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For the third successive year it appears that demand for platinum will exceed supplies of newly-mined metal, forecasts Johnson Matthey in its "Platinum 1987 Interim Review." Based on data available at the end of August 1987, Johnson Matthey estimates that western world demand for platinum could exceed 93t (3 million oz) for the first time ever in 1987. Given a likely increase in demand of 4.3t to around 94t (140,000 oz to around 3.02 million oz), up by about 5% over 1986, there would be a 1.8- to 2.2-t (60,000- to 70,000-oz) shortfall in 1987 supply. South African mines enjoying undisrupted production last year after strikes affected Impala's output in 1986. The rate of increases in western world supplies, though, has probably not kept pace with the growth in demand. A downturn in US demand for platinum was counterbalanced by substantially increased purchases from Japanese and Western European consumers of the metal. Total imports of platinum into Japan in 1987 may have reached a record level of 45t (1.45 million oz). The largest source of demand for platinum remains its use in autocatalysts US and Japanese auto manufacturers reduced their platinum purchases in the wake of falling car production. Therefore, a small decline in overall 1987 sales of perhaps 780 kt (25,000 oz) was expected in 1987. Western European demand, however, rose strongly as a result of increased output. The spread of exhaust emission control regulations has sharply boosted the number of cars equipped with three-way catalysts containing platinum and rhodium. Western European auto makers probably needed 5.6t (180,000 oz) of platinum last year, a 50% increase over 1986. The jewelry industry, the second largest user of platinum, increased its offtake of platinum in 1987. Japan, the key to the jewelry industry's consumption of platinum, could absorb 24.8 to 26.4 (800,000 to 850,000 oz) in 1987, compared with 23t (740,000 oz) in 1986. Platinum has wide and diverse applications in industry. Other major users are the chemical, glass, electronics and petroleum industries. They were expected to increase their aggregate demand by about 1.8t (60,000 oz), or 11% in 1987. Investment demand for small platinum bars and coins of up to 311g (10 oz) dropped back in relatively inhospitable conditions. This, after rapid increases in recent years and a surge in US demand in 1986. However, Japanese investors purchasing bars weighing 500g or 1 kg (16 to 32 oz), and considered more speculative, recovered last year. Over the first eight months of 1987, platinum performed strongly on the open market with average prices well up from 1986 in dollar terms. But the increase was less marked where measured in sterling or yen. Platinum ad¬vanced by $3.70/g ($115 per oz) between Jan. 1 and mid-September with the average price having been surpassed only in the heady days of 1980. Johnson Matthey believes that supply and demand appear likely to keep more or less in step on a gently rising path. The recent open market volatility will continue with prices fluctuating widely over short periods. Writing in mid-September, and basing its view on the tangible evidence of platinum's price fall since the review was written, the company's assessment of price prospects is unchanged. Demand for platinum remains strong all-round. In October, imports of platinum into Japan were exceptionally high. And in the US and Japan there was a marked resurgence of demand from private investors. Although market sentiment may have been influenced in part by the news of several potential new platinum mines in South Africa, the full effects of these prospects on supply, even if they were all to materialize, would not be felt before the early-mid 1990s, Johnson Matthey said. According to the review, no radical change in platinum supplies is discernible in the near-term. Incremental growth from South Africa can be expected as the major producers continue to make the most of their existing resources. The Soviet Union may be keener to sell than it appeared earlier in 1987, especially if prices hold up, but a substantial increase is improbable. Canadian supplies are not capable of much variation from present levels. The palladium-rich Stillwater mine will make a modest contribution. Referring to the investment market, Johnson Matthey concluded that despite this year's reduction in sales of small-denomination investment products, platinum does appear to have established itself with private investors. Bearing in mind how business multiplied in comparatively unfavorable conditions before 1986, it is reasonable to look for a resumption of growth once the climate improves.

Jan 2, 1988

The Environmental Session will consist of five papers dealing with various aspects of trace elements associated with coal. Analytical procedures to determine the amounts of trace elements will be discussed. Other papers will deal with trace elements in streams downstream from coal mines, potential pollution from wastes from coal preparation plants, potential recovery of trace elements, and potential pollution from trace elements as a result of the combustion of coal.

