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By Ivette E. Torres

The final 26 tables of this chapter, tables 24-49, extend and expand the statistical series on production that was started in the 1963 edition of the Area Reports: International volume of the Minerals Yearbook and that was subsequently updated and expanded in the 1965 and 1967-90 editions. Mainly because of the separation of the countries that formed the U.S.S.R., the column that provided a 5-year average, was deleted. The listing order of major producers, however, continued to be, as in past years, in descending order of rank in the year of review, 1992. This group of tables now includes each of the top 19 crude minerals in 1983 in terms of value of their output plus 3 others of lesser rank. These 22 crude mineral commodities accounted for more than 98 % of the estimated value of world crude mineral production in 1983. Coal production, included in the 1983 value of production table as two separated entries, is combined in one table in this chapter. World output of five key downstream products-aluminum, steel, cement, nitrogen in ammonia, and refined oil-is included because of their significance as products.

Jan 1, 1994

By Laurence A. Dahners

As part of the strategic minerals program, the Bureau of Mines conducted a diamond-drilling project on three barite properties in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina during the summer and fall of 1944. These properties, the Moccasin Gap prospect and the Krebs property in Cocke County, Tenn., and the Sandy Bottom mine of the Stackhouse group in Madison County, N. C. (fig. 1), are known to have produced some barite. The Bureau of' Mines project was planned to prospect for extensions of the ore bodies. A total of 3,169 feet of diamond drilling was done in 15 holes on the three properties. Tabulations of sample analyses and drill-hole logs are presented in this report. Two other mines of interest in the area are the McCoy and the Williams in Cocke County, Tenn. The Williams adjoins the Krebs. No drilling was done by the bureau in either of these properties.

Jan 1, 1949

By J. E. Fraley

This report describes the preliminary results of a Bureau program to develop and test an inexpensive grout for full-column support of roof bolts. Various inorganic grouts were tested in both cartridge and slurry form. Tests were also performed on methods of water packaging and on the effect of fillers on the grout strength. Results showed that some grouts had poor early strength and exceptional mid-to long-term strength. Laboratory tests have shown that rapid-setting inorganic grout could be an economical replacement for resin bolts if the short-term strength could be increased. Further development to improve its early strength would need to be tested in the laboratory and underground to prove its potential for the mining industry.

Jan 1, 1987

By John Nagy

Dust explosion data obtained in laboratory tests by the Bureau of Mines are presented for 181 miscellaneous materials that present an explosion hazard. Data are given also for 50 dusts that present primarily a fire hazard and for 88 dusts that did not present an explosion hazard.

Jan 1, 1968

By Arno C. Fieldner

In view of the widespread interest in the production of synthetic liquid fuels from solid and gaseous fuels to supplement declining reserves of petroleum, and the many requests that are now being received for information on the subject, this bibliography of Bureau of Mines contributions has been compiled. In addition to the publications issued by the Government in printed or mimeographed form, references are included to articles written by the Bureau staff for the technical press and to cooperative reports of work done jointly with States, colleges, and industries. References are given under each section in chronological order. Bureau of Mines bulletins, technical papers, and Minerals Yearbooks are printed and are obtainable at the prices indicated from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. If no price is given, the publication is out of print. The price of entire volumes of the Minerals Yearbook or of reprints of certain chanters may be obtained upon request. Any orders or remittances in payment for these publications should be cent directly to the Superintendent of Documents and not

Jan 1, 1945

By J. Drew Potts

The U.S. Bureau of Mines identified respirable dust sources and controls on four continuous auger mining sections, two with relatively low dust levels and two with high levels. Factors adversely affecting dust levels included auger equipment design, continuous haulage, and low seam height. Dust controls included ventilation practices and spray systems. Maximizing airflow seemed to reduce dust levels most. Air leakage and shock loss can be reduced by constructing stoppings with brushed-on mortar containing fiberglass and by keeping areas between curtains and ribs free from obstructions and storing equipment not essential for face activities in outby crosscuts. Curtain configuration, setback distance, and installation can also affect dust levels. Use of both blowing and exhausting curtains is the most effective configuration. Setbacks from the face should not exceed 15 ft. Installing brattice curtains at least 5.5 ft from ribs, when entries are 26 ft wide, minimizes velocity head. Installing curtains tightly against the mine roof and floor helps maintain a forward airflow movement in the center of the mine heading; curtain overlap can create a tighter seal. The wet-auger spray system also effectively controls dust, provided the mine is already exercising good ventilation practices.

