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By Kenneth H. Johnston

This report describes an in situ combustion project and three waterflood projects in Allen, Anderson, and Wilson Counties, Kansas, that will be visited during the 1964 annual tour of the Kansas-Oklahoma Waterflood Association. Among the unique features of the projects are the movement of heavy crude oil through the reservoir and into the wellbore with energy furnished by burning a portion of the crude oil therein. Another feature is the simultaneous injection of C02 and water, through separate tubing into input wells during early development, to increase injectivity at moderate pressures, Discussion of individual projects includes information on their early history, source and treatment of injection fluids, oil production-decline curves, and the results of water injection on oil production.

Jan 1, 1964

By Irving Hartmann, John Nagy, Donald Mitchell

"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONThe test data indicate that water infusion of the Pittsburgh coal seam does not reduce the amount of fine dust produced during mining operations to the extent reported elsewhere. Wide variations in the amounts of dust collected in the air current were noted in duplicate samples and repetitive tests. Changes in depth and location of the infusion holes and amount of water injected and addition of a wetting agent to the water had little effect on the amount of dust liberated.Water was forced readily into the coal. Some water flowed out along the cleats, but an appreciable amount remained in the seam. Little or no water pene¬trated the coal seam above the upper infusion holes.The average dust concentration (with and without infusion) in the return air, 40 feet outby the working face, was 25 million particles per cubic foot during undercutting, 20 million during drilling, 75 million during shot firing, and 20 million during hand loading. At the working face the average concentration was 3 to 6 times higher. The concentrations were measured at an airflow of 1,600 cubic feet per minute (c.f.m.) at the face.On the basis of this short investigation, no final conclusions can be made on the effectiveness of water infusion in reducing the amount of fine dust liberated during mining in the Pittsburgh coal seam. However, the data indicate that dust reduction resulting from infusion would be small.INTRODUCTIONThe production of fine coal dust is an inherent part of nearly every phase of mining. The use of large, high-speed continuous-mining machines and other mechanical equipment has increased dust production. In addition, in coal seams that have been subjected to high pressures for a long period, and particularly in dry and friable seams, some very fine dust is in the seam before mining. Much effort has been devoted to allaying and collecting at its source the fine coal dust released during mining. One of the comparatively recent techniques that has been developed for this purpose is infusion of water or other liquids into the coal seam. This method consists of injecting water under pressure into a coal seam to neutralize the fine dust released during mining. The water generally is introduced through bore holes in the face before undercutting."

Jul 1, 1957

By J. J. Bean

This paper, describing the milling practice at the oxide concentrator of the International Smelting Co., is one of a series on milling methods and costs being published by the United States Bureau of Mines. GENERAL DESCRIPTION The oxide concentrator is properly an integral part of the Tooele plant of the. International melting Co., located 5 miles from Tooele, Tooele County, Utah. It has a capacity of 300 tons of ore per day and uses an all-flotation process to treat custom siliceous oxidized lead ores obtained principally from the Tintic district in Utah. Ores found amenable to the process are purchased on a custom basis, the principal tonnages being obtained from the Tintic Standard and North Lily mines.

Jan 1, 1933

By John B. Goodman

This report summarizes the work done by the Koppers Company, Incorporated, in cooperation with the Bureau of Mines on the commercial evaluation of the primary low-temperature tars produced from Texas lignite in the Rockdale, Tex., plant of the Aluminum Company of America in conjunction with the Texas Power and Light Company. The interest of the Bureau of Mines in this project is twofold. First, through its cooperative agreement with the Texas Power and Light Company the Bureau has assisted in the technical design and practical operation of the prototype, externally heated, entrained-state carbonizer for producing char for electric-power production and for primary low-temperature tar. Second, the first successful operation of the prototype carbonizers employing the Bureau of Mines-Parry process on lignitic coal in 1953-54 led to the production of large quantities of primary lignitic tar, concerning which too little was known or had heretofore been published in this country.

Jan 1, 1959

By Ted C. Briggs

A removable-jacket distortion apparatus was constructed and used to measure distortion coefficients for two high-pressure vessels. The measured distortion coefficients were used to compute distortion coefficients for volumes VI and (V1+V2) of a 1,000-atmosphere Burnett compressibility apparatus for the temperature range 0° to 75° C. Young?s modulus for Armco 17-4 PH stainless steel, heat treated to condition H1150-M, was computed from experimentally determined distortion coefficients. A 10-to 14-percent correction to the values obtained for Young's modulus may be required because pressure vessel end effects were neglected. The distortion coefficients of the compressibility apparatus are believed to be accurate to about 1 percent.

