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By C. W. Yang

In this paper, we discuss the possible impacts on market structure of imposing the pollution tax on coal producers in the Appalachian market. The consequence of such environmental restraints would (i) alter the trade and supply patterns, (ii) reduce consumptions of coal, and (iii) cause the Appalachian coal market to undergo a structural change. Simulations are then made to demonstrate that the model is rather sensitive to the pollution tax especially in terms of market boundaries.

Jan 1, 1983

By R. O. Williams

Measurements have been made of the internal energy of deformation in a Cu-A1 alloy and a Cu-Zn alloy as the deference between the work and the released heat. The method required the rapid compression of samples to reduce thermal interactions. The rate of energy storage is low initially but then becomes almost linear with strain. Both alloys stored about 60 cal per mole at a strain of 0.4 in the recrystallized condition. The fractional rate of storage increases at low strains reaching about 0.25 at a strain of 0.15 and then decreases slowly with increasing strains. As do pure metals, these alloys release appreciable energy immediately following deformation; in contrast with pure metals, however, the release continued for extended periods of time. This energy release is somewhat sensitive to the amount of deformation, the deformation temperature, and prior thermal & eatment. It is believed that this release is a composite of that observed in pure metals which has been attributed to dislocations and that due to the motion of vacancies which produces increased short-range order. IT is expected that changes brought about by deformation of a pure metal can be understood in terms of the three defects—dislocations, vacancies, and interstitials—along with the interactions possible between these defects. Frequently stacking faults are created and must also be considered. 1t is not immediately clear whether or not the stress fields which are created should be regarded as independent of dislocations. For alloys there is the important additional effect of atomic configuration, for example short-range order, which must also be considered and will, in general, interact with each of the above defects. While it is true that a complete understanding of pure metals is not yet possible, it would seem very valuable to establish the similarities and differences between pure metals and alloys. Such knowledge could contribute to the understanding of both. A study of the changes in internal energy resulting from deformation of two alloys is reported here. Although some information has been available for alloys almost as long as for pure metals, the volume of work has been substantially less. Sato' and Quinney and Taylor' were responsible for the earlier work, both using brass and annealing calorimetry. tizhnova' studied stored energy in Cu-Ni alloys by a method somewhat similar to the one reported here. Bever and his co-workers have made extensive studies of Au-Ag alloys4'5 and more recently CU-AU'U' using solution calorimetry. Clarebrough et a1.' have recently studied brass using annealing calorimetry. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD The present results were obtained by the rapid, adiabatic compression of a sample about 1/4 in, diam by 1/2 in. long between two tungsten carbide hammers. A vacuum provided thermal isolation and oil provided effective lubrication between the sample and hammers. The increase in internal energy is the difference between the mechanical energy and the heat liberated within the sample. The mechanical energy was determined from the velocity of the hammers (calculated from the height through which the hammers traveled) and was essentially constant for each deformation cycle. The heat was determined from the temperature increase of the sample which was measured by an embedded thermocouple. Specific heat data were calculated from Neumann's rule using tabulated data for pure metals.9 Since the fraction of the energy which is stored is large compared to that for pure metals, specific heat data of high accuracy are not required. Successive increments of deformation were carried out by repeating the procedure, the limit being determined mostly by the decreasing accuracy caused by the increasing corrections and the decreasing storage of energy. About five cycles were used to give a true strain of about 0.5 while the time interval between cycles was 1 to 2hr.

Jan 1, 1963

By J. L. Bray

Lead has often been suggested as a protective coating for iron and steel. Such a protective coating should possess: (1) good adhesion, (2) durability, (3) ease of application, (4) freedom from pinholes, (5) good appearance and (6) low cost, but, unfortunately, lead coatings so far produced do not have all of these characteristics. Because of the necessity of carrying out the coating process cheaply, and because lead solutions have poor plating characteristics, most of the efforts have been directed toward the hot-dipping process rather than electroplating. The hot-dipping processes using lead have not been successful chiefly because of the lack of adherence between iron and lead. In any coating process involving iron a bond can be obtained only by the formation of an intermetallic compound, the formation of a solid solution, or mechanical means. Lead forms with iron two immiscible liquid solutions, and in the solid state no intermetallic compounds or solutions. It is necessary, therefore, to employ some other element or elements as a binding agent. Tin may be used as in terneplate, or copper in the form of a thin film of electrolytically deposited metal to which the lead will adhere. Because of its physical and chemical properties, lead as a coakkg medium would undoubtedly be limited in its use to sheet and wire and then only when the article is not subject to abrasion or wear. A very large tonnage of these products is being used under such conditions and a successful lead-coating process should be a valuable contribution to the science. Two other difficulties stand in the way of successful lead coating—that of poor appearance of the weathered surface and the tendency of the lead to form pinholes during solidification. Since lead is commonly accepted as cathodic to iron, these exposed areas are ones of accelerated corrosion. Use of Zinc.—The method under consideration involves zinc as a binding agent on both the steel sheet and in the molten bath. This

