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By M I. Pownceby, C M. MacRae, A Torpy

Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) techniques are capable of providing high-quality quantitative information regarding the phase mineralogy and distribution of alumina within iron ore samples. The techniques, however, use different methodologies in determining the mineralogical information (ie structural versus chemical), which introduces some limitations. In this study, EPMA was used to identify and quantify the deportment of alumina within mineral phases in iron ore samples (-1 mm crushed) sourced from different suppliers. Results were directly compared with quantitative mineralogical data derived from QXRD to provide an evaluation of the relative merits of both techniques. The four ores studied contained alumina either in the form of gibbsite, aluminosilicates (eg kaolinite), or associated with goethite.For minor phases, gibbsite and kaolinite, the abundance trends measured via QXRD were generally reflected in the EPMA data. Agreement was less satisfactory for the more abundant goethite phase (both low- and high-Al forms). The discrepancy may be the result of sampling issues arising from textural features such as grain size, and also a systematic overestimate in the amount of Al-rich goethite when hematite and Al-bearing phases are finely intermixed and the EPMA step size is coarse. A second difference in the EPMA results compared to the QXRD data was in regard to quantification of low-Al and high-Al goethite phases. The sensitivity of the chemical-based EPMA was better for distinguishing between high- and low-Al goethite although the results remain overprinted by potential errors introduced via sampling.Care should be taken when directly comparing results from each method, although in general the data should be considered complementary, as each approach provides slightly different results and interpretations regarding the overall mineralogy.CITATION:Pownceby, M I, MacRae, C M and Torpy, A, 2017. A comparison of X-ray and electron-based analysis techniques for characterising the mineralogy and alumina distribution in iron ores, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 593–598 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

By P Holtham, K Duffy, B, W Valery, E Tabosa, rade

Pre-concentration has potential to significantly improve Mineral Resource efficiency by removing gangue early in the process, before energy intensive and expensive comminution and fine processing. However, there are numerous options for pre-concentration and the performance and benefits of these are very case specific. To determine the best option for a particular deposit and to successfully integrate it into the overall mining and processing operations requires comprehensive evaluation. This needs to consider orebody suitability, technology capability and economic viability. The in-situ variability of a deposit and how it is influenced by mining methods and the liberation size of gangue are key factors which are generally not well understood. Geostatistical methods provide an insight into orebody variability, and the overall selection of any pre-concentration solution must be an integrated approach between geology, mining and processing. Many pre-concentration evaluations investigate the potential of just one option. Technology selection should start wide and may include: selective mining, pre-screening (with or without selective blasting), sorting (bulk and or particle), coarse gravity separation (e.g. jigging, DMS), coarse particle flotation, magnetic separation, etc. The upgrade performance of these processes is very ore specific and should be determined from testing, with detailed multi-component modelling used to determine the overall process performance. Many of these pre-concentration processes require significant ancillary equipment, feed preparation and materials handling. It is important to realistically estimate all costs to understand overall economics and select the best option. Some examples showing evaluation and comparison of pre-concentration options are presented in this paper. These include assessments of in-situ variability using geostatistical tools, process modelling of pre-concentration options and overall performance, preliminary layouts and cost estimates, and economic evaluations.

Nov 10, 2020

The El Pe±on gold-silver deposit comprises four epithermal, low-sulfidation veins, which contain 2.9 million oz Au and 48 million oz Ag. Provisional data on alteration mineralogy, fluid inclusions, and vein textures constrain the chemistry and hydrology of the hydrothermal system responsible for ore mineralisation at El Pe±on. Alteration minerals include quartz, adularia, albite, illite, smectite, calcite, chlorite, and pyrite. Alteration minerals suggest the existence of near neutral pH, low salinity hydrothermal fluids, which circulated over an area greater than 18 km2. Complex mineral zonation patterns result from variations in host rock permeability and composition, overprinting alteration possibly produced by thermal waters from surficial and peripheral parts of the hydrothermal system, and supergene weathering in the hyperarid environment. Upflow zones were focused along N-S and NE trending structures, producing crustiform quartz-adularia+carbonate veins. Fluid inclusion data indicate vein deposition from low salinity (