Jan 1, 1970

By Joseph E. Matta

The Bureau of Mines conducted a field study to investigate thin suppression of respirable dust by water sprays on a continuous-mining machine. Determining the importance of the top and bottom sprays for two types of spray nozzles was emphasized. Results showed, at a 90-pct confidence level, that (1) at least 70 pct of the dust was generated during the sump cut, even though nearly half of the coal was mined during the downshear operation, (2) the water sprays on the top of the boom had little effect in suppressing respirable dust, and (3) B.D. 5 spray nozzles mounted beneath the boom reduced dust at least 33 pet more than B.D. 5 sprays mounted on top of the boom. A single-cut technique was developed that gave good reproducibility for replicate cuts (coefficient of variation of 20 pct).

Jan 1, 1976

By Stephen D. Cramer

A nondestructive procedure for measuring electrodeposit porosity has been developed which records the location and number of deposit defects including pores, pits, and voids. The procedure involves the passage of an X-ray beam through the deposit-substrate system onto suitable film. The defects are recorded as images on the film. Variables studied included intensity and spectra of the X-ray beam, composition and thickness of deposit and substrate, film type and developing procedure, and limits for detecting defects. At an X-ray tube voltage of 40 kv, pores several mils thick were easily detected in copper-nickel specimens more than 20 mils thick. To illustrate the utility of the procedure, the effect of substrate oxidation and of current density on electrodeposit porosity was briefly studied.

Jan 1, 1970

By D. E. Wolfson

This report describes the carbonizing properties of the principal coal beds of Allegheny County, Pa., which rank low in the high-volatile A bituminous classification. Seven coal samples from 3 coal beds were selected for study, as follows: 2 each from the Redstone and Pittsburgh beds and 3 from the Upper Freeport bed. Selection was based on estimated reserves. The samples of Upper Freeport and Pittsburgh coals were satisfactory chemically for producing metallurgical coke. The ash contents of the samples of Redstone coal were moderately high. One of the samples of Redstone coal was high in sulfur content, and it would be difficult to upgrade to meet present metallurgical standards.

Jan 1, 1959

By Albert J. Rambosek

The objective was to obtain qualitative information on (1 ) the stress field in a core stub at the bottom, or face , of a cored borehole and (2 ) whether , and at what distance , in terms of core diameters from the face of the borehole , relief of stresses in the core is complete . The photoelastic and brittle lacquer techniques of stress analysis were used to determine the pattern of stresses in two- dimensional models , simulating the bottom of a borehole with a projecting stub of core . The core was stress- free at 1-1 /2 core diameters or more from the face of the simulated borehole . The analyses of the isoclinic and isochromatic patterns in the core near the face of the borehole reveal why core occasionally breaks into thin plates , when core or stress - relief drilling is attempted in highly stressed rock masses , such as heavily loaded mine pillars . stub broke away from the bottom in a hydrostatically loaded artificial rock specimen in a manner indicating that core " wafering" can result from tensile stresses developed in the core when a coring bit penetrates the highly stressed rock mass .

Jan 1, 1964

BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, C.A, Analyses of Utah Coals, United States Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 345, 1925, pp. 90. Allen, J.E. and E.M. Baldwin, Geology and Coal Resources of the Coos Bay Quadrangle, Oregon, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Bulletin 27, 1944, pp. 160. "Aluminum Boom Raises Productivity", Coal Age, Vol. 82, No.6, June, 1977, pp. 103.

Jan 1, 1978

PURPOSE: Evaluate practical technological advances in hearing protective devices for use in different mining environments RESEARCH SUMMARY: Previous NIOSH research shows that miners develop hearing loss much more quickly than nonoccupationally noise-exposed individuals and that miners experience a greater severity of hearing loss than would be expected for nonoccupational noise-exposed persons of the same age and sex. As described in the National Occupation-al Research Agenda, problems created by occupational hearing loss include(1) reduced quality of life due to social isolation and unrelenting tinnitus,(2) impaired communication with family members, the public, and coworkers, (3) diminished ability to monitor the work environment (i.e., warning signals, equipment sounds, etc.), (4) lost productivity and increased accidents resulting from impaired communication and isolation, and (5) expenses for workers? compensation and hearing aids.

