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By W. Torres Pino, L. Mariscal Samaniego

The Ilo Smelter has been continuously operating since 1960 with Reverberatory furnaces and Pierce Smith converters producing blister copper. The original installed capacity of 1.134 tons per day of concentrated was expanded in 1976. A process of modernization started in 1995 and 1998 with the installation of an El Teniente Converter, a sulfuric acid plant and an oxygen plant to reduce the gaseous emissions to the atmosphere. With the official approval of the Environmental Compliance and Management Program (Programa de Adecuaci6n y Manejo Ambiental - PAMA) in January 1997, Southern Peru Copper Corporation made a commitment to capture 91. 7% of the S02 generated at the smelter by January 2007. After an evaluation of six different technologies, the ISASMEL T process was selected because it can be easily adapted to the present operation, has a lower capital cost and it is a simple process. The fast learning curve to reach the total capacity will allow to fulfill the PAMA commitment in time. The project construction is in process and SPCC is prepared for a successful start-up and transition of the current operations at the end of year 2006. This paper outlines the factors considered by SPCC in its choice of ISASMEL T technology and describes the construction and the start-up activities of the new facilities.

Jan 1, 2007

By David S. Robertson, Richard F. Douglas

"Uranium is a lithophile element of relatively low natural abundance. Concentrations of uranium form through processes of erosion and sedimentation, and over 90 per cent of the western world's uranium ore reserves are in sedimentary rocks.Proterozoic quartz-pebble conglomerates contain about 60 per cent of the known uranium reserves. These are all similar in appearance, in mode of distribution and in manner of origin. They carry uranium minerals and/or gold and abundant pyrite. Their unique distribution in Huronian time required a pre-existing crust well enough evolved to have plentiful quartz and abundant gold, uranium and pyrite. The materials of value were deposited as detrital heavy minerals prior to the appearance of an oxidizing atmosphere in late Proterozoic time.Epigenetic uranium deposits occur in arkosic sedimentary rocks through the entire geological column. About 30 per cent of the western world's known ore reserves are in _these rocks. This type of deposit is particularly prominent in semi-arid parts of the United States, having yielded most of the uranium ore produced and containing nearly all of the known reserves.The Western States type"" of deposits occur in lenticular, permeable stream-laid sedimentary rocks. The de-posits are believed to have been precipitated from moving ground water at locations where plant debris or other organic matter had accumulated. The uranium may be derived from volcanic sediments, which are commonly associated with the units containing the ore, or it may be leached from exposed granite surfaces or from granitic debris which forms the sediments.A significant part of the world's uranium resources are in black shales and lignitic rocks. The lignites that contain uranium are virtually valueless as potential sources of heat. Uranium concentrations at levels such as to be potential sources of by-product uranium occur in many phosphorites.Reworked sediments may provide uranium in pegmatites and vein-like deposits."

Jan 1, 1970

By Norman Orr, J. W. Gregg, Jack Wahl

The Pembina Cardium pool is a low permeability, stratified, solution-gas drive reservoir. Water-flooding has proven to be an effective means of pressure maintenance for all areas of the pool in which an economic rate of water injection can be maintained. The majority of water injection wells in the pool are converted oil well~ with capacities greater than 100 millidarcy-feet. If the average injection rate per unit of capacity can be in-creased the lower capacity areas of the pool can be economically flooded. Theory, laboratory work, and two . early miscible-flooding projects with-in the pool suggested that average water injection rates for converted wells could be increased two to three-fold by the initial injection of natural gas liquids and natural gas. How-ever, these two early projects received volumes of natural gas liquid!:' and high-pressure natural gas which would be economically prohibitive for routine stimulation. Area D, one of the Five-