Jan 1, 1937

By E. B. Thornhill

Discussion of the paper of E. B. THORNHILL, presented at the San Francisco meeting, September, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 104, August, 1915, pp. 1653 to 1670. D. B. HUNTLEY, Oakland, Cal.-About 15 years ago it chanced to be my lot to cyanide some mill tailings, assaying about $5 per toll in gold and, a few cents in silver. It was in southern Idaho, a. desert region where costs are nearly as large as in central Nevada. We knew that we had a lot of tailings that had been amalgamated and contained about 1 lb. of quicksilver per ton. We knew that we would dissolve some of the quicksilver when we cyanided them with say 0.25 per cent. cyanide solution. We figured (optimistically) that the cyanide would dissolve all of the quicksilver, and we thought to capture all of that, 1 lb. per ton; and we figured out profits as partly gold, partly silver, and partly quicksilver from the recovery in working those tailings. Actually, however, we did this: We had a battery of three large, old-fashioned silver-mill retorts. We retorted our zinc-dust precipitate, recovering about ¼ lb. of quicksilver per ton treated. That was only a loss of 75 per cent. of what we originally had, but still it was profitable by virtue of the conditions. I mention it partly to call attention to the crude old way of doing it, and partly to call attention to how chemical methods for recovering quicksilver have developed in the last 15 years.

Jan 12, 1915

By John Griffen

THEORY HYDRAULIC classification as explained by Rittinger and others was largely restricted to conditions wherein the free-falling velocities of the particles were conceived as governing the separations effected (see chapter 9). The laws governing classification under free-falling conditions have been summarized by Chapman and Mott as follows: 1 Nomenclature r represents, in a particle of irregular shape, the round-hole screen through which the particle would pass, or some other linear dimen¬sion of the particle equivalent to d, the diameter of a sphere. s, the specific gravity of the particle. 1, the specific gravity of the water used as a medium. K, a constant. W, the velocity of the water. In an Upward Current of Water 1. A particle will move upward if [W > KVr(s-1)] and, by suitably regulating the speed of the water current, the larger and heavier particles may be made to fall downward against the current, leaving the smaller, lighter particles in suspension in the current. 2. Particles such that [T1= s2-1] cannot be separated in an upward-current classifier with any one velocity of current. Coal particles having a specific gravity of 1.35 cannot be separated from refuse particles of 2.5 sp. gr. Unless 2.5-1 the ratio of diameters is less than [1.35-1 or 4.3 to 1,] and the raw coal must be screened to size limits within this ratio if they are to be separated. Cone¬-shaped vessels or vessels of other shapes that allow the use of&apos; different velocities of current at different points in the flow are used to modify this limitation. 3. During the initial stages of motion, coal particles ascend more rapidly than refuse particles of the same size. 4. A particle will ultimately fall if [W < KVr(s-1).] If particles of

Jan 1, 1950

By Eugene W. Pearson

In a marked departure from conventional practice, the Power Plate process combines the two unit operations of leaching and electrowinning into a single continuous step for direct recovery of copper from sulfide concentrates, cement copper, copper scrap, and copper oxide slurries. Considering how environmental controls are pre- venting development of smelters for additional capacity or new construction, the Power Plate process provides a welcome pollution-free alternative to the smelting-electrorefining routes. And its low capital investment and low operating costs also recommend it to copper producers who are now using or investigating various hydrometallurgical methods.