Jan 1, 2001

By M. J. Reasor, M. DiMatteo, J. M. Antonini, K. Van Dyke, Z. Ye

"The inhalation of silica has been shown to produce a dramatic inflammatory and toxic response within the lungs of humans and laboratory animals. A variety of cellular and biochemical parameters are used to assess the silica-induced lung injury. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the use of luminok:Jependent chemiluminescence as a new method to study inflammation in both phagocytic cells and lung tissue recovered from silicaexposed animals. Chemiluminescence, or the emission of light, accompanies the release of reactive forms of oxygen when phagocytic cells are challenged. In this study, male Fischer 344 rats were intratracheally instilled with either silica (10 mg/100 g bw) or saline vehicle. One day after the instillations. a marked increase in the chemiluminescence was observed in the lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage cells recovered from the silica- treated animals when compared with the saline controls. The light reaction was markedly decreased by either superoxide dismutase or N-nitro-Larginine methyl ester hydrochloride. Superoxide dismutase is involved in the enzymatic breakdown of superoxide anion. while N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrocholoride, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, prevents the formation of nitric oxide. When superoxide anion and nitric oxide react. they form the highly oxidizing substance peroxynitrite. This study then implicates peroxynitrite as an agent that may be responsible for some of the oxidant lung injury that is associated with silica exposure. The use of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence may prove valuable as a method to measure the earliest events in the inflammatory process. and may be an adjunct in studying the mechanisms that produce inflammation. - Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 10):37-42 (1994) IntroductionResearch on inflammation has not produced a method that links the initial events of the process to the controlling events. Rather, a variety of parameters are measured that are the result of and not the basis of the inflammatory reaction. Parameters such as tissue weight, edema, blood flow, enzyme and protein release, or production of metabolites (prostaglandins, leukotrienes) have been used extensively. A method is needed that could be applied to cells of a particular type, groups of cells of different types, and even tissue, in an attempt to study the kinetics of the inflammation as well as being sensitive enough to monitor the early events of the process . Since inflammation is so complicated, the relationship between the control of the initial events and the oxidation process has never been explained nor studied in any derail."

Dec 1, 1995

By Frank E. Cash

The information in this report covers the accident experience of the pebble-phosphate industry of Florida for 1935 and 1936, as well as the 5 years 1930-34, inclusive, statistics of which were published in Information Circular 69174/. The compilation and publication of such accident experience statistics enable the pebble-phosphate industry, as well as other industries, to consider relative hazards and to compare experience and thereby promote accident prevention.

Jan 1, 1937

By R. G. Meara, O&apos

[P.F? bmit e-ninirq ir.3.l r;tq: in the Znited State :; was u~irlyortant p~ior to the Torld ;Jar, ?-.lt with the c~r,sxti~rl of imports d11rln.c thr World 'Jar tke Rmericnn mar~factu~er:. of 1itkopone mcl Sayiun c;~oai?als forced tile tl~veloor?.ent of domertic bar,i$e dqosit9. Pr%~~,n-ily bcca-lse of tho increasing dc.n;;nl'i for lit,hupone3 by the pr?i:~t, Tlocr-covcrin~;, ,md rt1tbe.r indl~stries, ~3c.vs1o~:rnc2t of cto~entic de~onits has cr~ntim~ed to c-cpand. 13 1914, the salnr! oC doxegtic c~l~.dt? t,m-it~ ;u~cr-~nteii. to 52,91? tons, in 1237 ???,1!.1 tons nmre so1.d; thc 12:t~r rcyrprcntcd 77 .E;T pmccnt of the tot,:rl, dr??;ectic and imortcd., haritd US~C in the Cnited State? di7rinz t,hat :.vXr. C,f +he total 193,3:& ton? coy.1~-ed in the United 4 Steter ir. 135, 3E.X percent v;as usec? as groi.z.ld ~rai.te? , "0.3 percent arr lithopone, and 17 .:A ].ercc?t in the rnx 11fact,ure of b;~riim chs:nicals ]

Jan 1, 1938

By R. G. Meara, O&apos

[P.F? bmit e-ninirq ir.3.l r;tq: in the Znited State :; was u~irlyortant p~ior to the Torld ;Jar, ?-.lt with the c~r,sxti~rl of imports d11rln.c thr World 'Jar tke Rmericnn mar~factu~er:. of 1itkopone mcl Sayiun c;~oai?als forced tile tl~veloor?.ent of domertic bar,i$e dqosit9. Pr%~~,n-ily bcca-lse of tho increasing dc.n;;nl'i for lit,hupone3 by the pr?i:~t, Tlocr-covcrin~;, ,md rt1tbe.r indl~stries, ~3c.vs1o~:rnc2t of cto~entic de~onits has cr~ntim~ed to c-cpand. 13 1914, the salnr! oC doxegtic c~l~.dt? t,m-it~ ;u~cr-~nteii. to 52,91? tons, in 1237 ???,1!.1 tons nmre so1.d; thc 12:t~r rcyrprcntcd 77 .E;T pmccnt of the tot,:rl, dr??;ectic and imortcd., haritd US~C in the Cnited State? di7rinz t,hat :.vXr. C,f +he total 193,3:& ton? coy.1~-ed in the United 4 Steter ir. 135, 3E.X percent v;as usec? as groi.z.ld ~rai.te? , "0.3 percent arr lithopone, and 17 .:A ].ercc?t in the rnx 11fact,ure of b;~riim chs:nicals . ]

