West Virginia, where 29 miners lost their lives.The paper also reviews current research on numerical modeling of gas flows in longwall gobs and outlines how targeted injection of nitrogen into gobs can effectively reduce the volume of such explosive methane zones. The paper concludes that comprehensive monitoring of gas compositions, along the accessible fringes of the gobs along with inertization, improved ventilation schemes and further research are necessary to control this explosion hazard and make mining operations safe.

Jan 1, 2013

By M. Javier

"Mining makes civilization possible. It also creates socio-environmental liabilities forcing us to ask how much more of this mining can our planet support. It is clear that the future of mining differs from mining in the future. The laws of nature are being compromised by mining. This paper studies the problems at the core of the mining business which need to be addressed. What kind of mining will serve our existence with nature on this planet? What kind of mining perspectives are we able to formulate without having negative effects for future generations? Is mining technologically sustainable? The values of predictions, imagination, and creativity must be integrated to define what mining should be. Those values should be in the technologies necessary to restoring equilibrium of nature (Geomimic) as well as in complete extraction of metals, better utilization of the mineral reserves, and design the usage of metals to recycle. The purpose of this research is to examine many views and perspectives for future generations and to accelerate the pace of innovation of having mining without socio-environmental liabilities by design and by understanding nature. KEYWORDS: Geomimic, Sustainability, Waste mine Design, Management by Loss. INTRODUCTION The future of mining is being stifled by many antiquated and stagnant attitudes and policies by the industry and society as a whole. The time is now or never for real action and education against these attitudes and to upgrade them to meet the current needs of this planet if we are to survive. Doing this will prove that we understand and respect nature for us and our posterity. It will also show a positive assessment that the mining process can be reversed before the point of no return. And that is to say, only if reversibility is still an option. It may not be anymore but it’s worth a try. We need to use our imagination and engineering know-how to come up with new proposals to change the core of mining. It would entail re-engineering. There is a profound difference between the future of mining and mining in the future. The future of mining is the continuation and persistence of past practices in the industry and expecting new results. Mining in the future requires a paradigm shift for extraction through modern thinking about mining as it pertains nature. The new paradigm for mining in the future would restore equilibrium with nature. Always keep in mind the connection of mining to nature. What is the future of nature? To predict mining in the future we need to use past experiences in mining and our knowledge of modern science and engineering to formulate a prototype that will enhance mining while maintaining equilibrium with nature. Mining and protecting nature are not mutually exclusive. This new prototype has nothing to do with the level of bonding or insurance that the mining industry can legally provide. The goal of this paper is to contribute some new ideas to help transform the mining industry based on the laws of nature and its limitations. Using this new prototype we will develop the following 1. Extraction of minerals Reserves-Dimensions-Technologies 2. Usage of mineral resources-Manufacture’s products designed to be reused and recycled 3. Nature- Equilibrium (physical, chemical and biological)"

Jan 1, 2016

By J. L. Moreno, A. L. Williamson, R. D. Bartlett

Large open pit mines in desert climates, such as the Phelps Dodge Morenci copper mine in Arizona, can create groundwater cones-of-depression of considerable size and stability. The hydraulic containment provided by the groundwater depression prevents migration of process solutions into the surrounding regional aquifer. Copper leach operations that fall within the groundwater depression may not require costly lining if passive containment can be demonstrated. An approach is presented in this paper that was successfully used to demonstrate passive containment. The approach includes a combination of groundwater modeling and a water balance analysis of leaching operations failing within or immediately near the open pit.