Jan 12, 1974

By Paul C. Ragland, P. Geoffrey Feiss

The Piedmont province of the southern Appalachians is the focus of interest for many exploration geologists. In the past, only those deposits with significant surface exposure were exploited. Thus, few deposits have been found and relatively little exploration has been conducted in recent years. Modern geochemical and geophysical techniques can alleviate this problem of concentrating on exposed ore bodies by allowing us to "look through" the soil and saprolite to detect the presence of significant mineralization at depth. This paper will attempt to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of several geochemical exploration techniques in the Piedmont province of Cabarrus and Stanly counties, N.C. The area chosen for study is shown in [Fig. 1], lying almost wholly within the Mt. Pleasant quadrangle, N.C. The area is on the eastern boundary between the Charlotte belt, a zone of plutonic and intermediate grade metamorphic rocks, and the Carolina Slate belt, a series of complexly interbedded volcanic and sedimentary rocks of predominantly low metamorphic grade. The area is considered to be an early Paleozoic active, continental margin. l As is typical of most of the piedmont, outcrop is sparse. [Figure 2] is a sketch map of the general geology of the area under study, showing the Charlotte belt rocks in the northwestern quadrant and slate belt rocks to the east. Within the area are a number of old mines and prospects, the most famous of which are the Furniss and Phoenix mines in Cabarrus County. All are reported to have contained Au and Cu. Ag and Pb were reported from some. A summary of the deposits is given in [Table 1]. Data used in this study are from three Master&apos;s theses completed at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hi11. 3, 5, 6 In separate studies, well waters, 5 B-zone soils,3 and vein and float from the area were sampled and analyzed. Each study concluded separately that geochemical anomalies in the vicinity of the ores justify use of that specific sampling technique in a geochemical exploration program. However, no comparative study of the methods has been made. It is our intention

Jan 1, 1980

By I. L. Nichols, D. C. Seidel, D. E. Traut

A fluidized countercurrent ion-exchange system was developed, operated, and evaluated by the Bureau of Mines. The system consisted of integrated multiple-compartment absorption and elution columns in which the solution flows are continuous except for short periods when resin increments are withdrawn. The exchange of uranyl sulfate between a simulated acid leach uranium solution and a strong-base, ion-exchange resin together with the subsequent elution with an acidified sodium chloride solution was studied. The effects of the number of sections, section heights, amount of resin withdrawal, and solution flow rates were investigated. Also examined were the kinetic and equilibrium relationships for the absorption step. The experimental data indicate a strong interdependence between variables. Solution retention time appears to be a major limiting variable. The column was efficient over a range of conditions, but close control was needed for optimum operation.

Jan 1, 1977

By V. Lessels, D. J. Buckwalter, D. H. Rose

A cyanide leaching process developed at Michigan Technological University was tested in a 12 to 24 tpd pilot plant. Flowsheet layout and equipment are described. Cyclic operation of leaching, copper precipitation by acidification, and regeneration of the cyanide leaching solution are discussed. Copper extraction and reagent consumption were as predicted by laboratory tests, and the process was proven to be technically feasible. The White Pine Copper Co., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Copper Range Co., produces copper in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Production in 1965 amounted to 138 million pounds of metal. An expansion program now under way will increase this by approximately one half. The highly mechanized room and pillar mine produces 18,000 tons of ore per day, which is treated in a flotation plant. The concentrate is smelted in a reverberatory furnace, the matte is blown in converters to blister copper, and the blister copper is further refined to a uniformly high-quality Lake copper, which is 100% conductive and has a silver content of 25 to 40 oz per ton. The run of the mine ore averages 22.5 lbs of copper per ton with the ore mineral occurring in the form of chalcocite. The nature of the mineralization is such that the sand tailings average a little over 4 lbs of copper per ton. Intensive research has improved copper recovery in the flotation operation to some extent, but at the scale of present operation about 12,000 tons of sands containing over 48,000 lbs of copper go to the tailings pond daily. When the plant expansion is completed, the loss of copper will be somewhat greater. In 1959, the White Pine Copper CO, initiated a study of the recovery of copper in the sand tailings. Inasmuch as the flotation operation was considered to be optimized, a logical approach seemed to be leaching. For various reasons ammonia, ferric chloride, acid, and biological leaching were ruled out as impracticable. This led to a consideration of cyanide leach-

