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By R. E. Jones

"Crusher sizing and application in mining operations is the selection of a crusher or a series of crushers to reduce run of mine ore to a size suitable for either autogenous or conventional grinding. It is important that the crusher or crushers be sized to operate within the range to which they have been designed. By the range to which they have been designed, we mean that the reduction ration must be held between specified limits. Reduction ration is the relationship between feed size to product size.In todays plants reduction is usually accomplished in three stages by primary, secondary and tertiary crushers.Primary crushers are either jaw or gyratory and are designed to handle run of mine feed at an open side setting of 5-1/2” to 7”. Reduction ration should not exceed 7 to 1.Jaw CrushersThe model size of a jaw crusher signifies the feed opening. A model 60 x48 jaw has a feed opening 60” wide by 48” long. The 48” is the dimension between the top of the swing jaw and the top of the stationary jaw. The 60” is the width between the two side frames. The crusher open side setting is the discharge opening at the bottom of the crushing chamber with the jaws in an open position. When corrugated jaw plates are used, the open side setting is measured from tip of one jaw plate to the valley of the opposite jaw plate. If a jaw crusher has a 6” open side setting with a 1” jaw motion, you could also say it has a 5” closed side setting."

Jan 1, 1974

By Carolyn Kenney, Jianjun Liu, Zhenghe Xu

"The flotation of fine particles has been a challenge to scientists and engineers in mineral processing. A novel concept of reactive oily-bubbles as carrier to float fine particles is described in this paper. The reactive oily bubble flotation is considered attractive for fine particle flotation. In addition to the role of fine particle agglomeration by oily films, the surface properties of air bubbles coated with a thin oil film can be better controlled for the desired selectivity by adding certain types and concentrations of water insoluble collectors into the oil phase. This approach can eliminate the addition of collector to the aqueous phase, avoid undesired synergetic interactions among collectors, activators, depressants and dispersants present in slurry, minimize undesired activation of gangue particles and significantly reduce the amount of collectors needed.The concept of using reactive oily-bubble to achieve selective flotation was demonstrated in contact angle measurement and by microflotation tests with fine sulphide minerals: sphalerite and galena in this paper. The flotation behavior of sulfide minerals can be radically modified with adjustment of solution pH, addition of depressant and activator as in conventional flotation. The successful separation between PbS/SiO2, ZnS/SiO2 and PbS/ZnS was demonstrated using mixed mineral systems. Compared with conventional flotation, the reactive oily-bubble flotation showed a stronger collecting power.INTRODUCTIONThe challenge for fine particle flotation has long been recognized and well documented (Fuerstenau, 1980). Because of drastic changes in surface properties of fine particles and associated physicochemical and hydrodynamic conditions of flotation systems, fine particles responded poorly to the conventional flotation processes. For instance, the small mass and hence low inertia of fine particles would result in a low efficiency of collision and attachment of fine particles with flotation bubbles. Large specific surface area of fine particles, on the other hand, would cause an increased reagent consumption. Dominating colloidal forces of fines may cause slime-coating, accompanying a low selectivity (Somasundaran & Arbiter, 1979; Fuerstenau, 1980; Sivamohan, 1990)."

Jan 1, 2003

By Rudy Tenbergen, Dick Farmery, Jim Naylor

"Paste backfill has replaced cemented rock fill as one of the components to improve ground · control and mine safety at the Macassa Operation of Kinross Gold Corporation in Kirkland Lake, Ontario. It is the first operation to utilize "" flash thickening ""of very fine gold tailings to a paste consistency in the ""Paste Production and Storage Mechanism"", a joint technical development of Inco and GL&V. The tailings paste is mixed with alluvial sand to produce an engineered quality paste backfill. The development leading up to the decision to proceed with this novel technology is discussed, as well as commissioning of the backfill operation.IntroductionThe occurrence of a major rockburst on November 23, 1993 prompted a review of mining and backfill procedures at the Macassa No 3 shaft . This shaft is some 7238 ft deep and lies in a mining belt that is prone to seismic events. The recommendations were to change the mining from underhand cut and fill to mechanized long hole stopping and to look at alternatives to the rockfill backfill system in place. The Macassa cemented rock backfill operation, while producing the desired fill stiffness had drawbacks as compared to paste fill. With paste fill, placement rates are faster, more openings can be filled, it is less expensive and less prone to the occurrences of compensable incidents.Macassa mining personnel visited the Sudbury operations of Inco in 1993, where development on paste backfill was in progress. As some of the R&D was taking place with funding from the Premier's Council Technology Fund of the Ministry of Trade and Technology of the Province of Ontario , Inco personnel at that time did some feasibility and conceptual consulting on the use of paste fill for the industry. Inco had developed the use of alluvial sand paste fill, an engineered blend of alluvial sand and tailings fines and was doing development work to eliminate the ""conventional"" way of producing paste from mill tailing by thickening and filtration. This latter development work was taking place with GL&V Ontario. That work led to the filing of a joint Inca/ GL&V patent application for the PPSM, the Paste Production and Storage Mechanism with all marketing rights being held by GL&V."