Jan 1, 1999

By J. B. Gwiazda

S. Budirsky J.B. Gwiazda's article deals with an interesting problem that has not been studied thoroughly up to now. Gwiazda has proposed a technical solution that eliminates horizontal load imposed by the supports on the roof. That load is due to a discrepancy between the trajectories of the canopy and the overlying strata. It is true that the improved lemniscate guidance system proposed by Gwiazda could eliminate the horizontal load but, on the other hand, it would represent a higher cost of the supports, and it would complicate the already complicated mechanism of powered supports. That is why we must be convinced that the proposed improvement is actually needed. From that point of view, the following questions should be elucidated. As shown in Fig. 1, the point 0 travels along the curve a, which produces horizontal load on the roof in the direction of the coal face. As stated by Gwiazda, "such a high load is capable of destroying the roof above the support, causing rock debris to be scattered around the face." The results of our measurements carried out in coal mines of the Czechoslovak part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin show that the convergence in the modern type of powered supports does not exceed several millimeters (not more than 10) per hour. Similar conclusions were drawn from field measurements performed in the Polish part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (see S. Romanowicz and H. Szopka in Proceedings, Scientific and Technical Symposium Simmex'85, Katowice, Poland, pp. 73-83). The small vertical closure of the supports also induces a small horizontal displacement of the canopy. In addition to this, the transmission of forces between the roof and the canopy is influenced by the layer of debris on it, i.e., the canopy slides without imposing a greater horizontal load on the roof. This was deduced from field measurements of Voest-Alpine F 4/4500 powered supports equipped with rams instead of the common front lemniscate links (denoted as 1 in Fig. 5). In these supports, the pressurizing of the space of piston rod (1a in Fig. 5) causes the rams to close, which induces horizontal load on the roof in a direction toward the coal face. After the setting of a support unit, the pressure in the piston rod space was found to drop, frequently to zero, because the small horizontal sliding between the canopy and the debris or inside the debris caused the horizontal reaction from the roof to fall to zero, although the debris were pressurized by vertical setting load. As a consequence, there was no horizontal load imposed by the canopy on the roof. A rise of the horizontal load was recorded only after the passage of the shearer and during lowering of the adjacent units. Thorough information on the results of the aforementioned field measurement is given in the paper, "Analysis of the performance of shield powered supports installed in a thick seam," published in Mechanizacja i automatyzacja gornictwa, 1982, No. 12, pp. 38-46. An English translation of the paper is available from the author. We have deduced from our observations that horizontal load imposed by the canopy on the roof in the direction toward the coal face is useful for roof control because it limits the displacement of the immediate roof toward the gob particularly during the rise working. We came to the conclusion that horizontal load on the roof toward the coal face should be induced on purpose. Could Mr. Gwiazda prove with the results of field measurements his contrary opinion? Has the small horizontal displacement of the canopy toward the face actually had an adverse effect on the roof? As shown in Fig. 2, during the setting of a support unit, the canopy imposes a horizontal load on the roof in the direction of the gob. In this case, I share Gwiazda's opinion that the horizontal load could have an adverse effect on the roof. Nevertheless, two important circumstances were neglected - the horizontal compliance of the supports and the interaction of adjacent units. The question of the compliance was analyzed precisely by I. Krumnacker in Gluckauf-Forschungshefte, 1984, No. 5, pp. 219-223. He found that due to the clearance between the hinge pins and the eyes of the sheild and due to the elasticity of the steel structure,

Jan 1, 1987

By M. G. Hester

The ore reserve modeling of stratiform uranium deposits to be mined by selective underground mining methods must be done with consideration of the erratic nature of the ore forming processes that produced the mineralization. Estimation methods that model the uranium grade as a smooth transition between high grade and low grade drillhole intercepts tend to greatly overestimate the ore tonnage. Care must be taken to first establish realistic ore pod geometries and then estimate the grade of the reserve units within the pods.

Jan 1, 1985

By A. D. Pernichele

Four types of slope failures in waste dumps are recognized; debris flow, foundation failure, edge slump and blowout. The first three types, although at times causing considerable damage to property and interfering with mine operations, are not usually dangerous to personnel because of their slow rate of movement. The fourth type, the blowout, is considered to be the most dangerous because of its explosive mode of failure and lack of forewarning. The December failure at Verona dump is presented as an example of a blowout. Data from piezometer holes indicate that the blowout was due to perched leach solutions near the face of the dump. The level of water in this zone is very closely related to the rate of leach water application on the dump. A detailed analysis of core samples indicated that the impounded water was due to a zonal accumulation of Jarosite which is associated with a buried dump surface. Drain holes proved successful in controlling perched leach solutions in the critical zone near the face of the dump. Monitoring of the water level in the perched zone is considered essential in preventing blowouts. The use of drain and piezometer holes has allowed an increase in the rate of water application on the dump while preventing additional failure.