Jan 1, 1968

By Vassiliki G. Stavropoulou

Although plane-strain is the preferred method of analysing many rock mecahnics problems, little is known about the behaviour of rock under this loading condition. A simple and inexpensive apparatus has been built for laboratory testing of rocks in plane-strain conditions. A thorough .investigation of the specimen geometry and the friction end effects showed that the results can be considered as reliable. The behaviour of a brittle sandstone in the simplest plane-strain condition [(03 = 0)] is significantly different than that of the uniaxial compression [(02 = U3 = 0)]. The plane-strain values of the Young&apos;s Modulus and the Poisson&apos;s Ratio are decreased in comparison to the corresponding uniaxial values. Dilatancy is also reduced in plane-strain, whereas the pre-failure brittleness of the rock increases. The most dramatic effect of the plane-strain condition is that on the strength of the sandstone, which increases by 49 per cent in comparison to its uniaxial compression value.

Jan 1, 1982

By A. M. Gaudin, T. P. Meloy

Based on the equation for single fracture, a formula has been obtained for repeated fracture. Solution of this equation is obtainable analytically for a few examples and numerically for all others. Graphs of the size distribution equations have been obtained; they agree broadly with the experiments of others. In another paper1 we have considered a model and a comminution distribution equation for single fracture of brittle materials. Most comminuting devices, however, depend on the occurrence of repeated fracture. This is especially true of continuous cylindrical mills of the ball, tube, or rod type. But even in primary crushers there is some repetition of the breaking process, so that this paper should be of interest in connection with all comminuting devices. HALF LIFE AND PROBABILITY OF FRACTURE To facilitate the study of fracture it is useful to introduce the concept of the half life of a particle, In the ball mill, for example, we may start with 10,000 feed particles. The time, 7, by which one half of these particles have been broken is the half life of the feed under the prevailing experimental conditions. The probability of breakage bears an inverse relationship to the half life. In a ball mill, for instance, it can be shown that the

Jan 1, 1962

Jan 1, 1933

By T. S. Govindan

The first step in energy conservation in any industrial plant involves implementing many of the day-to-day "housekeeping" items, such as fixing leaks, turning out lights, etc. When this step has been accomplished, additional opportunities require a detailed analysis of the energy systems, evaluation of risks and costs, and assignment of priorities. Examples of conservation schemes drawn from the experience of Du Pont&apos;s Energy Management Consulting Services will be discussed. The utility of heat balances for kilns and dryers in minerals processing will be outlined. The input needed from management for the success of conservation efforts will be discussed.

Jan 1, 1981

By A. A. Bauer, H. A. Saller, F. A. Rough, J. R. Doig

among uranium alloy systems are the U-Zr, U-Ti,and U-Mo binary systems, in that an intermediate phase, of limited solubility range, exists in each system. These intermediate phase alloys offer a promising field of investigation, both as binary alloys and as ternary alloy combinations. While a limited amount of work has been done on the binary alloys, none has been done on ternary combinations of these alloys. As a possible prelude to more intensive investigation of these systems, a study of the phase relationships between the 6 phases of the U-Zr and U-Ti systems was undertaken. The solid-state portions of the binary constitutional diagrams for the U-Ti,1 Zr-Ti,2 and U-Zr3 systems are shown in Fig. 1. The solid to liquid transformations are not shown, as these transformations were not studied in the ternary system. The phase designations employed are based upon those shown in the uranium constitutional diagrams. The crystal structures of the various phases are given in Table I. Experimental Materials and Methods The ternary section presented is based upon the results of thermal, metallographic, and X-ray analyses of a series of alloys ranging in composition between the phases of the U-Zr and U-Ti systems (U-74 atomic pct Zr to U-35 atomic pct Ti). After preparation of the alloys, thermal data were obtained. On the basis of these data, specimens were heat treated and examined metallographically. Specimens were then selected from those heat treated for X-ray determination of the phases present in what were considered critical phase regions. Alloy and Specimen Preparation—Alloys for this investigation were prepared from selected as-reduced uranium and crystal-bar zirconium and titanium. For nominal compositions, see Table 11. Charges were arc melted from five to seven times under a helium atmosphere, finally being cast into wire-bar form for fabrication. A zirconium getter button was used to clean the furnace atmosphere prior to melting. The alloys were homogenized 20 hr at 900 °C and furnace cooled. A portion of each bar was then removed for thermal analysis; the remainder was saved for fabrication. Alloys 8 through 14 were placed in steel tubes along with zirconium getter chips and, after flushing with argon, the tubes were welded shut and rolled at 1500 °F to a 50 pct reduction in diam. The remaining alloys were annealed 24 hr at ll00°F to insure transformation of the ? phase to the 8-U2Ti phase and were then hot rolled from a salt bath. Attempts to roll alloys 6 and 7 at 1100 °F were unsuccessful. Following this, attempts were made to roll pieces of alloys 1 through 5, which had cracked rather severely during casting, at 1200 °F, but these efforts were also unsuccessful. These alloys were, therefore, further treated in their cast and homogenized condition. All alloys were pickled to remove oxide formed during rolling. Thermal data were obtained on these alloys by conventional differential thermal analysis at a heating rate of 30C per min, and by a high-speed heating method at rates of approximately 10°C per sec. For the latter method of analysis, a 36-gage Chromel-Alumel thermocouple is spot welded between two slivers of alloy, the sandwich being en-