Jan 1, 1979

By Emily Wortman-Wunder

As the 2010 president of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., I am pleased to present the 2010 issue of Transactions of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Vol. 328. A significant portion of the contribution that we as a professional society make is the publication of professional and technical papers that accelerate the advancement of scientific knowledge and enable transfer of technology. Communication within the mining community is the key to a successful society. Through books, magazines, meetings and electronic media, we accomplish the technology exchange that is fundamental to the existence of the Society. This technology exchange continues a tradition that dates back to the 1871 meeting of 22 mining engineers in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, that resulted in the founding of AIME; those individuals envisioned that these transaction volumes “would form a most valuable and greatly needed addition to our professional literature.” This volume certainly fulfills that pledge. The 2010 Transactions is the first Transactions to take advantage of new publication technologies. It appears solely as an e-book. The decision to go to an all-digital format for this longstanding publication was a difficult one, but one which will certainly better serve the mining community. I am excited about this development and the opportunities it presents. The 2010 Transactions also contain some of the most exciting research from the past year, including new developments in mineral processing, safety and exploration. Be sure not to miss the two Minerals & Metallurgical Processing issues on the subject of gold hydrometallurgy. This 2010 Transactions comprise of a total of 78 technical papers (582 pages including index), including all 21 papers (136 pages) that were published in 2010 in the Technical Papers Section of Mining Engineering magazine (Vol. 62) and all 34 papers (231 pages) that were published in 2010 in Minerals & Metallurgical Processing (Vol. 27). Addition, this volume contains 23 papers (194 pages) that are being published for the first time in this issue. The papers presented in this volume were written by some of the most distinguished professionals in the industry worldwide. All 78 technical papers were peer-reviewed. The process of review and publication requires much hard work by authors, reviewers and our publications staff. As the 2010 president of SME and on behalf of all our members, I would like to extend our gratitude to all whose volunteer efforts contributed to the publication of this volume.

Jan 1, 2010

By Daniel M. Flanagan

"Editor’s note: Each year, Mining Engineering features an industrial minerals review. Several people put in a fair amount of time in developing the material for this issue, all the while doing their own jobs. Thank you to the industrial minerals annual review editor, to the Industrial Minerals & Aggregates Division technical committee chair and vice chairs, and to the authors of the individual commodity profiles. Jim Norman, member SME, of Tetra Tech, is the industrial minerals annual review editor.Joe Garska, member SME, of Imerys, is chair of the Industrial Minerals &Aggregates Division’s Technical Committee.The technical committee vice chairs include:• Hyunjung Kim, member SME, of Chonbuk National University, agricultural materials.• Xihui Lin, member SME, of Kemira, ceramics and refractory materials.• Nikhil Gupta, member SME, of Virginia Tech, chemical raw materials.• Adam Rodriquez, member SME, of Penn State, construction aggregates.• LeDeana Roberts, member SME, of Imerys, fillers and pigments.• Harsha Kolla, member SME, of ChemEOR, sorbents, filters and process aids.• Edgar Blanco, member SME, of FLSmidth, specialty minerals.Their help makes possible this July industrial minerals issue. On behalf of ME readers, the editors thank them.During the past 25 years, U.S. ball clay production (the quantity sold or used by domestic producers) increased from 788 kt (869,000 st) in 1990 to an alltime high of 1.31 Mt (1.44 million st) in 2003 (Fig. 1). Housing construction within the United States, a leading market for ball clay-based ceramics and sanitaryware, began to decline in 2005, which resulted in a considerable decrease in sales of ball clay that continued through the 2008-2009 economic recession. After bottoming out at 831 kt (916,000 st) in 2009, ball clay production steadily increased through 2015 (Fig. 1). Estimated sales in 2015 were 36 percent higher than those in 1990 and 18 percent lower than those in 2003.Four companies (H.C. Spinks Clay Co., Imerys S.A., Old Hickory Clay Co., and Unimin Corp.), mined ball clay in five states during 2015. An estimated 1.7 Mt (1.18 million st) of ball clay valued at an estimated $47.5 million was sold or used by U.S. producers, a 4-percent increase from 1.03 Mt (1.14 million st) valued at $45.2 million in 2014. Approximately 65 percent of total ball clay production was air-float, 25 percent was crude or shredded and 10 percent was water-slurried"

Jul 1, 2016

By Jack E. Brockway

As tunnel boring machine technology has expanded, so has its range of application. Tunneling machines (TBM's) are tackling tasks today that fifteen years ago were considered "inappropriate". A case in point is incline/decline TBM boring. An incline or decline bore presents peculiar design considerations that differentiate it from a horizontal bore. This paper reviews those design considerations as they apply to TBM's, backup, muck handling and other tunneling subsystems. In addition, several abbreviated case studies are presented. By the review of real life tunneling techniques as well as design considerations, the "appropriateness" of TBM incline/ decline boring today becomes apparent. INCLINE Introduction In contemplating the impact of incline versus horizontal tunnel boring system design, the obvious consideration is gravity. Up-hill boring can be quite different than horizontal boring. Muck, water and machine weight all tend to slide down the incline. In addition, hydraulic and lubrication systems if unaltered, will find their fluids pooled in the lower corners contentedly ignoring such higher elevation items as gears and bearings. In order to address this inherent gravity problem, a review of

