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By E. V. Konoplev

Russia is one of the largest manufacturers of potash fertilizers in the world. Processing of potash ores basically is carried out by a flotation way. Potash ores of the Verhnekamsky potash deposit contain sylvite (KCl), halite (NaCl) and water insoluble impurity (up to 8 %), presented silicate- carbonate minerals, easily slimed by ore crushing in rod mills. Ore of some deposit sites, developed by ?Uralkali? Co, contains a significant amount of a carnal-lite (KCl.MgCl2.6H2O). Work practice of flotation potash plants has shown, that increase of car-nallite content in ore leads to increase magnesium ion content in a circulated plant brine (saturated salt solution of potassium and sodium chlorides-sylvite brine) and to deterioration of indicators of ore processing. In the Paper we present results of researches of floatability of various size sylvite and influences silicate-carbonate slimes on sylvite flotation in brines with the various magnesium chloride content. It is established, that with increase magnesium chloride content in the brine mainly decreases the flotation of coarse sylvite and amplifies adverse effect of silicate-carbonate slimes on sylvite flotation. In this connection deterioration of potash ore flotation is caused not only decrease sylvite floatability but also strengthening adverse action of water insoluble impurity on potash flotation. It is shown that the application of frothing agents, which render the stronger dispersive action on the colloidal-micellar structures of amine in the salt solution increases the absorption of collector on the sylvite and improves the flotation of sylvite into magnesium the containing salt solutions. The application of an organic depressor to the greatest degree of decreasing the absorption amine on the slimes and to the smallest degree possessing anionic properties proves to be most effective with the flotation carnallite of the containing potassium ores. It is offered the application the frother on a basis of glycol ethers and organic depressor on a basis of urea-formaldehyde resin. Results of industrial tests developed reagent modes for flotation treatment of ores with the raised carnallite content (to 6 %) on ?Uralkali? Co plant have shown that their application has allowed to receive equivalent indicators potash flotations at change of magnesium chloride content in the brine from 0.7 % up to 2.4 % .

Jan 1, 2014

By G. Rajesh

Mathematical modeling of bioremediation has gained importance as it is used as an optimization tool for the remediation process involved in contaminated sites. The bioremediation of Cr(VI) has been studied taking into consideration the initial Cr(VI) concentration Cr(VI)ini, bacterial growth substrate concentration (S), maximum growth rate (µmax), yield coefficient (Y), half saturation constant (Ks), and inhibition constant (KI). As the enzymatic reaction is also affected by initial substrate concentration (Sini) and Ks, different ratios of (Ks/Sini) are analyzed. As the inhibition constant (KI) is not constant for all the enzyme reactions and it varies with Cr(VI)ini, the correlation between (KI) and Cr(VI)ini is developed. A set of differential equations pertaining to bioremediation of Cr(VI) has been solved using FORTRAN 90 program adopting the model developed. The results are verified with the experimental data from the literature and a good correlation has been obtained between the experimental data and the model predictions. Keywords: bioremediation, hexavalent chromium, mathematical model, inhibition kinetics

Sep 1, 2012

By S. Castro

The aim of the present paper is to review the current technologies for arsenic removal in the copper metallurgical industry, and to show the progress made with some promising emerging strategies, involving the pre-treatment of copper-arsenic concentrates by selective flotation or by alkaline leaching with Na2S-NaOH solutions. The advantages of alkaline leaching are the selective dissolution of arsenic and antimony, the high extraction yield, and the practically nil loss of copper, which remains in the clean copper concentrate as a CuS residue. Alkaline ?cured? ? a procedure similar to ?acid-cured? in conventional leaching ? improves arsenic extraction and reagent consumption, making this an interesting technology for the treatment of high As-Sb concentrates. In light of recent advances on the selective flotation of enargite and tennantite, the importance of redox conditions to control the flotation/depression of enargite-tennantite from copper sulfides has been well established. However, problems of selectivity must still be solved. Additionally, the limitation imposed in some cases by the need to recover the molybdenum by-product must be considered. The application of selective flotation to obtain a high-arsenic or ?dirty? concentrate and its sub-sequent treatment by the alkaline leaching process is suggested.