Jan 1, 2002

By D J. Williams

The majority of surface tailings storage facilities continue to employ sub-aerial tailings slurry deposition. Surface TSFs are typically sized and operated in a way to minimise the initial capital cost of the facility, driven largely by the net present value approach to accounting. This generally leads to too small a storage, too fast a rate of rise of the tailings, and difficulties in managing supernatant water. In turn, this results in wet and soft tailings deposits of high moisture content and low density, and the need for frequent and costly tailings dam raises. Further, such tailings deposits often do not facilitate closure and rehabilitation of the facility. Globally, there are on average over two failures annually of such tailings dams, resulting in loss of life, damage to infrastructure and environmental impact downstream, and the loss of company shareholder value and reputation. Recent high profile tailings dam failures are threatening the mining industry’s financial and social licence to operate.Among the physical processes that tailings undergo on sub-aerial deposition are beaching, hydraulic sorting down the beach according to particle size and specific gravity, settling, consolidation, and desiccation on exposure to the sun and wind. Beaching and hydraulic sorting have proved difficult to test at laboratory scale and difficult to model, and are best assessed in the field. Settling, consolidation and desiccation may be assessed at laboratory scale, but to date there has been an absence of tests to form the basis for the design and management of tailings deposition, and ultimate closure and rehabilitation. The paper describes recent advances in tailings testing methods, including a purpose-built slurry consolidometer that tests the settling and consolidation of tailings from a slurry consistency, simulating increasing tailings depth to about 50 m; and a purpose-built instrumented column that tests the settling, self-weight consolidation and desiccation of a surface layer of tailings, also from a slurry consistency. Selected test results from these two apparatus are presented in the paper, together with brief descriptions of how they may be used to better design tailings slurry deposition. In addition, planned further advances in tailings testing methods are briefly described.CITATION:Williams, D J, 2018. Recent advances in tailings testing methods, in Proceedings Mine Waste and Tailings Stewardship Conference 2018, pp 8–37 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 23, 2018

The key to the successful debt funding of a new mining project, whether in economically established or developing nations, is the submission of a comprehensive feasibility study. The feasibility study forms the basis from which the resource banker can construct financial models which govern the amount of available funds, the conditions which control the supply of such funds and the time period over which the loan may be repaid. The bank will wish to ensure that the feasibility study is the best representation and confirmation of reality possible because this model is the basis of the loan security package. Thus the study will be vigorously interrogated by independent experts in all its elements including the ore reserve, mineability, metallurgy, operating and capital cost profile, environmental factors and management. A well constructed feasibility study, undertaken by well recognised and respected independent consultants can save the client company a great deal of real and opportunity costs especially in relation to project timing. Once constructed and operating, the mining project may face one or more completion tests in relation to the loans provided. The genetics of such tests often relate to either the ability of the operating company to become solely responsible for the repayment of the loan or to be rewarded by lower interest rates or some other mechanism. Strong professionalism, accessible records, good checking procedures and high quality, competent site management will greatly assist the client company passing these tests. A record of well established technical competence with its bankers may well assist a company in the establishment of a mezzanine loan for the early development of its next project, thus allowing an earlier return of dividends to shareholders.

Jan 1, 1995

By Johnson T, Huynh D

The State Electricity Commission of Victoria is conducting a program of research and development into alternatives to the use of conventional boilers for the generation of electricity from brown coal. The objectives of the program are to reduce the cost of electricity generation and also to improve the thermal efficiency so as to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. The program presently includes the following four technologies: Hydro-thermal Drying, Direct Coal Fired Gas Turbine, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle, and Steam Fluidised Bed Drying. The Hydro-thermal Drying process produces a combustible coal-water-slurry fuel which is suitable for use in a coal fired gas turbine. The coal fired gas turbine has the potential to produce electricity at a lower cost than conventional power stations and when combined with a steam cycle, it will also use significantly less coal. The Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle process gasifies the coal, cleans the gas, and then bums it in a gas turbine/combined cycle. This process is being developed in Europe and the USA in order to meet their stringent emission regulations. It offers Victoria cleaner more efficient and cheaper electricity.