Jan 1, 1997

By M. Kerr, Petra Lampinen, Jinming Zhang, Petra Brodin, C. Hull, Nils-Johan Bolin, R. Asmatulu

"According to Darcy’s equation, the rate of dewatering varies as inverse square of the surface area of the particles to be dewatered and is proportional to the pressure drop across a filter cake. Thus, the difficulty in dewatering fine mineral concentrates can be overcome by using high-pressure filters. When treating ultrafine particles, however, it is often necessary to further dewater the filter cake using a thermal dryer. In the present work, novel dewatering aids that can reduce the pressure requirement have been developed. The reagents are designed to reduce surface tension, increase particle hydrophobicity and increase capillary radius, all at the same time. They were tested for dewatering mineral and coal concentrates in both laboratory and pilot-scale tests. The results show that the use of the novel dewatering aids can substantially reduce cake moistures and, at the same time, increase throughput. In this communication, the case history of using the reagents commercially at the Garpenberg concentrator is given. The use of the novel dewatering aids allowed the operators to use a vacuum filter to obtain desired cake moistures and obviate the need to use a thermal dryer.INTRODUCTIONDewatering is an integral part of mineral and coal processing operations, as it is necessary to remove water from concentrates (or clean coal) to minimize shipping costs, meet contract specifications, and recycle the process water. In general, the cost of dewatering increases with decreasing particle size, which can be attributed to the difficulty in removing the water trapped in the pores (or capillaries) formed between the particles constituting a filter cake.The various parameters affecting the process of dewatering, including the effect of particle size, can be understood in view of Darcy’s equation (Darcy, 1856):"

Jan 1, 2005

By Alain Blouin, Mohamad Sabsabi, Aissa Harhira, Paul Bouchard, Greg Lithgow

"The objective of this study was to demonstrate the application of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) to the continuous analysis of online monitoring of Al, Mg, Ni, Mn, Si and Fe in nickel ore limonite and saprolite slurry samples. Analysis was performed on slurry samples in air at atmospheric pressure. Two pure samples of limonite and saprolite were used. Mixtures of the two samples in varying proportions were used to build calibration curves, study the influence of solid/liquid ratio, and evaluate short and long term reproducibility. The LIBS measurement of these elements is independent of the water content (from 70-85%, the range allowed by our setup). Repeatability of the measurement and long term reproducibility (from day-to-day) were below 1.2 % and 2% respectively for all the elements studied in our conditions. The results obtained showed that an industrial LIBS analyzer could provide the chemical composition of the six elements Al, Mg, Ni, Mn, Si and Fe within 1-2 minutes.IntroductionThe metal-producing industry faces the major challenge of increasing productivity, reducing costs, and maximizing benefits from existing equipment. By pyrometallurgy, metal making involves the basic steps of charging the furnace, melting the charge and refining. By hydrometallurgy, the metal refining is carried out through the dissolution of the metal by chemical reaction and electrolysis. During refining either by pyrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy, it is critical that operating parameters be adjusted and controlled so that the chemistry of the melt or the solution is within predetermined limits. Presently, the complete turnaround time for sampling, sample transfer, analysis and communication of the results to the operators is often 30 minutes or more."