Jan 1, 2014

By Y. B. Zhu

Soil reconstruction and improvement trials and vegetation experiment is carried out at Shuilong-shan acid rock waste dumps at Dexing Copper Mine in China. pH value, Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, etc. concentration in acid rock drainage (ARD) is also monitored every month since 2005. The results of experiment show that: Lime and topsoil stripped from open-pit is appropriated soil improvement material. Full cover soil improvement method is suitable for flat area, contour soil improvement method and hole soil improvement method is appropriate for slope area. The optimal plant species is ligustrum lucidum Ait,Lespedeza bicolor, Paspalum notatum, Veti-veria zizanioides, Eragrostis pilos and Neyraudia reynaudian. It is the best for Arbor, shrub and grass to be arranged in pairs or groups in order to remold optimal landscape. Pilot sites, covering 3ha, is established. Vegetation coverage reaches 90% in platform area, 40% in slope area. pH value in ARD increased slightly, Cu2+, Pb2+ concentration in ARD decreased, Zn2+ concentration in ARD decreased and varied slightly.

Jan 1, 2014

By Peter Riccio

Oxiana Sepon?s mineral processing facility in south central Laos produces copper cathode using leach-autoclave-SX/EW flotation technology. Pyrite recovery in the flotation circuit is critical to the operation, as it is used to generate acid for the leach circuit. However, low pyrite recovery has been an ongoing challenge in the flotation circuit. Tailings characterization work done by Ian Wark Research Institute showed that the pyrite losses to the tail are made up of a combination of coarse liberated particles and finer particles that have been coated by clay fines. In December of 2005, a joint Cytec-Oxiana technical program was initiated to address the pyrite recovery issue. A series of diagnostic tests were performed in the Cytec Stamford Research Facility using synthetic plant water showing that the collector was precipitating as a metal salt, and was un-available for mineral attachment. The tests also identified several collector chemistries that would likely be robust in the Sepon low pH, high dissolved metal ion environment, and will not complex with ferric, ferrous, or copper in solution. With the support of the Sepon on-site engineers, an extensive, successful laboratory program was completed, which then was followed by on plant testing that showed a step wise improvement in pyrite recovery.

Jan 1, 2014

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is traditionally used in plant operation to separate feldspars from quartz. It acts during the conditioning step as a pH regulator and an activating agent providing an excellent selectivity. However, a corrosive chemical environment and the ecological impacts from the potential fluoride ion contamination are limiting factors to use this chemical agent at an industrial scale. Investigations of the amine-feldspar interactions in the absence and presence of non-linear long-chain alcohols were carried out on two ore samples. The presence of alcohol molecules led to form a closed packed layer only on the surface of feldspars. The highest order and packing at the feldspar surface were observed with a particular alkyl chain structure as Guerbert alcohols. A new flotation process was developed and tested at both lab and pilot scales on different feldspar ores. The Guerbert alcohols allow to perform a feldspar concentrate with very low content in quartz (2.3-3.5 %) and feldspars recovery from 78 to 81 % while the aliphatic isoalcohols show a more higher recovery level (88-89 %). New HF-free process is strongly dependent on the pH range (1.7-2.5) and sulphuric acid consumption during conditioning steps. Optimal amine/alcohol weight ratio is ranged between 0.8 and 1.0. The values below 0.8 decrease strongly the flotation selectivity and the quartz recovery within the feldspar concentrates is higher than that occurs with HF.