Jan 1, 1989

By Byron A. Baker

The Bureau of Mines used a windowed cell to measure the phase-boundary pressures of two related series of gas-condensate fluid mixtures. Normal butane was added to the mixtures incrementally to determine its effectiveness for lowering phase-boundary pressure. All the experimental data were correlated, so that the pressure required to maintain light oils mixed with natural gas in the single phase may be computed for secondary recovery applications. The heavy hydrocarbon parts of the mixtures were distillation fractions of a Gulf Coast condensate. Intermediate normal hydrocarbons in the butane-heptane range and natural gas were added to the fractions in selected proportions, so that phase-diagram pressures of 26 fluids were actually studied. The experimental range of temperatures was 50° to 280° F. Two correlations were developed to represent phase-boundary pressures by means of a polynomial. Independent variables represent natural gas content, disparity of properties of components comprising the mixtures, and temperature. A fourth variable, for one correlation only, was the quantity of normal butane added to the original mixtures. The latter correlation with four independent variables contains 15 coefficients and is estimated to be accurate to 135 psi.

Jan 1, 1973

By Bertha R. Klahold

"In response to numerous inquiries regarding tests and analyses of minerals and related inorganic materials; Bureau of Mines Information Circular 6999, ""Laboratories That Make Fire Assays, Analyses, and Tests on Ores, Minerals, Metals and Other Inorganic Substances,"" by C. W. Davis and M. W. von Bernewitz, was published .in 1938 and revised in 1939 (I. C. 6999R). In this paper on analytical and testing laboratories, the original text has been rewritten and expanded, and a table has been added, in which are listed laboratories prepared to offer a number of special testing services in addition to ordinary assays and chemical analyses. The arrangement of laboratories on, a geographical basis has been maintained.This circular is compiled as a public service, and none of the laboratories listed herein is recommended over any other,These lists were compiled from questionnaires sent to organizations whose work is connected with mineral and metallurgical testing. The response in general was very satisfactory, and the author takes this opportunity to express her appreciation to the officers of the listed laboratories for their cooperation.Acknowledgment is also made of the valuable assistance of the members of the technical staff particularly Morris Slaving/ of the Eastern Experiment Station of the Bureau of Mines at College Park, Md., in the preparation of the questionnaire and technical descriptions.Many mineral samples are sent to government agencies in the National Capital with the request that they be assayed or chemically analyzed. It should be emphasized that there is no place in Washington D. C. where assays and quantitative analyses are made for the public b the Federal Government.Virtually all of the States maintain a bureau of mines, a geological survey, or some similar organization, frequently at the State University, where minerals found by residents of the State will be identified free of charge. Usually, a charge is made for assays. Specific tests, as on clays, are made by some of these offices.The Federal Bureau of Mines, although it attempts to avoid duplication of services rendered by State Bureaus, is always glad to give advice as to prospective markets. It does not compete with private assayers and chemists, but with respect to samples sent to its field laboratories, it does offer to identify them as far as this can be done by inspection and simple optical and chemical tests. This examination is usually sufficient to indicate whether the material has commercial value, or at least if the expense of an assay would be warranted. Except in connection with its own technical investigations, no assays or other special tests are made by the Bureau of Mines.The Federal Geological Survey and the National Museum also make simple tests of specimens as a public service. Neither of these bureaus nor the Bureau of Mines, however, can afford to render such services on long suites of specimens submitted by mineral dealers, well drillers, or others, when such work can be done regularly by commercial concerns."