Jan 1, 1992

By A Tawadrous, D S. Preece

Cave mining is of interest to the mining community as it offers a chance to extract large, deep orebodies with low operating costs and high production rates. It allows for extracting large low-grade orebodies, which may not have previously been considered for mining. Cave mining is done either top down (ie sublevel caving) or bottom up (ie block/panel caving). Both approaches rely on gravity, stresses and weakness of the rock to fracture and achieve a controlled collapse.Block caving starts at the base of the orebody. It progresses upward and across through continuous collapse of the roof. To achieve this, a critical hydraulic radius must be exceeded. This is accomplished by blasting drawbells, through which the caved ore passes to the production level. An entire level above the drawbells (undercut level) is excavated to help initiate the cave. The undercut level ensures the connection between drawbells and achievement of the required hydraulic radius.Conventionally, drawbells are generated by drilling and blasting several times from the production level as well as the undercut level. Mucking between each shot is required to generate enough void space for the rock to swell. The need for several blasts necessitates some downtime between each blast. Also, the cost of developing and maintaining the undercut level can constitute up to 35 per cent of the cost of mining the panel.A new blasting technique was developed to create the drawbells in a single blast from the production level. The technique ensures the connection of the drawbell to the neighbouring ones, thus, the critical hydraulic radius is reached and propagation of the cave achieved without the need for the undercut level. The technique has the potential to reduce the capital cost of a block caving operation, increase its feasibility and reduce time to reach the ore and consequently the payback period. This paper presents the modelling of a traditional drawbell excavation process, the philosophy of the developed technique, the modelling of that new design and its implementation.CITATION:Tawadrous, A and Preece, D S, 2015. A novel blasting technique to create drawbells and eliminate the undercut level in block cave mining, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 617–624 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

Predicting the future is a task that should always be delegated. If that is not possible, then stating your views confidently, but retrospectively, is preferable. Hindsight encourages clarity of thought and sharpens perception. When all else fails one can look back into history and see the trends, evaluate the current situation and project it a little way into the future - in this case 10 years. In exploration the rate of change has been increasing over the past 20 years. With expected developments in technology, legislation, and their sociological impacts, we will see such rapid change over the next decade as to make us uncomfortable, unless we are prepared for it.   The social obligations of our industry also have changed enormously over the past 20 years and are still changing. This will lead to further changes in the way we conduct our business if we wish to stay in business. As exploration technology improves, a further dimension is added by the expectations of the communities in which we operate. This extra dimension needs to be quantified so that we not only keep up with current developments but also get ahead of the game. This paper is based on the New Zealand experience, some of which will be familiar to mineral explorers in other countries.

Jan 1, 1997

By B J. Beven, A Vatandoost, J Young, S Campbell-Hardwick

The intrinsic value of iron ore depends on its physical and chemical characteristics. For example, silica and alumina are unwanted elements, downgrading iron grade and adversely affecting high temperature processing, attracting penalties in smelter contracts. For this reason, an informed knowledge of processing characteristics and product quality of the ore is valuable and cost effective during mine planning and processing.Ore variability is a significant factor that affects metallurgical behaviour and efficiency of ore processing equipment. Ore of sufficient chemical and physical quality needs to be modelled, mined, processed and usually blended. Feed and product assays are commonly used to assess potential ore upgradability. However, assays alone cannot be all informative of actual processing response given the variability of the physical properties of the ore.This study investigates the potential benefit of implementing a geometallurgical approach during the commissioning stage of the Kings deposit, part of the Solomon Iron Ore project in Western Australia. Kings drill hole database information, ie geological, textural and geochemical data, together with the results of metallurgical test work were used for geometallurgical analysis and modelling. Three main ore types were identified at Kings, namely channel iron deposit (CID), bedded iron deposits (BID) and Detrital Iron Deposit (DID). Additional classifications were utilised to better characterise these units in terms of their physical properties.Bulk sampling for each ore type was carried out across the deposit for metallurgical testing. Multivariate statistical models were developed for prediction of product quality for each geometallurgical unit. A new approach for modelling yield based on ore upgrade factors is introduced. These models were then applied to the Kings regularised mining model to assess product quality across the mining blocks and to plan product stockpiling and blending strategies.CITATION:Vatandoost, A, Beven, B J, Campbell-Hardwick, S and Young, J, 2013. A geometallurgical approach for iron ore product evaluation, in Proceedings The Second AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2013 , pp 259-266 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 29, 2013