Jan 1, 1983

By Bo Forsman

METAFORA is a simulation model for determination and evaluation of strategies for operating loader/truck systems in mining. A specific version of METAFORA was used to evaluate the haulage system at Solider Mineral's Aitik mine in northern Sweden, one of the largest open pit mines in Europe with a production of about 11.5 Mtpy (about 34000 tpd) of copper are. A production level of 34065 tpd was estimated by simulation runs with METAFORA. Using METAFORA's dispatch rules (Fixed Dispatch, Maximize Trucks, and Maximize Loaders), the truck/shovel system in the Aitik mine was simulated for evaluating alternative dispatch control strategies. The Maximize Trucks rule gave about the same total production (ore + waste) as the Fixed Dispatch rule but a 9% higher ore production. The Maximize Loaders rule gave the lowest production. The marginal truck capacity decreases with increasing number of trucks serving the same loader due to increasing waiting times. In Aitik mine the low crusher capacity results in long dumping times. If the dumping time at the crusher could be halved, the ore production would increase by 14%. The paper indicates that the use of software like METAFORA can result in a substantial reduction of time, effort and cost in shovel/truck system design and evaluation.

Jan 1, 1992

By N. Akbulut, A. Anani

From the initial planning phases to the closing of a mine, mining is an industry where high attention, care, and sensitivity are needed in every step of the mine life. Since mining projects have a long-life span, exceeding a decade sometimes, managing a whole mine project is challenging, especially when challenges faced due to generational differences are considered, such as tracking and logging data, or the usage of different engineering solutions change over time. Along with the overall hardship caused by the time put into a mining project, the present-time operations are very costly where each minute counts. In present-time operations, every decision made, and every minute used during planning and operations has an impact on the efficiency, safety, and economics of the project. Having extremely harsh conditions in both the excavation and mineral processing operations not only slows down the processes but creates very dangerous environments that need to be handled with precise safety measurements. To support the already established processes, we could implement new technologies and use them to our advantage. Virtual reality (VR) is one of these technologies that we could implement in the mining industry. VR is a technology that emerged in the 1960s creating virtual environments and platforms. The user experiences these virtual environments from head- mounted headsets to rooms with 360 screens, all with different levels of immersion. These higher levels of immersion, create a higher level of presencemaking the users more engaged in the activity they are trying to accomplish. These two factors of immersion and presence are what make VR unique and beneficial. VR has some applications and case studies in the industry along with some research being conducted in universities. Unfortunately, there has not been a comprehensive literature review or analysis regarding only VR and its implementations for the mining industry in the last 5 years. This paper aims to describe what VR is and its relation to the mining industry, in the most recent years. The paper first gives a brief background on what VR is and its key concepts. Secondly, it will give information on how the initial stages of the literature review were conducted and the findings along with discussions. The paper will finish with the conclusion drawn from the discussion and potential future work.

Feb 1, 2023

By Jake Gibson

"As one of the most pressing and important political debates of this century, climate change has captured global attention and is forcing governments to take action toward decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) and carbon emission levels below what was previously thought to be necessary. With the ever-increasing price of diesel fuel, accompanied by the popular topic of carbon taxes and greenhouse gas emissions, the mining industry is looking to industry specialists for assistance. The benefits of a no-idle policy reach far beyond carbon reduction and fuel savings, ranging from decreased maintenance to increased engine life. With products like battery-powered ac systems and diesel-fired heaters, going noidle is easier today than ever before. With both systems being manufactured to withstand the harsh environments of the mining industry, the end user will see a seamless change from conventional, inefficient belt-driven systems to future, standalone mobile equipment HVAC.The history of GHGs and climate changeIn 1896, Svante Arrhenius first claimed that the combustion of fossil fuels may eventually result in enhanced global warming, but not until 1955 did Gilbert Plass draw global attention to global warming by summarizing that adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere would intercept infrared radiation and thus warm the earth. Then in the early 1960s, Charles Keeling developed modern technology to produce concentration curves for atmospheric CO2 (Fig.1).In 1988, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was founded by the United Nations after acknowledgment of a rising global annual temperature. The IPCC consists of more than 2,500 scientific and technical experts from more than 60 countries. Because climate change could not be solved by a single country, the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated in 1998, requiring all participating countries to reduce their GHG emissions by at least 5 percent from the 1990 levels. The Protocol was signed by 186 countries in 2001 (since then several countries have retreated from the agreement, including the United States). In 2002, the Bush administration announced a policy for climate change relying on domestic, voluntary actions to reduce the "greenhouse gas intensity" of the United States economy by 18 percent by 2012. The U.S. still attends the Kyoto conference of parties (COPs) but does not participate in negotiations, as it is not bound by its terms."