Jan 1, 1938

By C. A. Komar

The Bureau of Mines conducted experiments on one synthetic and three natural sandstone samples to investigate the effects of acoustic energy on the flow of brine in porous media. Ultrasonic energy at a frequency of 20 kc per second and an intensity of 55 watts per cm2 was irradiated in the direction of the fluid flow and in the opposite direction for distances of 1/2 and 2 inches between the vibrating device and the sample face and under conditions of suppressed and nonsuppressed cavitation. Forty tests were conducted: 32 with a pressure differential of 0.64 psi across the samples, 2 with 5 psi, and 6 with 15 psi. Acoustic waves altered the rate of flow of the brine through the samples, but this effect was observed only at low differential pressures and from a practical point of view was insignificant. As a result of irradiation, however, the samples exhibited reduced permeability. This reduction was probably caused by the shifting of solid particles dislodged by the acoustic waves.

Jan 1, 1967

By S. C. Schaefer

Thermodynamic properties of indium oxide (In203) have been studied with a high-temperature galvanic cell employing stabilized zirconia electrolytes. In the temperature range 790° to 1,230° K the free-energy change for the cell reaction 21n(1) + 3Cu20(c) = In203(c) + 6Cu(c) together with the standard free energy of formation of cuprous oxide gives the standard free energy of formation of indium oxide from the elements as ?Gf° = -218.78 + 75.34 X 10-3T ±0.7 kcal/mole. A third-law analysis yields the standard enthalpy of formation: ?Hf°298.15 = -221.5 kcal/mole.

Jan 1, 1971

Experience, it is said, is the best teacher. Some experiences, however, should be shared so that no one else will ever have to live through them again. The fire at the Sunshine Mine is one such experience. ?Hard-rock mines don?t burn.? The Sunshine Mine near Kellogg, ID, was the nation?s premier silver producer for many years. In 1972, the mine was nearly 6,000 feet deep, contained hundreds of miles of worked-out areas, and employed nearly 500 people. Because of its depth and the type of host rock for the silver (unburnable quartzite), the general thinking of the day was that fires in mines such as the Sunshine were impossible, because ?hard-rock mines don?t burn.? What wasn?t really considered was that timber supports, foam insulation, and mining equipment do burn and that the carbon monoxide gas produced by burning is far more deadly than fire itself. Thus, no one was prepared when, on May 2, 1972, a fire of un-known origin broke out below the 3100 level of the mine. Before long, 173 miners on the day shift were trapped by thick, black smoke. By the time the fire was out, 91 miners had died, and the Sunshine Mine Fire became known as one of the worst mine disasters of the 20th century. It became the catalyst for passage of the Metal/Nonmetal Health and Safety Act of 1977, which applied the same federal safety standards to hard-rock mines as those regulating coal. Mandated safety training, mine inspections, and equipment standards were brought into force.

Aug 1, 2002

By D. F. Reed

As a part of a comprehensive survey of the Adirondack region, the Bureau of Mines, 1944 and 1945, conducted investigation of magnetic deposits at Dennemora, Russia Station, Redford-Clayburg, Standish, and the Ausable river region. Later in 1945, the Federal Geological Survey, started an aeromagnetic survey of the area and completed it in .1946. The Bureau of Mines extended its magnetic surveys in 1946 in the Redford-Clayburg area. In 1947 the Bureau of Mines .diamond-drilled throe holes in the Redford-Clayburg district. Clinton County has one active magnetite mine at Lyon Mountain and inactive mines at Palmer Hill and Arnold Hill, as well as along the Saranac River.

Jan 1, 1949

As part of the Bureau of Mines subactivity in secondary resource recovery and to expand the Nation's mineral base, the Tuscaloosa Research Center made characterization and preliminary beneficiation studies of the waste residues from various coal-conversion processes: from pilot plant tests of the Synthane process for coal gasification, the Synthoil process for coal liquefaction, and the solvent-refined coal (SRC) process for sulfur removal from coal. Those coal conversion processes selected for this study were based on the availability of pilot plant samples. Physical, chemical, and mineralogical examinations of the wastes made to determine the mineral content prior to physical beneficiation tests indicated that in addition to significant quantities of carbon, some trace elements offer potential for concentration.

Jan 1, 1980