By D P. Blair

Various analysis techniques are used to determine the nature of a large seismic event that was triggered by a mass blast in an underground mine. This event was recorded by surface accelerometer arrays whose output was doubly integrated using a stable filter to determine the dynamic displacements. The peak dynamic displacements during the blast were 0.09 mm, and during its latter stages, this blast induced a seismic event having a peak dynamic displacement more than ten times larger at 1.26 mm. Polarisation analysis, based on the complex covariance matrix, showed that the seismic event was caused by movement of a known underground fault, close to the blast, which radiated most of its release motion as a shear-horizontal (SH) wave. The change in frequency content with time for the blast and seismic event was initially determined using the Fourier-based reassigned S-method. This analysis showed that the large amplitude seismic event had frequency content significantly lower than that of the blast. Nevertheless, this Fourier technique still retains the problems associated with short time windows as well as the fact that most realistic signals are non-stationary. In order to eliminate such influences, the more recently developed empirical mode decomposition (EMD) was used to obtain the intrinsic mode functions (IMF) of the seismic wave propagation. The EMD vibration analysis showed that each IMF generally exhibited distinct frequency changes throughout the blast and a significant reduction in frequency throughout the subsequent event. It is shown that most of the energy of the seismic event is contained in IMF modes 2, 3 and 4 of the SH wave; the high-frequency first mode (IMF1) contains little energy. Such modal analysis is not possible using standard Fourier methods.CITATION:Blair, D P, 2015. Dynamic displacements from a blast-triggered seismic event, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 203–210 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

The addition of a thallous salt to the cyanide leach of a calcined pyritic concentrate causes a marked increase in the rate of extraction of gold. This is due probably to the activation of passive gold by the thallous ions. Lead, bismuth, and mercury salts, which should produce a similar effect, fail to do so. It is postulated that this latter result, together with the reprecipitation of silver at low cyanide levels, is due to the presence of soluble sulphide.INTRODUCTIONThe work of Fink and Putnam (1950) showed that the rate of solution of gold in cyanide can be increased by the addition of small amounts of lead, bismuth, mercury, and thallium salts. Mills (1951), during a study of the electrochemistry of gold, with particular reference to cyanidation, was able to show that gold may become passive towards cyanide solution. The addition of lead or thallium salts prevented this passivity, although the action of lead was limited to the pH range 10 to 12. In a recent paper Cathro (1963) confirmed the findings of Mills, and presented results which showed that the addition of thallium to a cyanide leach of a calcine from Lake View and Star mine, Kalgoorlie, increased the rate of extraction of gold appreciably. In, this paper the use of thallium to prevent the gold becoming passive, and hence to decrease leaching time and cyanide consumption, is examined.EXPERIMENTALA series of leaching tests was carried out on a sample of Lake View and Star calcine, comprising calcined pyrite (about 70 per cent.) and siliceous gangue (about 30 per cent.) and containing 165 p.p.m. gold, 45 p.p.m. silver, 0·1...

Jan 1, 1964

By C Vuillier, A Roshdieh

Water is the main medium for removing impurities from iron ore during wet processing to achieve a higher quality product. However, there is a substantial increase in freshwater consumption due to an increase in demand from the following two factors: in the past 55 years the world population has doubled from 3 to 7.5 billion and crude steel production has increased five times from approximately 350 to 1662 Mt/a (IISI, 2008). Furthermore, social development in developing countries exacerbates water consumption making freshwater an increasingly valuable resource with an average distribution of 70 per cent for agriculture, 20 per cent for industry and only ten per cent for domestic consumption (Hourtolle, 2005; OECD, 2009). Rapidly changing regulations over the access and preservation of water across the world indicates the growing importance of this issue, so the mining industry must adapt to this continual change and must be committed to increasing the efficiency of water usage.Tailings dams receive most of the water used by the process plant. In arid regions where evaporation is high and availability of water low or non-existent, technical solutions other than the conventional tailings dam, such as thickened and/or filtered tailings, exist to optimise the recovery of water and reduce the need for external water consumption. However, these solutions present additional challenges, such as energy consumption and transportation from the process plant to the ultimate storage area.This paper considers a range of alternatives covering thickening and filtering, transportation and storage, water return, closure and rehabilitation. Mining projects in the future will be more affected by the rising cost in water and tighter regulations in accessing water and energy. Good tailings management can contribute significantly to reducing the dependence on these two key commodities (water and electricity), improving the resilience of iron ore projects especially in arid regions and areas with high competition for water.CITATION:Vuillier, C and A Roshdieh, A, 2017. Minimising the water loss associated with mine tailings disposal, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 245–250 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