Jan 1, 2014

By F. Mielli

Ranging between 20% and 40% of the typical mining operational costs, energy in mining operations is a growing concern for the industry. However, this concern is a complex, multi-faceted variable that involves government regulations, societal pressures, cost and competitiveness. A mining company successful in energy efficiency is becoming the standard of a successful company. The suggested energy strategy in mining and mineral processing operations has to follow a well structured approach that entails the following: ? Understanding where energy is being used and why, ? Recommending and implement energy conservation measures, ? Driving visibility to targets and results, ? Leveraging the energy spend across the enterprise, ? Developing a robust energy and sustainability strategy.

Jan 1, 2012

By Yi Luo

Bolting the mine roof is one of the noisiest underground mining operations. The main contribution to the noise is the drilling of the roof bolt holes, especially drilling in hard rock. Previous research shows that the specific energy consumed in drilling bolt holes is inversely proportional to the bite depth (i.e., penetration per drill revolution). Less specific energy at a reasonably high bite depth means less energy is wasted in the drilling process for producing heat, bit wear and noise. Therefore, proper control of the drilling operation to achieve a reasonably higher bite depth can reduce drilling noise from its sources as a proactive noise control approach. In order to explore the feasibility and develop the proactive technology for reducing drilling noise, drilling tests have been conducted in laboratory settings. The preliminary results show that significant reduction in noise dose can be achieved by drilling in medium hard rock with uniaxial compressive strength of about 276 bars (4,000 psi) and at a reasonably high bite depth of about 4.6 mm/rev (0.18 in./rev). This paper presents the findings from laboratory experimental studies.

By D. R. Willmer, E. J. Haas

"DISCLAIMER The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Reference to specific brand names does not imply endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. ABSTRACT This study analyzed the publicly available health and safety policies of 26 mining companies to determine the quantity of health and safety (H&S) practices that mining companies encourage in relation to the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle. A thematic content analysis of the policies identified elements and practices within the text. On average, companies communicated information on about 7 elements (range 1–14, standard deviation = 3.49) and discussed 15 practices (range 2–34, standard deviation = 9.13). The elements in which companies highlighted the most practices were risk management, emergency management, leadership development, and occupational health. A discussion of the policy trends shows areas that mine sites can improve upon within their Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle, in addition to encouraging the use of both leading and lagging indicators to manage health and safety performance. INTRODUCTION Mining companies and their employees are expected to identify and manage risks at their worksites to ensure the health and safety (H&S) of everyone at the site. The primary mechanism in place to control these risks is a company’s health and safety management system (HSMS) (Boyle, 2012). Broadly, an HSMS is a set of standard, interrelated, and interacting elements used to promote and achieve occupational H&S goals (ANSI/AIHA Z-10, 2012; BS OHSAS 18001, 2007). The practices conveyed within an HSMS are expected to minimize incidents, injuries, illnesses, and even save worker lives (Alsop and LeCouteur, 1999; Arocena and Núñez, 2010). In the United States, both the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) regulate and encourage aspects of an HSMS (US Federal Register, 2011, 2010). Many HSMS documents (i.e., Chemical Industries Association, 1995; Health and Safety Executive [HSE], 1995; International Labour Office [ILO], 2001) attribute the source of their basic management system to Deming’s Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) model of continuous quality improvement and organize their practices within this cycle (Johnson, 2002). The PDCA cycle is a well-adopted approach in health and safety management and promotes continuous learning and adaptability (Robson et al., 2007)."

Jan 1, 2018

By Joseph Kuti

Longwall mining is the term used for the underground extraction of a wide and deep panel of coal. Such a panel may be blocked out by one or more entries on either side ("head" and "tail") of a longwall face. If all the entries are pre-driven, the panel extraction is termed longwall retreat mining. With one exception, all the longwall faces in the United States are of this type. (1) prior to the general decline in the rates of production with Continuous Miners, the development of the multiple entries generally kept ahead of the longwall extraction rate. This is no longer the case: longwall extraction rates far exceed the rate of development. In addition to this problem, in newly established mines, the development of a haulage and bleeder system based on multiple entries results in a lead-time of three years or more before longwall mining can be applied. This is one reason why earlier projections and much of the optimism attached to longwall mining as a principal "savior" in the energy crisis should be viewed with some caution.