Jan 1, 1962

By M. F. Goudge

ROCK wool, one of the most recent additions to the list of Canadian-made, insulating materials, is a soft, light, fibrous material consisting of interlaced, flexible, glassy fibres so exceedingly fine that, individually, they are almost invisible to the naked eye and will float in air. In the process of manufacture, a suitable rock, generally a self-fluxing argillaceous dolomite consisting of nearly equal proportions of acidic and basic constituents, is melted to a completely fluid state and then converted into fibres either by a blast of steam or air, or by a mechanical device. The increase within the past five years in the number of plants in the United States making rock wool and slag wool has been remarkable, especially in view of the depressed conditions prevailing 'with most industries during this period. In 1930, there were only 8 plants reporting production of .these materials, whereas at the present time there are 44 plants in the United States listed as making these products, and there are 3 plants in Canada. In 1929, the total sales of rock-wool products in the United States amounted to-$2,377,324. In 1934, according to the National Rock and Slag Wool Association, 26 member companies reported sales of $3,695,405, and in 1935 the sale's of 30 member companies had a value of $5,571,469. The establishment of the rock-wool industry in Canada followed the publication in 1931 of a report (1) by the Mines Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa, in which was set forth the results of field work and laboratory studies which indicated that large deposits of rock in the Niagara peninsula, hitherto regarded as valueless, were suitable for the making of rock wool. This report was supplemented in 1934 by another report (2), giving the results of further laboratory and commercial-scale tests on the rock from these particular deposits, which proved conclusively that rock wool of good quality could be made from the rock in question.

Jan 1, 1936

By M. W. Lewis

A mine's inherent capacity is dictated by factors such as equipment, design, people, processes, and environment. Actual production may approach, but never surpass, the inherent capacity limit. The inherent capacity ceiling can only be increased through re-engineering. Autonomous haulage systems have the potential to significantly increase a mine ’s inherent and realized capacity. Realized capacity may be maximized through the optimization of soft factors such as the processes, behaviours, and organizational systems, controlling asset utilization, availability, and performance. Truck shovel dispatching systems revolutionized the utilization of mobile assets. High-precision global positioning systems (HP-GPS) are increasingly being adopted to optimize equipment performance. Real-time maintenance management systems have the potential to revolutionize equipment availability and significantly reduce cash costs. This paper explores some of the solutions available to mines to increase their inherent capacity and maximize their realized capacity.

Jan 1, 2004

By R. D. Corrans

"Abstract - Africa is endowed with a number of the world's giant ore deposits which have contributed significantly to the development of their host countries. Mineral exploration has a long history in the continent, but mining on an unprecedented scale took off during the latter part of the 19th century, accompanied by the development of lines of communication and other infrastructure to service the major mining centres .The ""Winds of Change"" which swept Africa in the 1950s and 1960s brought in new styles of government and economic management to a number of regions, often with demise of economic viability and infrastructure. ln recent years, with the end of the cold war, collapse of communism and changes in South Africa, new opportunities for mineral exploration are opening up rapidly in Africa. However, due to the large cost, long lead-in time, and high risk of developing new mineral ventures in the continent, it is necessary for the host countries to draft realistic and favorable mineral laws and fiscal codes in order to attract, and not deter, potential mineral investors.There will be an on-going role in mineral exploration throughout Africa for the artisanal miner, the smaller entrepreneurs and mining companies, exploration aid programs funded by the developed countries through African governments, as well as the major mining houses who have the resources to develop larger viable mineral deposits."

Jan 1, 1994

By C. A. Young, H-H. Huang, L. G. Twidwell

Equilibrium calculational software programs can be effectively utilized to model important parameters in aqueous and aqueous/solid systems, e.g., activity or concentration, solubility, temperature, solution pH, solution potential, and ligand complexation. In this regard, the calculational program ST ABCAL will be demonstrated. Illustrative examples for the creation of diagrams such as potential-pH, and activity or concentration-pH will be presented to demonstrate the fundamentals in real hydrometallurgical systems. Speciation, titration and mixing will be used to simulate or predict operational processes. Berkeley Pit water from a flooded abandoned copper open-pit mine will be used to illustrate the modeling process. According to analytical results the water contains about 20 important constituents. In addition to measured potential and dissolved oxygen, there are two distinctive oxidation/reduction couples. Concentration and other experimental parameters are seldom matched to each other and 12 different conditions have been identified. Water for each condition must be speciated in order to find the best-fit model. The STABCAL program will be used for the modeling calculations and the implication of the water chemistry to defining treatment opportunities will be discussed.