Sep 1, 2012

"The JKMRC researchers have been redeveloping the suite of breakage testing techniques to more realistically align with the breakage environment in comminution equipment. Computational modelling, especially with the DEM, has highlighted the modes of impact and contact, along with the energies of these interactions in a wide range of equipment. This has driven the need to match these modes in laboratory ore characterisation tests. The objective has been to build a continuum of breakage tests and associated models that span the required range of breakage forces and environments. The ore sample is subjected to a sequence of tests covering: abrasion (surface breakage) of angular through to smoothed particles; single particle impact from high energy single impact breakage down to low energy; incremental breakage covering 60 mm down to 50 µm particles; particle strength distribution; and bed breakage over a range of compression and energy input. These tests are suited to multi-component ores with a distribution of strengths. A modelling technique is also being developed to utilise primary breakage for modelling breakage under different types of confinement. This paper draws together these techniques, previously published by the authors, into a coherent whole. The suite of tests is approaching the point where a fixed set of tests can be used to model the performance of a full range of equipment, removing the need to conduct repeat ore characterisation tests for each different piece of equipment incorporated in a circuit design. This path should open up the application of different circuit configurations and novel equipment in comminution circuit design.1 INTRODUCTION Comminution modelling utilizes a wide range of ore characterisation techniques and methods to deal with the range of comminution equipment available for production use. In general, the tests have been designed to correlate with specific pieces of equipment, using calibration factors to provide the link between the small-scale test and industrial-scale performance. The majority of tests focus on estimating the power requirement of process equipment to achieve a desired throughput and grind size. Overall, this approach has achieved acceptable outcomes in the past, but the reality is that equipment sizing suffers from considerable uncertainty, in excess of ±20% is not uncommon. This uncertainty is covered by safety margins and automatic scaling factors in equipment selection. In striving to improve reliability, the industry tends to add more adjustment factors to the tests, and design margin rather than question the basic validity of the testing process. As the tests are often correlated to production equipment via carefully guarded databases, they are also locked into historic operating inefficiency, not providing direction or revealing opportunities to improve production efficiency in comminution equipment or circuits. Safe in the knowledge that they are achieving the expected production based on test work predictions, a site is unlikely to set their sights on reducing specific energy consumption by 10%."

Jan 1, 2018

By Osvaldo A. Bascur, J. Pat Kennedy

"The profitability of mining and metallurgical operations continues to lag behind that of other industries despite the technical advances that have occurred in recent years. A primary reason for poor performing in this economic sector is the lack of integration of mining and metallurgical information. The mine cut-off grade can be optimized if mining and metallurgical engineers have the data to optimize milling for the type of ore in hand.Integration of mine transactions, stockpile inventories, process flows and assays is the key to determining the economics for each blast strategy in a mining site. Real-time information from manufacturing assets greatly affects the profitability and flexibility of a company, but gross errors from faulty sensors, inaccurate instrument calibration, or incorrect process models may corrupt actionable information. New software tools can model the process, sift through available data to identify and eliminate gross errors, and use statistical data reconciliation to create materially balanced and consistent readings. The reconciled data is unified for use by both monitoring and decision making processes.Creating a real-time information environment where upgrade and change are allowed is becoming an accepted methodology to accelerate and simplify the integration of applications such as production monitoring, equipment performance management and yield and inventory management.This paper describes the data integration requirements in a mine, concentrator and port for unification of the redundant data. The capture of the mining events, stock pile management and the metallurgical information is the base requirements for a dynamic environment to reduce the overwhelming amount of information to unified set of information. Part of any decision support program should entail these results to continuously improve the measurement system to address the costs in mine and milling the ore."

Jan 1, 2003

By P. Coghill, P. Revell

"Geo-sensing is the ability to routinely measure or infer rock properties at a range of scales using non-destructive scanning devices. These devices can provide information and data flows to support integrated decision making across the minerals value chain. Geo-sensing has been used for many years in minerals exploration using technologies such as satellite imaging and airborne geophysics but to date the use of sensing technologies in between the mine and mill has been very limited. The aim of this research is to develop new mineral sensing technologies that can enable grade engineered ore streams through the rejection of low value gangue or deleterious elements either in the pit or during transfer to the mill. This paper focusses on the research and development being carried out by the Cooperative Research Centre for Optimising Resource Extraction (CRC ORE) and its associated members on new sensing technologies. At the start of their development these technologies were classified on the Technology Readiness Level scale at 3 (TRL3), equivalent to a proof of concept. Laboratory testing and design is aimed at progressing these sensing technologies to TRL5 which is ready for testing at an end users site. New data obtained during the laboratory testing and design phases are presented in the paper demonstrating performance specifications such as detection limits and measurement speed which can be used to infer the pod size of gangue that can be rejected at scale. Grade Engineering® and coarse gangue rejection are considered as key drivers for the mining industry to address the higher mining, processing and environmental costs associated with ore bodies with declining grades. This is an industry wide problem and the development of mineral sensors is seen as key enabling technologies for Grade Engineering® and coarse gangue rejection. The technologies presented in this paper enhance value through early decision making of ore quality and improve the overall resource value case through improved grade and throughput engineering."