Jan 1, 2016

By Greg Rasmussen

"Huckleberry Mines Ltd is an open pit porphyry copper-molybdenum mining operation located 120 km south of Houston, British Columbia with a 18,000 tpd milling facility. Huckleberry Mines is owned 60% by Princeton Mining Corporation, the operator, and 40% by Japanese partners.The Huckleberry deposit is one of several porphyry systems located in the Tahts a district of the intermontane belt of British Columbia. The principal economic minerals are chalcopyrite and molybdenite. The ore deposit is split into two ore deposits, the Main Zone, consisting of24,241,000 tonnes of mineable reserves grading 0.484 %Cu and 0.013 %Mo, and the East Zone, consisting of 66, 131,500 tonnes of mineable reserves grading 0.523 %Cu and 0.014 %Mo.The milling begins with gyratory crushing. This sizes the product down to 100% passing 6 inches. This product is discharged onto a stockpile by a stationary conveyor. The stockpile was designed for a capacity of 144,000 tonnes with a live capacity of 20,000 tonnes. Two apron feeders draw the ore from the bottom of the stockpile and discharge onto a SAG mill feed conveyor which in turn feeds a grinding circuit consisting of one 32' x 15' SAG mill and two 30' x 16.5' ball mills. The grinding cyclone overflow feeds bulk flotation at 55 -65% minus 200 mesh.The bulk flotation uses conventional rougher and column flotation methods to float a bulk concentrate recovering 92.6% copper on the East Zone and 95% copper on the Main Zone with 75% recovery molybdenum on both zones. The bulk concentrate feeds the bulk thickener which produces a density of 60 %solids. This in turn feeds the molybdenum circuit, which separates the copper and molybdenum, by depressing the copper then using conventional rougher and column flotation produces a copper concentrate of 27 %Cu and 0.02 %Mo, and a molybdenum concentrate containing 1.5 %Cu and 54 %Mo at 67% recovery. These concentrates are separately thickened, filtered, dried, and shipped to the smelter for processing."

Jan 1, 1998

By S. Haggarty

"Wholly owned by Corona Corporation, the Nickel Plate Mine is an open pit, gold mining operation located near Hedley, 50 km west of Penticton, in Southern British Columbia.Milling capacity is 3,400 SDT /Day with an average feed grade of 0.080 Oz Au/Ton. Gold processing involves three stage grinding including tertiary pebble milling, two stage cyanide leaching and filtering and Merrill-Crowe zinc precipitation.A summary of process improvements required to increase milling capacity above the initial design tonnage of 2, 700 SDT /Day are described -Installation of a 42"" x 65"" Allis Chalmers Gyratory crusher replacing a 42"" x 48"" Traylor jaw crusher.Installation of polyurethane screen panels replacing woven wire cloths on an 8' x 20 ft triple deck screen.Installation of a hopper clarifier to reduce filtrate turbidity.Automated control of solution balancing and effluent treatment circuits.INTRODUCTIONThis paper describes mining and milling practices at the Nickel Plate Mine and details post start-up process modifications which were required to attain design tonnage.Wholly owned by Corona Corporation, the Nickel Plate Mine is an open pit, gold mining operation located near Hedley, 50 km west of Penticton, in Southern British Columbia.Mining capacity from the open pit is approximately 32,000 TPD with an average waste/ore ratio of 8.4:1.Milling capacity is 3,400 SOT/Day, above initial design tonnage of 2,700 SOT/Day. Feed grade averages 0.08 Oz Au per ton yielding 85,000 troy ounces of gold per year."