Oct 1, 1949

By Frank E. Cash

Data on the occident experience of the pebble-phosphate industry in Florida for 1937 and 1938 are combined in this report with statistics for the 7-year period 1930-36, inclusive, which were published in Information Circulars 69174/ and 69685/. The periodic publication of such data enables the pebble-phosphate industry, as well as other industries, to consider relative hazards, compare experience, and thereby help to prevent accidents. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Accident data ere furnished by the following; operating companies: Amalgamated Phosphate Co., Brewster; American Agricultural Chemical Co., Pierce; Coronet Phosphate Co., Plant City; International Agricultural Corporation, Mulberry; Phosphate Mining Co., Nichols; Southern Phosphate Corporation, Bartow; and Swift & Co. Fertilizer Works, Bartow.

Jan 1, 1940

By J. R. Thoenen

This circular is part 2 of the third subject (entitled "Excavation") of a series summarizing; the technical problems involved in the production and preparation of sand and gravel. Part 1 discussed the use of power shovels, draglines, and excavator cranes. This paper discusses the use of the power scraper, slackline cableway excavator, and hydraulic monitor, and part 3 will discuss the use of various types of dredges. Subsequent papers in the series will discuss the use of haulage equipment, the application of both excavating and haulage equipment to various types of deposits, and operating costs. THE POWER SCRAPER The power scraper is a younger member of the various forms of gravel excavators. It is a mechanized enlargement of the slip scraper and other scrapers which depend upon animals for power and has a greater range of operation from a single set-up than any other excavation unit except the slackline cableway excavator.

Jan 1, 1935

By R. V. Ramani

In this the available information friction factors and leakage report, on characteristics are reviewed and summarized. The use of Penn State Mine Ventilation Simulator (Volumes II and III of the Final Report) to analyze the sensitivity of the ventilation system to the changes in leakage and friction factors is discussed with examples. In simple ventilation systems, the results of changes in leakage and friction factors can be easily solved and explained by the laws of air-flow. In complex systems, with fixed quantity branches and multiple sections, the effect of changes in leakage and friction factors cannot be generalized. This study points out the importance of good input data for obtaining reliable information from computer analyses and demonstrates the application of simulators to analyze the effectiveness of ventilation systems. An extensive bibliography on friction factors, leakage characteristics and ventilation economics is included.

Jan 1, 1977

By D. J. Stoops, H. Kato, M. D. Carver

The effects of impurity elements silicon , aluminum, copper , nitrogen , and manganese , at 50 to 300 ppm, on properties of the zirconium alloy Zircaloy 2 were investigated . Variations in microstructure , mechanical properties , and corrosion behavior in some inorganic acid and salt solutions were observed with variations in level of impurity element . Corrodents were solutions of sulfuric acid , phosphoric acid , copper chloride , and iron chloride . Silicon was found to modify annealed microstructures by spheroidizing and dispersion of secondphase material throughout grains . Silicon or manganese improved ultimate and yield strength of the alloy without loss in ductility . All five elements affected corrosion rates of the alloy , the effect being generally different for each element .

Jan 1, 1964

By E. P. Youngman

In the Unfederated Malay States, with the exception of Johore, the rights of suzerainty, protection, and administration were transferred by giam to the British Government in 1909. In the States of Kelantan, Trengganu, Kedah, and Perlis, the rulers are assisted by State Councils and by British advisers appointed by the British Government.3 With respect to Johore, the largest, richest, and most highly organized of the Malay States not in the Federation, the treaty of December 11, 1885, with Great Britain, defined the relations of the State to the British Govern- ment and allowed the Maharaja to assume the title of "Sultan"; an amendment to this treaty (May 12, 1914) provided that the Sultan should be advised by a British officer, the General Adviser. ...... The political organization of the States is reflected in the mining legis- lation, Johore being the only one having a comprehensive code. The mining enactments now in force, according to the High Commissioner for the Malay States, are as follows:

Jun 1, 1932

By G. L. Oldright

This paper is the second of a series that is to appear on smelting in the lead blast furnace. The objects of this investigation are to determine the conditions obtaining within the blast furnace by direct experimentation, and to correlate the behavior of the furnace at various times with the main factors governing the operation of the blast furnace, and metallurgical losses. The writers wish to express their appreciation to the management of the International Smelting Company at Tooele. Utah, for their kind cooperation which made possible the assembling of these data.

Jan 1, 1929

By R. M. Gooding

This paper presents a short history of the production of mineral-energy fuels and energy from waterpower in the United States, with brief discussions of the utilization of each of the fuels and hydropower, and a look at fuels competition and interchangeability. Basic data, in figures and tables, are brought together in this publication for the production of coal in the United States from 1800 to 1960, for crude petroleum, natural gas liquids, and natural gas from 1859 to 1960, and for hydropower since 1900. Production for each segment of the fuels complex in the principal producing States from 1946 to 1960 is shown. Data are not included for consumption as such or for imports and exports.

Jan 1, 1963

By R. M. Gooding

This paper presents a short history of the production of mineral-energy fuels and energy from waterpower in the United States, with brief discussions of the utilization of each of the fuels and hydropower, and a look at fuels competition and interchangeability. Basic data, in figures and tables, are brought together in this publication for the production of coal in the United States from 1800 to 1960, for crude petroleum, natural gas liquids, and natural gas from 1859 to 1960, and for hydropower since 1900. Production for each segment of the fuels complex in the principal producing States from 1946 to 1960 is shown. Data are not included for consumption as such or for imports and exports.

Jan 1, 1963

By Peter H. Toepfer

Hydraulically emplaced, classified mill sands long have been used for stope fill. Entrained water drains rapidly from this type of fill through openings between the sand grains. Slimes are removed to facilitate drainage of the water, thereby lowering dangerous hydrostatic pressures in the fill. Use of unclassified mill tailing as practiced at the Dayrock mine is a recent development and represents a fundamentally different approach to the problems of inhibiting the development of hydrostatic pressures within the stope fill. At the. Dayrock mine, mill tailing is used to form a densely packed fill of sand and slime particles relatively impervious to additional water.

Jan 1, 1952

By D. Harrington

The Bureau of Mines was created in 1910 largely to determine methods of preventing coal-mine explosions; the Bureau's studies have proved that coal dust, except possibly that of some grates of anthracite, can initiate an explosion in the absence of gas and that its ability to extend or propagate an explosion of either gas or dust has been responsible for nearly all of the widespread explosions that have taken place in bituminous and other nonanthracite mines in the United States in the present century. It is believed by many persons that all atmospheric dusts may be harmful if breathed in large enough quantities for long enough time; bituminous coal dust is generally considered to be essentially harmless physiologically, yet there is abundant evidence of definite damage from inhalation of bituminous dust mixed or unmixed with the dust of other materials. Attention un¬questionably should be given to allaying dust in bituminous mines, especially at principal dust-producing sources. This publication enumerates some of the sources of dust and describes practical methods of employing water as one of the most effective of the known methods to allay dust in bituminous mines.

Jan 1, 1938

By Wilbert J. Huff

[This is the fifth of a series of annual reports of the explosives Division, Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior.3/ It deals particularly with work done during the period July 1, 1939, to June 30, 1939. The writer and the respective unit leader to whom credit is indicated have directed the various studies outlined.]

Jan 1, 1940

By Franklin D. Cooper

This Bureau of Mines study reviews current and proposed methods of extracting copper from sub-mill-grade ore by leaching. The amount of copper produced by hydrometallurgy has increased dramatically in recent years and will probably be about 200,000 tons per year by 1970.

Jan 1, 1968