Jan 1, 2018

By Ö. Genç

In this paper, full-scale mill data collected from three different circuit configurations in cement plants demonstrated the size reduction performance of dry ball mills in relation with the ball size classification achieved by the classifying liners used in the grinding compartments. Findings indicated that, breakage rates at the last 2 ~ 4 meters of the mill are not sufficient to give reasonable size reduction ratios for the production of fines. Application of only damming rings without classifying liners resulted in inverse ball size classification which lead to reduction in size reduction performance thus specific breakage rates.

Jan 1, 2014

By G. Demi

Chromium ore exploitation has commenced in 1948 in Albania and there are produced about 24.3 million tons up to the end of 2006. Last years the prices and need were increased notably. Main export of chromium ores and concentrates was accomplished respectively 114 500 ton and 13 000 ton in People Republic of China during 2006 year. Location, status, reserves and grade of chromium deposits of Albania are presented in the paper. Chromium ore enrichment is related with their composition and Cr2O3 content, as well as with market requests. Actually, high grade chromium ores with Cr2O3 content over 38% ~ 40% are directly exported or treated in metallurgy, but last time have been exported and chromium ores with 28% ~ 30% Cr2O3 content for the reason that dressing plants can not be operated for investment lack. High grade chromium ores have been treated in heavy media separation plant before 1990. It is presented flow sheet, figures and necessity to put in operation HMS plant in the paper. Actually, low grade chromium ores with content 16% ~ 20% Cr2O3 are not enriched for the lack of investments, but before 1990 they have been concentrated in dressing plants producing chromium concentrates grade 48% ~ 50% Cr2O3. In the paper are shown technological schemes and industrial figures during more than 20 years operation and possibilities to reconstruct these mineral processing plants. Only chromium mineral processing plant of Bulqiza is in operation using as raw material its old existing tailings. The flow sheet and figures show that are possibilities to increase recovery and grade of concentrate in the plant. Separation and concentration of slimes in suitable equipment gives visible improvement of Cr2O3 recovery. Several tests have been carried out with flotation and magnetic separation methods for enrichment of low grade chromium ores. Flow sheet and figures of mineral processing ores content olivine as gangue mineral are interesting, because combination of gravimetric with magnetic methods is necessary in this case. In the paper are presented the tests and good results of low chromium ore pre concentration. Metallurgical treatment of chromium ores to produce Ferro chrome, as well as technological process, figures, consume of electrical power and materials in Elbasani and Burreli furnaces are shown and necessary investments to treat in metallurgy all produced chromium ores in Albania are considered.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. Z. Yuan

The purity of rectorite is only about 70% after preliminary mineral processing, which has limited its application. In this research, different pulp densities, different dispersants, different dispersing methods and purification flow sheets were used to purify rectorite. The results show that it is possible to obtain high pure rectorite clay with the purity above 90% and concentrate yield between 24.9% and 29.4% by the purification process with composite dispersants, stirred mill grinding dispersion and so on. The obtained high pure rectorite can be further used in rectorite nanocomposites.

Jan 1, 2014

By F. M. Zafar Kaifi

Magnesite producing companies rely on high grade purity MgO. The mineralogy of magnesite has a significant impact on the manufacturing of magnesite bricks. The manufacturing process of bricks companies utilizes 90% magnesite from 85%~90% MgO. The main objective of the magnesite bricks was to utilizes the indigenous raw material available in bulk quantity. With better under-standing of chemistry of the mineral species and strict control of bricks manufacturing/processing conditions can be better produce efficiently, a low cost high quality bricks with minimum detrimental environmental impact.