Jan 1, 1971

High pressure grinding mills have been successfully introduced in the industry. They offer the possibilities for capacity increase of existing plants and reduction of operating costs. Further metallurgical advantages in gold and copper are possible. The plants in operation are running in different applications and modes of operation. They can be installed in a combination with SAG and ball mills or in a stand-alone mode. In combination with other grinding mills, it has to be investigated how the HPGR can be installed to reach the full efficiency. This paper describes the possibilities to implement high pressure grinding rolls and shows by case studies the potential of savings which could be reached

Jan 1, 1996

This study was conducted to establish the effects of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) system with sintered metal substrate on the concentrations and size distributions of nano and ultrafine aerosols and concentrations of nitric oxides in underground mine air. The study focused on the formation and transformation of nucleation mode particles in mine air under prevailing test conditions. Experimental work was conducted in the NIOSH Diesel Laboratory at the Lake Lynn Laboratory experimental mine, a facility developed to allow evaluation of control technologies directly in underground conditions. The DPF system was examined for four repeatable steady-state engine modes using a naturally aspirated mechanically controlled Isuzu C240 diesel engine fueled with ultralow sulfur fuel. The engine coupled to an eddy-current dynamometer was operated in the underground drift with tightly controlled ventilation. Measurements upwind and downwind of the exhaust system discharge were used to quantify the effects of the DPF system on the mine air. A baseline was established using a standard muffler. The study showed that sintered metal DPF systems reduced the total mass of aerosols in the mine air by more than ten-fold when compared to a muffler. The nucleation mode aerosols (50dem<40 nm) in mine air were found to be strongly influenced by engine operating mode. The concentration of nucleation mode aerosols was found to be significantly higher for high-load modes than for low-load modes. The muffler and DPF system resulted in comparable total nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentrations. However, the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) fraction of the total NOx was found to be substantially higher for both systems for low-load modes than for high-load modes.

Jan 1, 2009

By H. Dreissen

Upgrading of low-concentration ores is of growing importance today. The Heavy Medium Cyclone Process, thanks to strong centrifugal forces, effectively separates particles varying only slightly in specific gravity but widely in size. The paper discusses the separation efficiency, the method of assessing that efficiency, and the influence of such factors as medium solids. The operating results of nine heavy medium cyclone plants handling following minerals are reported: barite, wolfram, iron, magnesite, diamond, lead-zinc, fluorspar, rocksalt potash. Highlighted are an improved recovery system for heavy medium and some other developments, such as techniques for separation down to 0.1mm and the application in the field of recycling.

Jan 1, 1980

By Robert B. Tippin

A number of recent studies 1-4 suggest that steelmaking expansion might be achieved more economically by a combination of the prereduction furnace and the electric steelmaking furnace rather than through new blast furnace construction. Supergrade concentrates would be the first step in an evolving technology which bypasses the blast furnace and in which the concentrates are first made into pre¬reduced pellets and then used directly in electric steelmaking, Prereduced pellets made from superconcentrates should not only be competitive with scrap, but should be a preferred feed for the electric furnace because of the absence of such residual elements as copper and nickel. Furthermore, geographic areas remote from present steelmaking centers may find the electric furnace to be an economical method of providing local steel requirements. The development of successful methods of producing superconcentrates may also be expected to find application to conventional blast furnace burdens. The need for methods of increasing grade of domestic concentrates will become increasingly urgent in the face of competition from high grade imports. Only a small percentage of domestic iron ore production can qualify as superconcentrates, (Superconcentrates for the purpose of this investigation are limi¬ted to those concentrates which contain a maximum of 2 percent S&apos;02). During the last several years the Twin Cities Metallurgy Research Center of the Bureau of Mines has directed research efforts to develop methods of manufacturing superconcentrates from present standard grade products by cationic flotation, screening, and magnetic separation.