Jan 1, 2005

1.Assessment of methane content in coal. Given a naturally low methane content in 11 Coal Seam and the fact that the areas of the 11 Seam adjacent to the tunnelway were degassing for a very, very long time due to previous development and mining, it is conservatively estimated that the remaining in -situ methane is less than 0.5m3/tonne. 2. Continuous miner cutting rate based on the past practice. The best loading rate recorded at the past operations of Smoky River Coal was 45 seconds for a 8 tonnes shuttle car. Using these records, the maximum peak loading rate potential at the face is calculated at 0.178 tonnes per one second or 10.67 tonnes per one minute. 3. Methane release at the face. ?The actual face methane liberation, conservatively assumed at 40% of the total in situ content: 0.20 m3/tonne ?The peak cutting rate: 0.178 t/sec ?The maximum (peak) face methane release: 0.20*0.178 = 0.036 m3/sec

May 1, 2003

By Pierre Lacombe

"The operation of the Louvicourt Mine will have to rely on stringent grade control and on the optimization of the amount of blocked ore made available per given development effort. All of the above being necessary to obtain the highest throughput at the lowest mining cost.To assist in achieving these objectives, the need for production of a competent fill with short curing time was recognized early by the project partners. As well, operating costs associated with the selected method should be as low as possible while meeting the technical criteria.A feasibility study comparing filling methods showed potential benefits in all aspects of the paste fill use, except for its higher capital costs and increased operational complexity. This last consideration was tackled by the conservative design approach adopted in the flowsheet development of the paste fill plant.Since commissioning of the plant has just been completed at this time, the paper will focus on the feasibility study and its background, the design of the plant and testwork results at pilot plant and plant scale.RésuméLe succès de l 'opération de Louvicourt Mine dépendra d' un contrôle serré des teneurs du minerai et de la maximisation de la quantité de minerai développée par effort uni ta ire. Ces critères devant etre respectés afin d'obtenir le taux de production le plus élevé au coût le plus bas.De façon à satisfaire ces contraintes, les partenaires du projet ont reconnu tôt la nécessité de produire un remblai de qualité tout en maintenant un temps de curage court. De plus, les coût d'opération associés a cette opération se devaient d'être des plus avantageux sans sacrifier l'atteinte des objectifs techniques.Une étude de faisabilité comparant différentes méthodes de remblayage a démontré que le remblai en pâte offre des aspects positifs sous taus les angles, si ce n'est de son coût en capital initial élevé et de sa complexité relative d'opération. Ce dernier point fut considéré de près par l'adoption d' une approche conservatrice lors de la conception de l'usine de rernblai.Puisque la mise en service de l'usine n'a été faite que les détails de l 'étude de faisabilité et ses fondements, 1 'usine et des résultats d' essais obtenus a l'échelle de l'usine seront discutés."

Jan 1, 1995

By A. C. Ross

"The paper will deal with non-destructive testing in general, and its advantages to those responsible for the maintenance of wire rope. An outline of the main features of the M.D. 6 Defectograph will be given, and the method of operation and results obtained will be described.The instrument will accommodate ropes at 7 /16-to 2 %-inch diameter at reasonable speeds, and is capable of detecting the most minute defects in even the largest-diameter wire ropes."

Jan 1, 1969

By A. Darragh

"Past Growth The Canadian coal industry has grown rapidly during the past two decades. Coal production increased over four-fold between 1965 and 1982; consumption almost doubled, imports remained relatively flat, exports soared and total demand increased nearly two and a half times. Coal production grew during this period at an average rate of 8.60/o, compounded annually; this remarkable performance is shown in Table 1 and Figure 1. The relationship between production and consumption is shown in Figure 1, where in 1981 the total Canadian production of coal for the first time exceeded total Canadian consumption. ln Figure 2, the relationship between imports from the United States and Canadian coal exports is shown; in_ 1981 again for the first time, exports offshore exceeded imports into Canada. The rapid growth in Canadian coal use between 1965 and 1982 followed a major decline after World War II, as the country moved rapidly to an oil based economy. Changes in consumption patterns between 1945 and 1982 are shown ~n Table 2. Railway consumption of coal was reduced to zero m the early 1960s. The industrial and domestic consumers market share fell from about 660/o in 1960 to 6.70/o in 1975; this share, however, appears to have stabilized in recent years and actual volumes can be expected to increase in the future. The steel industry's share of the coal market fell over the same period, but the volume in recent years has remained fairly constant at about seven megatonnes per year.Perhaps the most significant change in consumption is in the share of coal consumed in the generation of electricity; this has increased from 80/o in 1960 to over three quarters of the total Canadian coal consumed in 1982. This increase in thermal coal consumption has been supplied by indigenous coal, and was accompanied by a decreasing share for coal imported from the U.S.A. into central Canada. It is expected, because of the nuclear power commitment in Ontario, that this share will continue to decrease, although the total volume of coal imported may increase slowly over time. This will likely also have a dampening effect on future coal sales to Ontario from western Canada."