Jan 1, 1991

By Roe-Hoan Yoon

"Industrial flotation columns often suffer from low recoveries and high maintenance requirements because of poorly-designed air spargers. The MicrocelTM bubble generators were developed at Virginia Tech to overcome these problems. In this system, small air bubbles are generated by circulating a portion of the flotation pulp through a set of static in-line mixers. The small bubbles improve flotation kinetics and allow a higher recovery (or capacity) to be achieved. Other advantages of the system include reduced air consumption, plug-free operation and on-line maintenance. This article discusses the advantages of the MicrocelTM bubble generators and presents examples of successful in-plant demonstrations.IntroductionColumn cells are widely accepted in industry for cleaner operations because they are more selective than mechanically-agitated conventional cells. The improved selectivity can be attributed to the use of wash water which minimizes the entrainment of fine gangue particles into the froth product. Columns may also produce higher recoveries if the air sparging system is properly designed and steps are taken to minimize back-mixing. Furthermore, the quiescent conditions afforded by column cells may be beneficial for recovering coarse particles that are readily detached from bubbles under more turbulent conditions. Also, properly-designed columns offer advantages in terms of savings in floor space, reduced operating and capital costs, and simplified circuitry.It is unfortunate, however, that some of the advantages of columns are not fully realized in industrial practice. Some column circuits are unable to achieve their design capacity, while others require extensive maintenance programs. These shortcomings can usually be attributed to deficiencies associated with the design, scale-up and operation of the air-sparging system. In this article, some of the basic problems associated with commercial air sparging systems are discussed and alternatives are suggested."

Jan 1, 1994

By R. E. Michelutti

"The Sudbury area environment became drastically altered commencing in 1871 with lumbering, repeated fires and early open roasting operations from 1887 to 1929. These combined factors had such a pronounced effect that approximately 24 square miles were totally denuded of any vegetation and 87 square miles were semi-barren to somewhat stressed.The two nickel producing companies in the area have reduced the sulphur dioxide emissions considerably over the years. Falconbridge Limited, alone, reduced sulphur dioxide emissions by 77% from 1971 to 1984.These reductions have resulted in improvements to the air, soil, lake and vegetation quality in the Sudbury area.INTRODUCTIONThe Sudbury area environment became drastically altered commencing in the 1870's with lumbering, repeated fires and early open roasting operations from 1888 to 1929. These combined factors had such a pronounced effect on the Sudbury environment that approximately 24 square miles (64 sq. km.) were totally denuded of any vegetation and 87 square miles (225 sq. km.) were semi-barren.Over the years, the Sudbury area environment has improved considerably. This has been due to emission cutbacks by both Inco Metals and Falconbridge Limited, coupled with industry, government and community reclamation programs. Before the improvements are discussed, a better understanding of the historical degradation is required."

Jan 1, 1986

By C. J. Brown

"Access to the outside world is supplied by the Alaska Highway to continental Canada and the United States, the Haines Highway, and by the White Pass & Yukon Route to Skagway and Vancouver. Communities and mining developments located along the Alaska Highway are supplied daily by truck transport with commodities originating in Whitehorse, Edmonton, and Vancouver.The average payload on the Alaska and Mayo Highway is in the order of 16 to 25 tons and is subject to government regulations. Highway haulage distances to railhead at Whitehorse vary as does the direction. The Clinton Creek asbestos development is located 395 road miles north-west of Whitehorse whereas the United Keno Hill operation is 287 miles to the north. Cassiar Asbestos is located in Northern British Columbia at a distance of 357 miles south-east of railhead at Whitehorse. In order to service these various mines multipurpose highway vehicles have been designed to allow maximum backhaul of petroleum products. The White Pass & Yukon Route was established as an integrated transportation system from 1955 when it became apparent that three non-integrated systems (ship, rail and truck), with the various paper work and rising costs, could not continue to serve the needs of Yukon. Integration became the company policy and a system was developed. A special container ship (Clifford J. Rogers) was designed and built. This was the first specially built container ship in the world. The northern container integrated system was operational in 1955.In 1965 over 8.5 million dollars were spent in upgrading the container facility and the construction of a tanker-container ship designed specifically to serve Yukon and Northern B.C. This program was based largely on experience gained with the original container concept. Two tanker-container ships handled"