Jan 1, 1971

By L. Mukka

The existing main mine ventilation system for the production areas to the Kiruna mine was constructed during the period 1994-1996 and extended with 4 more shafts, including fan stations, for the sea ore body from 1997-1998. Two papers have been presented from this project at the 7th US Mine Ventilation Symposium in 1995 and at The 6th International Mine Ventilation Congress in 1997. In 2005, pre-studies for a new main haulage level were started. Different haulage methods were presented including ventilation systems. The pre-studies showed that the existing ventilation system, including fan stations for the new main haulage system in the production area, could be extended. However, a new system for the central area, which was not in the initial investment program, would be needed. In the beginning of 2006, a decision was made to design a new ventilation system for the central area to make it possible to get air to the development work for the new main haulage system, independent of the haulage method. This system was operational by the beginning of 2007. The new main haulage system, which was decided to be located on level 1365 m, only requires that the existing shafts be extended - the capacity of the fans seems to be enough. However, the problem is that the existing level 1045 m and the new level 1365 m have to be in operation in parallel for approximately 7-8 years. The challenge for the moment is determining how to ventilate the production areas for both levels at the same time, while simultaneously constructing the extended system. This paper will describe the problems associated with the extension of the main ventilation system and some potential solutions for these problems. The new main haulage level 1365 m must be in operation by 2012.

Jan 1, 2009

By E. V. Manlapig

This review paper describes recent advances that have been made at the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) in Brisbane in developing a framework for simulating the flotation process. The work has been carried out collaboratively with the Mineral Processing Research Unit of the University of Cape Town in South Africa (UCT), as part of the Australian Minerals Industries Research Association (AMIRA) P9 Project. The framework consists of four components, namely – the mathematical model of the flotation process, suitable measurement tools for characterising the flotation cell, a computer program for modelling and simulating the process and the plantas for testing and validating the flotation models. A brief description of the model is first presented, then a number of applications of the model are described. The paper shows how the model can be used to optimise the performance of flotation cells, and then two case studies on the modelling methodologies are described. Finally the current and future plans of the project are outlined.

Jan 1, 2001

By B. W. Cavender

Innovative mining and metallurgical operating techniques or processes can be identified and developed by systematically analyzing change as it occurs within the mine, plant, technology, or industry. Sources of change to be monitored for innovative opportunities include unexpected successes or failures, incongruities between perceived and actual events, process needs, changes in perceptions, and the development of new knowledge. Innovation can be effectively organized, practiced, and managed. The perception of change as an opportunity rather than a threat is mandatory, as is the systematic measurement of innovative performance. Innovation is enhanced by specifically-designed policies regarding organizational structure and staffing, daily management practices, and compensation and incentives.

Jan 1, 1994

By Y. C. Kim

Using an exhaustive data set of Walker Lake, four different kriging techniques plus the inverse distance squared weighting were compared with regards to each one&apos;s performance in accurately estimating the block grades. The North-West quadrant of the Walker Lake data area was used because of its extreme variability of values and its distinct contour of the values. There were 1900 exhaustive data points in the selected area from which a total of 121 samples were drawn following the sampling strategy given in Isaaks and Srivastava (1989). The average of 5 x 5 exhaustive data points was treated as the true, known block grade. A total of 780 blocks, each block corresponding to the average of 5x5 exhaustive data points, were then estimated using the 121 sample points. The resulting estimates were then compared with the true known values to determine each technique&apos;s prediction performance. For this particular portion of the Walker Lake and for the given sampling strategies used, the obtained results for the global estimation are mixed. For the variable U which is much more variable, the rankings are; 1) Jackknife Kriging (JK), 2) Indicator Kriging (IK), 3) Inverse Distance Square weighting (IDS), 4) Ordinary Kriging (OK), and 5) Log-Jackknife Kriging (LJK). For the variable V, the results are; 1) OK, 2) IK, 3) JK, 4) LJK, and 5) IDS. When we apply several cutoff grades to the estimates to determine the conditional mean grades and tonnage, the above rankings generally get shifted around. Two exceptions to these cases are; a) UK for U and b) IDS for V. These two consistently ranked at the bottom.