By Baxter J. L

Post-tertiary training programmes have been designed and produced for geologists at different levels of understanding and expertise in the relationship between gold mineralization and shear zones. A workshop format was used as it allowed both clients and facilitators to participate in the learning process. Evaluation by facilitators and participants refined the workshop programme as an effective skills oriented learning process. The general observation is that post-tertiary training in small, interactive, practical, learning oriented groups is far better than lecture oriented short courses for developing skills based learning. The evaluation indicates that the process in post-tertiary training must include aspects which are both useful and used.

Jan 1, 1989

S. R. Carter (Mount Isa Mines Ltd., Mt. Isa): I found many ideas to interest me in Haddon King's paper "Notes on Ore Occurrences in Highly Metamorphosed Precambrian Rocks" (Stillwell Anniversary Volume).At Mount Isa I have not been happy about some of the longstanding appreciations of the geological evidence as fresh data accumulated, and as more and more knowledge has been building up outside Mount Isa in recent years of sedimentary deposition of sulphides.Accordingly, I organized a small section of the Geological Department at Mount Isa at the beginning of 1958 under Senior Geologist, W. J. Murray to reappraise our geological record and investigate old interpretations and new ones that arise. The work is expected to take several years to complete, but it is hoped that sufficient will be done before then to permit the most plausible story on the ore genesis to be chosen. In the meantime, W. J. Murray has proposed, in a Company Report, that the.epigenetic features of the silver,lead-zinc deposits, which are essentially conformable with the shales, could have resulted from remobilized syngenetic deposits.Haddon King, on p. 159; has listed six assumptions that are required by a magmatic-hydrothermal theory of, origin for conformable deposits. It is interesting to consider the Mount Isa silver-lead-zinc deposits in terms of these requirements.My comments are listed in the same order as Haddon King's assumptions:(a) "The source of the constituents is magmatic and they have become available in successive waves of zinc-rich, lead rich, manganese rich, silver rich, etc, instalments in accord...

Jan 1, 1959

Sluice box operating practices in Papua New Guinea (PNG), and published work on sluice boxes are briefly reviewed. Some recent work on sediment entrainment mechanisms occurring in sluice boxes have also been described. In the light of this information, some drawbacks in the commonly adopted sluice box operating practices in PNG, and ways of overcoming them, are also highlighted.

Jan 1, 1991

The oxidation of sulphide minerals in aqueous suspension is discussed from several viewpoints. Limitations of our present knowledge are pointed out, and several points where further information would be of special interest are mentioned.Firstly, some properties of minerals and their effect on oxidation are discussed. Properties of different species, such as crystal structure, lattice bonding, and "metallic" properties are mentioned, and then the effect of variation within a given species is discussed. The effect of physical factors, especially particle size, is also considered. Other variables discussed include the importance of solution composition, and its effect on the nature and rate of reaction, and the use of various oxidising agents. Some factors concerned with the whole system, such as temperature, pulp density and stirring rate are then considered.Finally, the nature of various oxidation products is discussed with reference to the kinetics of reaction and the nature of the rate limiting step. It is suggested that more attention should be paid to electrochemical explanations of the reaction mechanism.INTRODUCTIONKnowledge of the factors governing the rate of oxidation of sulphide minerals in aqueous suspension is a prerequisite for the effective control of many ore treatment operations. Rapid oxidation of sulphides is usually desired during the leaching of sulphide ores and concentrates, but in the cyanidation of gold ores, or in the leaching of uranium ores, any oxidation of sulphides may be regarded as an undesirable side reaction. Knowledge of many of the factors involved is also of interest in connection with the oxidation of sulphides in flotation circuits and in natural ore forming processes.Systems for which some reasonably quantitative data have been published are listed in Table 1. Qualitative...