Jan 1, 1958

By L. G. Huntley

I. HISTORY OF OIL DEVELOPMENT IN MEXICO THE occurrence of oil or "tar" in Mexico was mentioned as early as the seventeenth century by Friar Sagahun, who gives the Indian name "chapopote," by which these asphalt seepages are still called. This asphalt was apparently used, as it has been used by primitive people in many parts of the world, in religious ceremonies and for medicinal purposes. Travellers also report that the ruins in Yucatan and the pyramids in southern Mexico show traces of the use of "chapopote" as a building cement.1 DeGolyer says that the first attempt to exploit oil or gas in Mexico in a commercial way is shown by the records of the Memoria de Fomento of 1865, when permission was granted to a Senor Ildefonso Lopez to exploit the deposits of petroliferous substances in the San Jose de Ias Rusias area in the State of Tamaulipas. Other concessions follow, and probably refer to surface seepages which occur in that district. This was several years after the discovery of oil in Pennsylvania. In 1868, a well 125 ft. deep was drilled by a company organized in Mexico City, in what is now known as the Furbero district, and a little oil was refined there. In 1873, residents of Tampico denounced seepages along the Tamesi River, and asphalt was mined near Tempoal in the Canton of Tantoyuca. No drilling was attempted. But between 1880 and 1883 several shallow wells were drilled for oil in Mexico, two of them being near the present Potrero de Llano field west of Tuxpam. The wells were drilled by a Boston company with Canadian rigs, and are said too have reached a depth of about 400 ft., while one is reported to have flowed. Several other abortive attempts were made to drill for oil between 1885 and the beginning of the present century, about which time the Mexican, Petroleum & Liquid Fuel Co., Ltd., in which Cecil Rhodes was interested drilled 24 wells unsuccessfully, several of them as deep as 1,500 ft., in the State -

Jan 9, 1915

By R. R. Spencer, C. A. Campbell, R. J. Marcotte, A. S. Kromer, P. H. Ostlender

Calumet Div. of Calumet & Hecla Inc. is engaged primarily in mining, milling, and smelting the native copper ores of northern Michigan. The copper occurs in fragmental tops of lava flows and in certain interbedded felsitic conglomerates of Pre- Cambrian age. The most famous native copper ore- body in world history is the Calumet conglomerate, which outcrops between the villages of Calumet and Laurium for a distance of about 2 miles. The Osceola lode parallels the conglomerate lode and is mineralized for about 3 miles. Horizontal distance between the two is 750 ft. In 1932 the price of copper dropped to 54 per lb. Coupled with the high cost of obtaining copper from extreme depths, this low price made the venture un- profitable, and the mining unit was abandoned. After the shaft pillar copper was removed from several of the conglomerate shafts in a retreating operation, the mine was allowed to fill with water. In post-depression years, when the price of copper stabilized at about 12¢, Calumet Div. found it profitable to operate its remaining mines on other lodes, as well as its tailings reclamation plants.