Jan 1, 1973

By M. Kalin

"Ecological Engineering and Biological Polishing technology is a decommissioning approach for inactive coal, uranium and base metal operations. To improve acid mine drainage water some fundamental aspects of wetland ecology and sediment microbiology are combined, to provide conditions to allow for biomineralization of the contaminants.This paper summarizes the first records of microbial alkalinity generation in acid mine drainage through the utilisation of the ARUM process. The process requires that the seepage is at pH 4.5 where sulphate reducers utilize sulphate to produce hydrogen sulphide, which in turn precipitates with metals. The pH increase is brought about by alkalinity generating microbes.The ARUM process has been successful in increasing the pH from 2.5 to 7.0. Flow through reactors operated in the laboratory continuously for more than 60 days have removed Ni from 13 mg/L to < 0.01 mg/L. Design parameters are being developed for low flow rates of 5 L/min in a test system receiving seepage from a tailings.1.0 INTRODUCTIONAcid mine drainage associated with mining wastes poses a significant environmental problem. Conventional means to treat acid mine drainage (AMD) use chemical treatment system. Ecological Engineering technology uses natural biological means to curtail and ameliorate AMD during mine operations and at the time of decommissioning. The premise underlying Ecological Engineering technology is that AMD is the result of a natural process enhanced by mining activities. Therefore, in nature, a process providing a natural balance to AMD has to exist, which, when assisted through appropriate means, can counteract the detrimental effects of AMD on the environment. This process is microbial alkalinity generation which is known to occur in wetlands, lake and ocean sediments (Baas Becling et al, 1960)."

Jan 1, 1991

By T. Schmidt, J. Merza

"This study considers two lead/zinc/silver orebodies which have historically had a problem with pyrite, pyrrhotite and sphalerite contamination in the lead circuit. The problem was previously addressed with high dosages of sodium cyanide as the primary depressant. However, large amounts of cyanide led to environmental problems in the effluent, especially during winter months. The objective was to reduce cyanide consumption while maintaining or improving overall lead grade and recovery via the reduction of the undesirable sulphides.Extensive laboratory and mill testing was necessary to determine the optimal operating parameters for continuous plant application. Evaluation of data received from this testing has shown that selective addition and optimization of the dosage of Unimax SD100 to specific areas of the flotation and grinding circuits has resulted in improved Pb grade and recovery. Parameters such as pH control, regrind operation, the cyanide/Unimax ratio and sulphide mineral content may also affect the performance of the depressant. Each factor is discussed and optimal operating conditions were determined based on the testing.Results are presented for two case studies. Both indicate that Unimax SD100 improves the lead grade/recovery curve by increasing iron and zinc rejection while reducing cyanide consumption and the resulting environmental concerns. 1. Hart"

Jan 1, 1992

By A. J. Magerowski

Energy consumption is a main component of operational costs for the comminution of mineral bearing ores. Reduction of energy consumption has continually been addressed by mill operators and equipment manufacturers. Our testing over the last few years strongly indicates that the overall energy needed to comminute a mineral bearing ore can be brought down significantly, if more work is done in the crushing stages of the comminution circuit.This calls for uprating of the conventional crushing equipment into a new generation of crushing equipment to produce finer products. This will result in the emergence of new ideas in the design and application of equipment and corrnninution circuits.

Jan 1, 1986

By J. Lee, R. G. Rosehart

"The basic problem of arsenic contamination from mine water is discussed. Effective methods of removal involving chemical precipitation, activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange and reverse osmosis are discussed. As well as an economic analysis, detail is also paid to other ions in solution which are removed simultaneously.INTRODUCTIONThe object of this paper is to review arsenic and its removal from gold extraction plant effluents. The first method considered is chemical precipitation. A second method is sorption processes, such as ion exchange resins and activated carbon adsorption. A third method is the possible application of reverse osmosis for the treatment of mine waste waters containing arsenic.Arsenic pollution in the gold mining communities of Canada and Ghana have been extensively studies (l, 2). Lynch(3) Shabunin, Gutman and Kogan( 4), Hollo, Troth, Vennes and Illinigi (5) and Hau(6) have reported their removal methods of arsenic by chemical precipitation, ion exchange and biological methods. Their conclusions were that the precipitation with Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions was most effective.Scope of the ProblemInitial aspects of this research program involved a detailed analysis of the operation of a gold extraction plant located in Canada. The name and location of the mine is proprietary information. Figure 1 gives a basic process schematic with the main tailing streams identified.Table 1 gives information as to the various mine streams and their physical and chemical composition. In this study, primary attention is paid to the removal of dissolved arsenic from waste waters. Solids from this type of operation can always be back-filled. As could be anticipated, the dissolved As content of the primary flotation tailing stream is very low. The dissolved As level in the secondary processing stream and the roasting quench water is quite high. The reason being that at this stage of the process, the arsenic has been freed from the arsenopyrite forms."