Jan 1, 1961

Up to the end of World War n, flat-back cut and fill stoping with or without square sets was the universal method of ore extraction. Rapid changes in practice occurred during the post-war years; first, ore extraction was fully mechanized; secondly, the stope design for new levels, notably No. 17 Level Zinc Corporation Ltd. and No. 19 Level New Broken Hill Consolidated Ltd., was modified to suit this mechanization; and thirdly, sub-level and shrinkage stopes were developed in orebodies where cut and fill methods would be uneconomical. The following is a brief survey of the changes that have occurred-most of which were inaugurated during the last five years.ROCK DRILLINGDuring 1951 open stoping was investigated in detail. In order to reduce steel handling problems, forged steel onepass detachable bits were introduced, but were soon superseded by the "Swedish method". Investigation showed that when using a bar and arm mounted 3-in. drifter the overall drilling time was approximately 6 min. per ft. compared with 4 min. per ft. using the light jackhammer-airleg combination with 1-in. hex. by 4-in. collared shank tungsten carbide-tipped steel.Although competitive with tipped steels on a cost per foot drilled basis (excluding miner's time), detachable steel bits proved most unsatisfactory for hard drilling conditions.Rapid blunting necessitated frequent bit changes and thus caused lost drilling time. This, together with rapid gauge...

Jan 1, 1957

Wollongong* is Australia's largest single centre of mining and metallurgy. Wollongong's total employment in manufacturing of basic metal products (over 26,500 in 1972/1973) was almost 50 per cent higher than that of Newcastle and double that of any other Australian city. Although the great bulk of this employment was in steelmaking, Wollongong's copper industry was also a significant employer. Wollongong's total employment in mining (4,900 in 1971) was second only to that of Newcastle among Australian mining centres. Although the bulk of Wollongong's mining is of coal, there is also considerable mining of blue metal, sand and clay. In all, over 40 per cent of Wollongong's work force is employed in mining and metallurgy. The great bulk of the other

Jan 1, 1976

Determination of Flotation Kinetics of Coal Grain Types in a Pilot Scale Jameson Cell using Coal Grain Analysis Method

Sep 13, 2010

In addressing the need for non-degree tertiary training, let us examine some recent reviews of engineering and geoscience education. The Finniston Report (1) criticised the formation of engineers in the UK and stated that this was largely due to the narrow British conception of engineering as a branch of applied science which militates against an effective marriage between theory and application. It also criticised the system for not giving students sufficient grounding in the synthesis of technical, human and financial considerations within their undergraduate courses. As we all know, this report has led to the restructuring of engineering education in the UK. More recently, a Review of the Discipline of Engineering was carried out in Australia by a committee chaired by Professor Sir Bruce Williams (2). The report stated that: Australia has a fairly good system of engineering education that should be made better. more should be done to develop the communication skills of both staff and students. more attention should be paid to changes in engineering practice and the human element in technology. there is a serious shortage of state of the art equipment in most engineering schools. female enrolments in engineering courses should be increased from the current level of about 7% to 20% by 1997. employers should develop a better understanding of the need for continuing education. staff in engineering schools should develop closer relations with employers of engineers. higher education institutions with engineering schools should give financial and other inducements to staff to increase the proportion of study leave or professional development leave spent working as engineers in the business sector. there is considerable room for improvements in the teaching process and in the development of evaluation schemes for assessing the teaching contributions of staff. In its recent report to the Council of the Institution of Engineers, Australia, the Task Force on Engineering Education(3) makes the following points: managerial, entrepreneurial, professional and interpersonal skills should be introduced and integrated into the undergraduate courses but studied in depth as part of continuing education. the continuing education policy of the Institution should be promoted and strengthened with all engineers required to pursue continuing education. the Institution should develop a comprehensive guide to continuing education available from universities, colleges and other public and private sector organisations.

Jan 1, 1989