Jan 1, 1995

By G. Ofori-Sarpong, A. -S. Adam, R. K. Amankwah

"In the application of the BIOX® technology, high tailings grade (2-16 g/t) may be generated with a decrease in overall gold recovery, which sometimes make it economically unattractive. This paper investigated the causes of the high tailings grade by using samples from the Bogoso BIOX plant. Partial chemical analysis, diagnostic tests and cyanidation optimisation studies were conducted to invoke understanding into the high tailings grades. Diagnostic study on the tailings showed 48.34% of gold in carbonaceous matter, 17.12% in quartz, 13.40% as liberated gold, 11.51% imbedded in sulphides and the remaining 9.65% in carbonates. Optimum cyanidation recovery of 90.4% was established for the BIOX concentrate at 7 kg/t NaCN, 40-50 g/L activated carbon and residence time of 40 hours. The recovery was sensitive to carbon and cyanide concentrations but additional cyanide was not economical. High preg-robbing indices of 72.7% and 64.4% were recorded for the BIOX product and the flotation concentrate respectively. This confirms the inability of the BIOX process to deactivate carbonaceous matter, which remains a serious precursor for low overall gold recoveries and high CIL tailings. INTRODUCTION Gold ores may be broadly classified as refractory and non-refractory. Non-refractory ores are easy to treat but refractory materials require complicated flowsheets for metal extraction (Hausen and Bucknam, 1985; Schmitz et al, 2001; Marsden and House, 2006). As near surface non-refractory gold deposits are getting depleted, the increasing price of gold and increasing demand for gold, have encouraged many gold producing companies to treat refractory ores for gold recovery. The refractory behaviour of these ores may be due to the presence of sulphides, tellurides, cyanicides and/or carbonaceous matter. Refractory ores do not respond well to conventional cyanidation as the gold is either occluded by or in solid solution in sulphides, or is in association with cyanicides (Marsden and House, 2006). Further, carbonaceous matter preg-robs gold during leaching (Osseo-Asare et al, 1984; Hausen and Bucknam, 1985; Schmitz et al, 2001). The two major causes of refractoriness are the presence of sulphides and carbonaceous matter, and these render the ore double refractory (Nyavor and Egiebor, 1992). Oxidative pre-treatment processes such as high pressure leaching/oxidation; biological oxidation, ultra-fine grinding and roasting are required to render refractory ores amenable to conventional cyanidation (Marsden and House, 2006). Biological oxidation, however, has become the preferred pre-treatment route because it is more environmentally friendly and convenient even where only partial oxidation is required. Comparative tests have demonstrated that bioleaching can achieve the same or better results than roasting or pressure leaching in terms of gold recovery (Yannopoulos, 1991; Brierley, 1997). Further, biological treatment processes are more cost-effective, environmentally friendly and safer."

Jan 1, 2017

It is crucial to reestablish a domestic rare earths minerals production industry to help secure the Nation&apos;s clean energy future, reduce the U.S. vulnerability to material shortages related to national defense, and to maintain our global technical and economic competitiveness. Given that the Chinese dominance of the rare earths market has adversely impacted supply stability and endangers the United States and its allies&apos; assured access to key materials, rare earths should qualify as materials either strategic or critical to national security. Further, the U.S. government should facilitate the reintroduction of a globally competitive rare earth industry in the U.S. Realization of this objective requires: ? Developing domestic processing capability so that the U.S. is not primarily dependent on China as a source of rare earth ore, and almost exclusively dependent of China for processing of the ores. ? Providing a mechanism where access to Federal lands for rare earth exploration and extraction is possible, and ? Training engineers to design and operate rare earth ore processing facilities

Jan 1, 2011

By V. T. McLemore

The mining industry is at a crossroad. To sustain our technically based society, demands for commodities are increasing, and exploration for these commodities is a must. The debate is between sustainable development and the status quo and begins with exploration, where it is determined if a mineralized area contains enough potential ore to be mined economically. Mineral deposits are relatively rare and depend upon certain natural geologic conditions to form and may not always occur in locations that are most suitable to society. Exploration can be compatible with environmental protection and social responsibility, but difficult challenges face the industry to develop a property that is environmentally, economically, and socially responsible.

Jan 1, 2004