Jan 1, 1972

By Denis Thibodeau

The selected mining method for the Rodeo lower Zone is slot and slash. Initial design indicated that the stope height should be limited to a maximum of 18 m, thus six levels were needed to extract the ore. Higher stope height in the Rodeo Lower Zone means less development thus less capital required to extract the available reserves. It was proposed to eliminate one level by establishing 30 m and 24 m level intervals. To ensure that no stability problems will be encountered by eliminating one level, a Matthew analysis, based on diamond drill core information, was performed for the Lower Rodeo Ore Body. In addition, comparisons between the rock mass quality of Meikle Main Zone below 1825 L and Meikle East Zone between 1600 L and 1750 L with the rock mass quality of the Lower Rodeo were made

May 1, 2002

By D. M. Doyle

"A study of the various components contributing to energy costs and their relationships to generally trended operating data, such as tonnage, operating costs, etc. over progressively shorter time periods provides information for an energy audit. A study of annual data gives some insight into the importance of various energy components. As the time frame of the study 11rogresses through monthly, daily and finally, into quarter hourly data, the variations become more evident and most important, strategies develop to minimize energy costs. The results of an audit conducted during the summer of 1978 at Wesfrob Mines are reported to illustrate this important phase, prerequisite to a meaningful energy cost avoidance program.The balance of the paper deals with the energy conservation program at Falconbridge Nickel Mines Sudbury Operations, the material and control equipment, the commitment, the new energy accounting practices and lastly, the policies. Examples of successful energy conservation endeavors include automatic peal electrical load control, waste heat recovery from mine air and compressor cooling water, energy reductions resulting from lower building temperatures and curtailmen: of idling loads. The use of pulse meters to measure the flow of gas, steam, compressed air and electrical energy, with their signals interfaced to process computers, allows monthly, daily and if necessary, immediate reporting of energy and energy per unit of production information. The program so reported at Falconbridge’s Sudbury Operations is credited with an annual cost avoidance of .9 million dollars in a 14.0 million dollar annual energy account."

Jan 1, 1979

By G. D. West, J. D. Purdue

"Marked Ball Wear Testing (MBWT) employs identified grinding balls which are placed in an operating mill for a period of time, retrieved from the mill, and then measured to determine the amount of wear experienced. This is an excellent method to evaluate the relative differences in the wear rates of various grinding ball materials and/ or manufacturing process variables simultaneously and under actual production milling conditions. This paper outlines the methods of ball identification, testing and evaluation procedures and discusses the strengths, weaknesses, and proper application of marked Ball Wear Test results. INTRODUCTIONThe consumption of grinding media in the mineral processing industry represents a substantial cost to the comminution process. Grinding media is most often found to be the second highest consumable cost next to energy. To determine the selection of the most cost effective media, one must determine the specific wear mechanisms present in a given grinding application and decide which media system addresses these mechanisms most economically.A MBWT has definite advantages over other methods used to evaluate the relative consumption rates of grinding media. It allows the comparative testing of a large number of different ball types under identical operating conditions in a very short period of time. In addition, production wear rates can be accurately predicted directly from MBWT results. Typical MBWT test periods are in the order of 350 to 700 operating hours for high wear rate application and upwards of 2000 or 3000 hours for low wear rate applications. These times are much less than the 5000 or more hours required to purge a mill of the incumbent ball charge (to convert it to the test ball) and then provide even a minimal test period in which to conduct a full production test, for just one type of ball. Under production test conditions the evaluation of competitive product or the development of improved grinding balls is necessarily slow."

Jan 1, 1991

By Bill Parnell

"Friction winders and double drum winders have been used in the vertical shaft mining industry for over 100 years. In that time, there have been many changes made in the electronic and mechanical fields of hoisting, but few changes made in the manufacturing and performance of steel wire rope, until recently.In the past ten years, with the advent of high polymer thermoplastics, the industry has seen some major advancements in steel wire rope. By incorporating a polymer with steel, improvement of rope life and reduction of costly maintenance downtime has been accomplished.IntroductionThe Williams Mine is Canada&apos;s largest gold producer with an annual production of some 500 000 ounces of gold from 2.2 million tonnes of ore. The Williams Mine is situated in the Hemlo area of northwestern Ontario, approximately 40 Ian east of the town of Marathon. It is operated by the Williams Operating Corporation which is owned equally by Teck Corporation and Homestake Canada Inc. It is one of three adjacent properties forming the Hemlo gold camp."