Jan 1, 1985

By M. C. Bétournay

Mine site infrastructure for storage and delivery of hydrogen must be standardized and acceptable for routine and safe industrial use before fuel cell technology is adopted as a major power source. An initial study reviewed possible options for production, storage and delivery of hydrogen for underground equipment. The high level review included assessment of economic, operational, technical, and health and safety risks. Following this review, a subsequent theoretical study to select typical minesite infrastructure and for construction at an operating research mine is outlined.

May 1, 2007

By M. S. Moats, C. M. Campbell

Samples of a high impurity (90.05 wt. % Cu, 4076 ppm Pb, 1939 ppm As and 635 ppm Bi) commercial copper anode were characterized and then electrorefined in a laboratory scale cell. Anode inclusions were examined using backscatter mode scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Hundreds of inclusions were measured for size, morphology and composition. Commonly found inclusions were copper oxide (Cu2O), complex oxides (Cu-Pb-Bi-As-O) and copper selenides/tellurides. The weight percent of lead and arsenic increased with increasing inclusion size up to 4- 5 microns. During electrorefining, starter sheet ductility was negatively impacted by thiourea addition. The importance of arsenic (V) concentration on the electrolyte concentration of bismuth was observed. INTRODUCTION Copper electrorefining is a commercial process used to produce the majority of the world’s refined copper. During this process, impure copper anodes are dissolved electrolytically, and high purity copper is deposited on cathodes. As the anodes dissolve, the impurities either accumulate in the electrolyte or report to solids that form on anodes surfaces or at the bottom of the refining cell. These solids are called slimes. Slimes contain precious metals and are collected for further processing. Slimes are also an important outlet for problem impurities such as lead, antimony and bismuth. The electrorefining process is operated in such a way to encourage the deportment of these elements to the slimes. Impurities in copper anodes have been studied extensively by Chen and Dutrizac (1990, 1993 and 2005). The most common impurities found in modern copper anodes include: Ag, As, Au, Bi, Fe, Ni, O, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn and Te. Impure copper anodes are produced by pyrometallurgical methods and have purities ranging from 97.7–99.7% Cu (Moats et al., 2019). The composition ranges of commercial copper anodes from the 2019 worldwide tankhouse survey are given in Table 1. The concentrations of anode impurities vary widely dependent on the source material and prior processing steps. Based on the work of Chen and Dutrizac, both gold and silver are predominantly found in solid solution within the copper grains while a minor amount of Ag can be found in Cu2(Se/Te) inclusions. Nickel is entirely soluble within the copper grains up to anode compositions of 2500–3000 ppm Ni; above which NiO and kupferglimmer phases are formed (Chen & Dutrizac, 1990). As, Bi, Pb and Sb are found in solid solution within copper and within oxide inclusions typically found along grain boundaries. Oxides are formed due to the presence of 0.13-0.18 wt. % O (Chen & Dutrizac, 1990). This is because during solidification of the cast anodes, impurities are enriched in the liquid phase as the copper grains nucleate and grow. The inclusions form from the last liquid to freeze, which is typically along grain boundaries (Wenzl & Filzwieser, 2007; Wenzl, Filzwieser, Mori & Pesl, 2008).

Jan 1, 2019

By E. E. Mason

THE Myrtle group of mining claims is situated on Barkerville mountain in the Cariboo mining district of British Columbia, west of the old mining town of Barkerville. An 1,800-foot adit, known as the Shamrock tunnel, was driven in 1935-36 from the Barkerville road and in the general direction of the Myrtle group. It was proposed to enlarge this adit to more convenient section, extend it 2,500 feet int0 Myrtle ground, and from there drive a main entry 3,000 feet along the length of the group. Several laterals were also to be driven off this main entry as part of the tunnel schedule. It was thus originally proposed to drive 5,500 feet of new adit and 1,800 feet of laterals, a total of 7,300 feet of new work. Work was commenced with a bulldozer on April 21st, 1941, cutting a bench on the hillside for a plant site. The power plant was ready for operation on August 8th. Slashing and re-timbering of the old adit rook longer than was expected. It was found that 57 per cent of the length required timbering, chiefly by fore-poling, and there was also trouble in several sections with swelling ground. First round in the new face was taken on September 17th, when a 2-shift daily schedule was commenced. Due to delays in delivery of electrical equipment, it was not possible to add the third shift until November 14th. From then on, a 3-shift daily schedule was maintained with the exception of holidays and fortnightly change Sundays until August 1st, 1942, when shortage of labour caused the dropping of a shift. All work was suspended on August 14th. The ground through which the tunnel passed was such that the driving was often interrupted by the need of protective timber at the face. Further, crews were continuously employed timbering behind the face, and in maintenance of timbered sections in swelling ground. Roughly 980 feet of the new workings are now timbered, about 21 per cent of the total.