Jan 1, 2014

By Graeme Heyes, Warren J. Bruckard, Michael A. Somerville

"A limited series of laboratory batch flotation tests was conducted on a suite of calcium-ferrite-based slags made in laboratory smelting trials. The smelting tests were conducted as part of a wider CSIRO Minerals’ research project aimed at developing a single-stage continuous copper-making process. The objective of the flotation work was to maximise copper recovery and iron rejection from slags made in the process.The slags treated included a reduced low copper slag, an oxidised high copper slag composite, and a very reduced low copper self-pulverising slag. The copper content of the slags varied from 2.9% to 14% Cu. The copper was present as metallic copper, oxide copper and copper-calcium ferrite phases with the phase mix related to smelting conditions. The slags were crushed, ground, wet-screened at 355 or 210 µm to remove coarse metallic particles of copper, and floated at natural pH (about pH 11) using reagents and conditions appropriate for the selective recovery of the copper phases.In rougher/scavenger tests on the reduced low copper and self-pulverising slags copper recoveries above 92% were obtained with copper enrichment ratios varying between 2.3 and 2.9. For the oxidised high copper slag copper recoveries were poorer - only 47% of the copper was recovered with an enrichment ratio of 3.3. The presence of the slow floating copper-ferrite phases in the slags limited further (selective) copper recovery. Ageing of the high copper slag, that is, a significant delay between grinding and flotation, resulted in a deterioration of the copper flotation response.The critical parameter affecting the flotation of copper from direct converting slags was found to be the form of the copper in the slag. Slags containing a higher proportion of the more desirable form of copper for flotation will provide the best opportunity for high copper recoveries to be consistently obtained, allowing improvements in the economics of the overall copper-making process."

Jan 1, 2003

By Y. L. Tian

Low-grade bauxite with A/S of 4.4 from Henan province was used as raw material and the selec-tive grinding of bauxite, grinding efficiency, particle size and Al2O3 and SiO2distributions of ground products were investigated using ball and vibration mills. The results show that the selective grinding can be used to realize the separation of aluminum from silicon within a certain particle size. The optimal grinding conditions of the ball mill with bauxite are as follows: grinding material to charge ratio, 1.2, charge volume ratio, 40%, pulp con-centration, 70wt%, medium size distribution, F30mm:F20mm:F15mm=20%:50%:30%. Under the conditions, the weight rate of ground product with A/S over 7.5 is 27% and the recovery of Al 2O3is 30%. The optimal grinding condition of the vibration mill with bauxite are as follows: grinding material to charge ratio, 0.9; charge volume ratio, 70%; concentration, 70%; medium size distribution, F40mm:F30mm:F20mm=20%:30%:50%. Under the conditions, the weight ratio of ground product with A/S over 7.5 is 25% and the recovery of Al 2O3is 27%. The research is significant for the rational and economical utilization of the low-grade bauxite.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. Saghaeian, R. Hejazi, R. Barreiro, M. Tavousi, M. Ahadi, O. Asghari

"Banded iron formations are the major iron source for producing high grade concentrate. BIF are generally lower grade and more difficult to extract. In order to know how best to process BIF ore, it require comprehensive knowledge on ore bodies even in the early stages of the mining process. Geometallurgy combines geological and mineral processing information and allows for higher flexibility in response to changes in the plant feed when mining different parts of the ore. This can lead to economic benefits, owing to improved plant operation, yet is time consuming and correspondingly costly. The main focus of this paper work has been to develop a comprehensive geometallurgical testing framework for developing Yogi BIF low grade magnetite deposit located at Western Australia. In order to provide successful geometallurgical mapping, was collected data from several different disciplines (geology, chemistry, mineralogy) and parameters (physical properties, metallurgical response and geotechnical measurements) during drilling activities and test work. The investigation shown magnetic separation behavior of material had high variation and is most important element in the proper design of ore beneficiation plant. This paper provides an improved and efficient magnetic separation test methods used for the investigation of separation behavior and variability of the Yogi Ore deposit and evaluates their applicability and potential in the geometallurgical context. In this paper a small-scale magnetic separation has been developed that allows estimating from single pass separation test using small amounts of sample material. Verification of the evaluation method and validation was done with different mineral systems."

Jan 1, 2018

By G. X. Du

Improving reaction effectiveness of asbestos tailings and acid is main means to increase the productivity of magnesium hydroxide and amorphous silica and to reduce production costs. In this paper, the process optimization of acid-leaching reaction process of asbestos tailings is reported. Through the orthogonal experiments of four influence factors, such as acid consumption, reaction temperature, reaction time and initial acid concentration in the leaching reaction. The experiment results indicated that the optimal process parameters were as follows: reaction temperature was 95?, reaction time was 1.5h, acid consumption was 218.9g hydrochloric acid(37%) per 100g asbestos tailings and initial acid concentration was about 25%. The influence significance sequence of the four factors was as follows: reaction temperature > reaction time > mass concentration of hydrochloric acid > hydrochloric acid consumption. Under the optimum process conditions, the leaching rate of MgO was 97.3%, total iron 98.15% and Al2O3 57.9%.