Jan 1, 1995

By P. V. Avotins, I. Djurkovic, D. R. Nagaraj, M. Grunjic, A. Day

"As part of a major reconstruction and expansion of the Majdanpek Copper Mine, an investigation and optimization of the flotation collector regime was undertaken. The flotation response of the major minerals to various reagents and the effect of pulp chemistry was studied from both a fundamental and practical point of view. These studies led to plant trials and the eventual adoption of a modified collector suite which improved both copper and gold recoveries.INTRODUCTIONThe Majdanpek Copper Mine processes 40,000 tons per day of ore containing about 0.43% cu. In addition to copper, the ore also contains recoverable quantities of molybdenite and gold. The mine has been in operation since 1961 and is the largest in Yugoslavia. It is currently undergoing major reconstruction and expansion. The flowsheet of the Majdanpek concentrator is shown on Figure 1.The ore body is variable in composition and changes in mill feed require proper control of operating variables to achieve the optimum metallurgical results. A detailed study including grindability, flotation response, and solid-liquid separation was carried out on several samples of the ore. Flotation response and the choice of reagent chemistry were found to be very important in achieving the highest recoveries of metal values. An automatic reagent control scheme insured that optimum dosages were used in the plant.The flotation collectors used at the present time include sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX), AERO 3302 Promoter and AERO 5415 Promoter. The addition of AERO 5415 to the reagent suite is a recent development and was based on the favorable results obtained in the extensive laboratory testing program conducted to establish the optimum reagent combination and dosages. Subsequent plant tests confirmed that AERO 5415 provided significant improvements in copper and gold recoveries. A description of the mineralogy of the Majdanpek ore and details of laboratory and plant metallurgical data are given in this paper. The chemistry of AERO 5415 Promoter and its interaction with minerals relevant to Majdanpek ore are also discussed."

Jan 1, 1992

By Alain Langlais, Caroline Boudrias Chapleau, Claude Bazin, Ahmed Bouajila

"Slurry «viscosity» has been recognised for several decades as a variable that significantly influences the operation of grinding mills. This paper describes an instrument that can be used in a laboratory or a plant to measure and monitor the flow properties of mineral slurries. Laboratory results obtained for two different ore samples are consistent with results obtained during a full scale trial. The results provide a basis for analysing the effect of the solids concentration and particle size distribution on the slurry flow properties. Grinding tests were also conducted in an attempt to link the grinding efficiency to the rheological properties of mineral slurries.INTRODUCTIONThe flow properties, or incorrectly called «viscosity», of a slurry influence the operation of mineral processing devices. Work has been conducted for instance to assess the effect of this variable on the operation of hydrocyclones (Kawatra et al. 1996; Klimpel, 1982a) and dense media separators for coal (Napier-Munn, 1996). However, most of the research effort has been oriented toward the grinding processes which is still the most energy demanding operation for ore dressing (Fuerstenau et al., 1995).Results of investigations of the influence of slurry flow properties upon grinding performances are presented regularly in the literature since 1950. In the 70's, most of the research work was conducted with the aim of using slurry flow properties for the control of grinding mill and to analyze the effect of that variable upon the population balance model breakage and rate functions (Austin et al., 1984; Hemmings et Boyes, 1977). In the 80's, most of the litterature dealing with slurry rheology was devoted to the use of viscosity modifiers to adjust the slurry flow properties, allowing an increase of grinding mill throughputs (Klimpel, 1982b; Fuerstenau et al., 1985). Although laboratory and pilot plant results show the benefits of adding these modifiers to the slurry, few plants have published results concerning the advantages of such addition (Fuerstenau et al., 1985). It is felt that the use of these modifiers introduce operating difficulties with the concentration circuits, especially flotation (Kawatra et Eisele, 1988)."

Jan 1, 2003