Jan 1, 1942

By Baki Özüm

Early evaluations of Pasquia Hills kerogen shale deposits by Geological Survey of Canada, Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Manitoba Energy and Mines and Sun Oil Company, using modified Fischer Assay, Rock-Eval and other techniques, estimated recoverable reserves of about 2.6x109 barrels of oil in areas favorable for strip-mining; each metric ton of ore was determined to yield about 30 L to 50 L of shale oil remarkably high in aromatic compounds. Western Petrochemical Corp. (WPC) is holding two Oil Shale Exploration Permits covering about 76,635 hectares in the Pasquia Hills Region of eastern Saskatchewan and conducting a 15-corehole drilling program to determine stratigraphic correlation on both first and second white specks kerogen shale. In this program, correlation will be established between oil yield and oil quality, using different retort techniques, including modified Fischer Assay, steam retort and Rock-Eval. Results will lead to further resource evaluation and to a preliminary engineering design for a shale processing plant, including selection of retort process, upgrading of shale oil to petrochemical feedstock, hydrogen management, energy balance and evaluation of environmental impact.

May 1, 2002

By P. Scinto, P. Hudson

"Modern day ore bodies are becoming increasingly harder, more abrasive and lower grade. The Mako deposit is located in Senegal and consists predominantly of primary mafic and felsic lithology that are both very competent and very abrasive ores (Axb < 30, BWi >20 and Ai >1.0). The deposit was initially discovery in 2010 and the Toro Gold management team fast tracked the Mako Project through development and into production to achieve its first gold pour in January 2018. The comminution circuit comprises primary crushing single stage SAG milling with recycle crusher (1oCR SS-SAC). The mill reached design throughput and grind size seven weeks after first ore. The Mako project marks another successful international application of single stage milling, which represents a simple and easy to operate comminution circuit for small-to-mid size projects with a low capital cost. This paper describes the ore interpretation, comminution modelling, grinding circuit selection and design, as well as an overview of the commissioning and ramp-up of the mill.INTRODUCTION The Mako Gold Project is operated by Toro Gold Ltd., which holds a 90% interest in the project. The project is located in south-eastern Senegal in the Kedougou region, close to the Gambia river and township of Mako. The Mako deposit lies in the “Kenieba Window” of eastern Senegal and western Mali, which hosts a number of gold mining operations and development projects. The Mako Gold Project has an estimated life of 8 years with overall recoverable gold estimated at 924 koz. The process plant is designed to treat 1.8Mt/a of ore and produce 128 – 143 koz of gold per annum. Lycopodium Minerals Pty Ltd (Lycopodium) was appointed to provide feasibility studies and EPCM services for the greenfield project. Forming part of consultancy services provided by Lycopodium, Orway Mineral Consultants (OMC), a subsidiary of Lycopodium, was involved in the design, commissioning, ramp up and ongoing post commissioning support of the comminution circuit."

Jan 1, 2019

By N. W. Kirshenbaum

"The Marconaflo slurry system was originally developed to reduce costs and solve technical problems in the marine transport of mineral cargoes. In the short time since its inception, it has been found to offer economies and advantages for land-based and in-plant materials handling. This efficient method of reclaiming and slurrying particulate materials at very high pulp densities can be directly utilized in a wide variety of mineral process systems. These include: storage-reclaim applications, where even cohesive, compacted materials can be reclaimed from settled storage ""on demand""; the growing number of hydrometallurgical operations wherein slurried materials are processed to extract or yield metals; certain applications associated with pyrometallurgical treatment; and as a means of augmenting the performance of conventional mineral dressing equipment, such as thickeners.INTRODUCTIONIn the continuing effort to lower costs of producing minerals and extracting metals, the field of handling and transportation often receives too little attention from those engaged in the mining and winning of ores and metals. This comment, which pertains to ferrous and non-ferrous as well as to non-metallic producers, is especially pertinent to products having relatively low value, where transport costs can be a major portion of the delivered selling price to the minerals receiver.One method which was developed recently for the purpose of reducing costs and solving technical problems in marine transport and handling of mineral cargoes is the MARCONAFLO slurry system. A notable feature of this system is its versatility; in addition to its use in marine transport1*, some of its diverse applications have included the mining and reclaiming of tailings2 and in-plant materials handling3. As the concept and fundamentals of this system have been well explained previously4,5, the mechanics of the system will not be elaborated upon here. Rather some specific ways in which MARCONAFLO can be applied to processing and extraction will be explored."