Jan 1, 2014

By Z. G. Song

As a kind of complex physicochemical process, grinding would affect the subsequent mineral processing such as flotation considerably. In this study, the effect of wet grinding on malachite and calcite flotation using sodium oleate as collector was studied. And the mechanism of the effect of grinding was investigated. Laboratory scale grinding and flotation testing of malachite and calcite samples were performed. Different grinding media were used, including steel balls and zirconia balls. It was the aim of this work to study the effect of grinding on the pulp chemistry paying particular attention to flotation recovery. The effect of grinding media and different addition location of sodium oleate on malachite and calcite flotation was studied. The methodology used in this project involved grinding the ore with and without the addition of sodium oleate in mill, measuring the pH and metal ions produced by minerals after grinding, adding various quantities of sodium oleate and determining the copper recovery. The presence of species of products on the minerals after grinding was probed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the metal ions produced by minerals after grinding were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). It is showed that the mil-ling environments evaluated significantly affected the flotation of malachite and calcite. This study also discusses the effecting mechanism of grinding environment on floatability of malachite and calcite.

Jan 1, 2014

By P. Han

The preparation technological conditions and regeneration method of two novel granulated adsorbing materials of rectorite/fly ash composite (Material 1) and rectorite/water quenched - slag composite (Material 2) and the use of them to remove heavy metals from copper smelting plant wastewater have been studied. The experimental results showed that under the preparation conditions with the ratio of rectorite to fly ash or water - quenched slag of 1:1, the amount of the additive (Industrial Starch, IS) of 15% (Material 1) or 10% (Material 2), the addition of 50% water, and the calcination temperature of 500? (Material 1) or 400? (Material 2), the efficiency of heavy metal removal with the granulated materials was the best, whereas the ratio of disintegration loss was the lowest. Under the treatment conditions of natural pH, and with the addition of the granulated materials of 0.07g/cm3 (Material 1) or 0.05g/cm3 (Material 2), a reaction time of 60 minutes (Material 1) or 40 minutes (Material 2), and the adsorption temperature of 25?, the efficiency for the granulated materials to remove Cu2+Pb2+Zn2+Cd2+ and Ni2+ from the copper smelting plant wastewater was 98.9, 97.5, 96.7, 90.2, and 79.1, (Material 1) or 98.2, 96.3, 78.6, 86.2, and 64.2, (Material 2), respectively, and the quality indexes of the wastewater after treatment conformed with the first level of integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB8978-1996). When the adsorption of heavy metal ions on the surface attained saturation the granulated materials could be regenerated by washing with 1 mol/L sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and still with quite good heavy metal removal efficiency. The granulated adsorbing materials had the advantages of high efficiency of wastewater treatment, easy method of solid-liquid separation and regeneration, and a broad prospect of applications.

Jan 1, 2014

In many base metal sulphide concentrators reagents such as collector and cyanide are often added to the grinding mill as well as to the flotation circuit. Whilst good reasons can be cited for splitting the reagent addition in this way, the benefits of such are rarely quantified and the complex reagent-mineral-media interactions occurring during milling are often poorly understood in terms of pulp chemistry. A new laboratory batch grinding mill designed by Magotteaux allows the user to measure, monitor, and control the pulp chemical conditions during grinding when testing different ores and media. Some of these parameters include pulp pH, pulp Eh, temperature, gaseous atmosphere, and dissolved oxygen concentration. In a recent development, the mill has been coupled with a simple on-line reagent monitoring system, designed by CSIRO, which allows the levels of species such as xanthate and cyanide in the grinding pulp to also be measured continuously during milling using a robust UV detection system. In this way the uptake of collector during grinding and the rate and ex-tent of cyanide interaction with the minerals and media can be determined as a function of grinding time. A series of grinding tests using an Australian nickel sulphide ore was conducted with the coupled system in which the cyanide dose, xanthate dose, and media type were systematically varied. The xanthate and cyanide levels were monitored as a function of grinding time and the data collected are discussed in terms of the pulp chemistry of the system and implications for plant reagent dosing strategies.

Jan 1, 2014