Apr 1, 1956

By N. I. Fisher, J. Shepherd

Statistical studies have been carried out on structural geological data collected across a large zone of roof failure 600 m (1968 ft) wide and at least 800 m (2642 ft) long in the Greta coal seam at Aberdare East Colliery. Two swarms of hundreds of minor, normal faults with throws commonly between 3 and 300 mm in the room and pillar workings are broadly coincident with roof failure. The faults have been classified into dip slip and oblique and strike slip types. Roof conditions have been classified into good; troublesome with subclasses scaly, heavy, gutter falls and wide, flat-roofed falls; and severely failed with subclasses very heavy roof, gutter falls and dome falls. Troublesome conditions are defined as those in which the height of the fall is less than or equal to 0.3 m, and severely failed conditions as those in which the fall height is greater than 0.3 m. Comparison of faults, roof condition and mining rate on a shift basis indicates that faults and roof failure are much more important than machine breakdowns in reducing mining rate. The effect of faults on roof conditions has been quantified using a concept called the "zone of influence," a rectangular area around a fault in which the fault has potentially deleterious effects. The spatial comparison of fault "zones of influence" with areas of roof failure wing Spearman&apos;s rank correlation coefficient shows that, while normal dip slip faults do not appear to be associated with roof failure, oblique slip and strike slip faults appear to be associated with roof classed as severely failed. The "zone of influence" of an oblique slip fault may extend up to 3 m on each side of it in the headings and up to 1.14 m in the cut-throughs. The fault "zone of influence" has geomechanical implications for the design of mine openings and Possibly represents the maximum length of a cantilevered roof beam likely to fail during mining, owing to a fault. Roof conditions could Possibly be predicted in blocks of &gin coal if the type of fault could be identified in oriented drill cores.

Jan 1, 1979

By Richard P. Rothwell

The device to which I desire to call the attention of the members of the Institute consists of a water-tight caisson, which is connected By a stuffing-box with the tube to be laid, and the caisson is pushed forward with hydraulic jacks set against the end of the tube. The tube is of hard white iron, cast in chills in segments. These segments are carried from shore through the tube itself, in which a track is laid as the work progresses, and the segments are bolted together in the caisson, where there is ample room to work and proper appliances for handling heavy weights. As each segment is bolted on, the jacks are set against its forward end, and when the whole ring is complete, the caisson is pushed forward by the jacks, a trench having been dredged out in front of it, or, in very loose ground, jets of water under a heavy pressure can be thrown out to loosen the ground in front of the caisson. The direction in which the caisson is pushed is completely under control, and both the caisson and the tube are loaded to the amount necessary to overcome their buoyancy. I understand that Mr. H. H. Hall, of New York, the inventor, is negotiating for the construction of a 16-foot tunnel of this kind across the Straits of&apos; Northumberland, between Prince Edward Island and the main-land, and for tunnels in several other places. 4 One of the most interesting uses of this system is in laying water mains out into lakes. The work can be carried on without inter-

Jan 1, 1886

By Joseph J. Yancik, Leonard L. Felts, George B. Clark

Little information has been published concerning the actual or useful amount of energy obtained from explosives when they are used for blasting. To provide more data on this subject, 8-in. neet cement cubes were blasted in a steel plate box and the breakage energy evaluated by comparison with drop crusher results using Rittinger&apos;s," &apos; Kick&apos;s,%nd Bond&apos;s&apos; theories. Theories by Bond and Wang," Lineau,&apos; Hatch,&apos; Roller," and others were not considered applicable. Those used in this investigation may be expressed mathematically as follows: [ ] The above equations were employed to determine values of KK, K for particle size distributions similar to those obtained from the blasting curves. These values were in turn used as a means of approximating the specific energy of the blasted material. The efficiency of crushing by blasting was then determined by dividing this specific energy by the maximum available work of the explosive per gram of cement.

Mar 1, 1956

John Birkinbine, Philadelphia, Pa.: Mr. Sperry&apos;s paper is certainly a valuable addition to the literature upon alloys with iron, supplementing the data already published concerning the influence of manganese, chromium, tungsten, titanium, aluminium, etc.; and it is to be hoped that the presentation of information upon the influences of nickel may bring out comparisons with other alloys. Taking into consideration the properties of nickel, and its use as an alloy in heavy forgings, as set forth in the paper, there would appear to be no serious difficulties in utilizing this alloy by extending its application to pieces of more moderate size. The melting-temperature of nickel, as stated by Mr. Sperry, is considerably lower than those given by various authorities. Its point of fusion being so near that of iron, and its density but little greater, the difficulty of alloying it in the foundry should not be serious, particularly if it is applied as a ferro-nickel. The addition of nickel monoxide (NiO) to molten steel would appear to be less desirable than the application of metallic, nickel or of ferro-nickel, if such is produced on a commercial scale and at a satisfactory price.

Jan 1, 1896