Jan 1, 1973

By James A. Finch, Stéphanie Gélinas

"A colorimetric technique, originally developed for methyl iso butyl carbinol (MIBC) based on the Komarowsky reaction, has been extended to a wide range of common mineral flotation frothers. The procedure, which is briefly described, is shown suited to on-site determination in a series of industrial campaigns. Some frother observations are described, including: concentration evolution down a bank, distribution between pulp and froth phases, and a mass balance around a circuit. Minute amounts of frother in recycle water were also measured.The contribution of frother and alcohol by-products in the analysis was generally additive for plants using aliphatic alcohol type frothers and decoupled for systems using glycols. Typically, U250C (polyglycol) was used at higher concentration (>10 ppm) than MIBC (aliphatic alcohol) (<10 ppm) or F-150 (polyglycol) (<3ppm).The ability to monitor frother easily will help interpret gas dispersion behaviour and should permit further optimization of flotation cell hydrodynamics and chemistry. The capability to directly measure should help optimize the type, amount and location of frother addition, and to assess frother recycled with reclaim process water.INTRODUCTIONOwing to the lack of analytical methods, the task of determining frother concentration in plant flotation circuits is not routinely performed. Industrial sites seldom outsource analyses that are both costly and inconvenient, due to the necessity of shipping freeze-dried samples to remote testing facilities. A more direct colorimetric method has recently been demonstrated for the laboratory characterization of common industrial frothers (Gélinas and Finch, 2004). The approach, based on the Komarowsky reaction (Penniman et al., 1936; Coles et al., 1942; Duke, 1947), was previously described by Parkhomovski et al. (1976) for methyl iso butyl carbinol (MIBC). The reaction involves the interaction of the OH group of a higher alcohol, concentrated sulphuric acid, and salicylaldehyde, to yield coloured solutions with intensities that can be analyzed by UV-visible spectrophotometry."

Jan 1, 2007

By M. E. Moraes Castanho de Almeida, A. Ribeiro Cotri

Recovery of cobalt to produce high grade cobalt sulfate from cobalt concentrate by leaching and solvent extraction was investigated. The PLS typically contains Co 10g/l, Mg 2g/l, Fe < 10ppm, Mn < 200ppm, insolubles <100ppm and is extracted with 20wt% Cyanex??272. The typical strip solution contains Co 60g/l, Mg 0.03g/l, and was sent to the current process for the production of cobalt sulfate heptahydrate. The cobalt yield of the plant with two extraction steps was 92%, with three steps was 97% and with four steps 99%. The extraction stage used the concept of "scrubbing" in a countercurrent system. In the first stage of extraction pH was 4.8, and in the last stage of extraction pH 5.5 to promote the exchange of magnesium in the organic with cobalt contained in the PLS. Following the extraction, when using two scrubbing stages, Co/Mg selectivity between of 2,000-3,000 was obtained, and with three scrubbing stages, selectivity was greater than 6,000. The desired selectivity was reached when using a scrubbing configuration with O/A ratio of 10:1. The typical cobalt sulfate heptahydrate had the following composition: Co 20wt%, Mg < 0.01wt%, Fe < 5ppm, Mn < 0.01wt%, Cu < 0.01wt%, Zn < 0.01wt%.

Jan 1, 2014

"Accelerated expansion of Western Canada's metallurgical coal industry has again stimulated considerable exploration activity in the Rocky Mountain Foothills Belt and influenced much of the R&D related to transportation, processing and carbonization. Preparation R&D has included further pilot-plant work on desulphurization, spherical agglomeration and modified compound cyclones (which are also proving themselves in other mineral beneficiation studies). Combustion research, aside from increasingly stressing control of combustion source pollution, has directed special attention to lignite PF firing and problems arising from lignite ash. Studies directed toward the non-fuel utilization of coal have centered on such diverse topics as active carbons, carbonaceous filter media, plant nutrients and industrial applications of humic acid derivatives. In addition, a number of long-range research projects related to such matters as coal chemistry and pyrolysis have been actively pursued, and further attention has been given to improved sampling techniques and analytical methods."

Jan 1, 1969