Jan 1, 1978

By E. Lee Bray

"Editor’s note: The editors thank those who make this annual issue possible. A special thank you goes out to the Industrial Minerals Annual Review editor, to the Industrial Minerals & Aggregates Division Technical Committee chair and vice chairs, and to the authors of the individual commodity profiles.Jim Norman, member SME, of Tetra Tech Geo, is the industrial minerals annual review editor. Edgar Blanco, member SME, of Freeport- McMoRan, is chair of the Industrial Minerals &Aggregates Division’s Technical Committee.The technical committee vice chairs include:• NickTushar Gupta and Sallie Gaillard, of the USGS, members SME, agricultural materials.• Abhishek Choudhuryand Xihui Yin, members SME, of Montana Tech and Kemira, repectively, ceramic and refractory materials.• Bobbi Strange and Riddhika Jain, members SME, of Outotec, Martin Marietta and Outotec, respectively, chemical raw materials.• Snehamoy Chatterjee, Alyssa Kendir and Alind Chandra, members SME, of BMT, Universityof Kentucky and Michigan Tech, respectively,construction aggregates.• Subham Verma, Gauran Soni and Freddy Sime, members SME, fillers and pigments.• Kaiwu Huang, Thomas Hilderbrand and Ricardo Santander members SME, of Virginia Tech, Thiele Kaolin and Carbo Ceramics, respectively, sorbents, filters and process aids.• Rhaghay Dubey and William Rapier, members SME, of Outotec and a consultant, respectively, specialty minerals.On behalf of ME readers, the editors thankTwo U.S. alumina refineries produced an estimated 1.5 Mt (1.65 million st) of alumina from imported bauxite in the United States in 2018. The 500-kt/a (550,000-stpy) refinery in Burnside, LA, owned by Almatis Inc. produced specialty alumina used in the abrasives, ceramics, chemical and refractory industries. The 1.2-Mt/a (1.32 million-stpy) refinery in Gramercy, LA, owned by Noranda Alumina LLC produced alumina mostly for use in aluminum smelters but also produced specialty alumina. An upgrade project at the Gramercy refinery to convert 200 kt/a (220,000 stpy) of capacity to produce more profitable specialty alumina was completed in the first half of 2018, and another project to increase capacity was started but a completion schedule was not available. The amount of new capacity was not disclosed, but it would be used to produce nonmetallurgical grade alumina. The 2.3-Mt/a (2.5 million-stpy) refinery in Point Comfort, TX, which was temporarily shut down in March 2016, remained closed throughout the year."

Jul 1, 2019

By Éder Domingos Oliveira, Carlos Antonio Morais, Ruberlan Gomes Silva

The objective of this work was to assess the influence of parameters such as residence time, solid content, and temperature in a process route towards purified rare earth liquor which could be adequate to produce marketable rare earth products. The steps of the process route proposed in this study comprised water leaching of a sulfated rare earth ore and removal of impurities through the purification of the rare earth sulfuric liquor, which is the product of the water leaching step. The sample used in the water leaching experiments was a sulfated rare earth ore produced by the reaction of a beneficiated rare earth ore with sulfuric acid followed by roasting at 700 °C for 2 h in a muffle furnace and cooling at 20 °C. The water leaching experiments showed that the best condition comprised a residence time of 30 min, temperature of 20 °C, and solid content of 10% w/w, resulting in a recovery of 71.3% of the rare earth elements (REE) and a lower impurity extraction, e.g., only 15.0% of Fe, representing the main impurity in the rare earth ore. Even when presenting low amounts of impurities, the rare earth sulfuric liquor still needed to be purified before it can be used in the production of marketable rare earth products. In the study, the rare earth sulfuric liquors were purified in two consecutive neutralization steps, first by dosing the limestone pulp to pH up to 3.5 and secondly by adding the lime pulp to raise the pH from 3.5 to 5.0. The application of two consecutive purification steps at 20 °C resulted in the highest overall REE recoveries (65.4%) throughout all the steps of the process, being 71.3% in the water leaching, 99.6% in the partial purification with limestone pulp, and 92.1% in the purification with lime pulp at 20 °C. Under this condition, there was a total elimination of Fe, P, and Th and a significant reduction in the Al, U, and sulfate concentrations in the purified rare earth liquor. The purified rare earth liquor attained through the experiment is expected to be amenable to be used in the production of marketable products due to the lower impurities/REO mass ratios.

By M. J. Farrell

Mining is a significant emitter of greenhouse gases and is the focus of increasing attention from green groups and regulators. Miners need to know their own carbon emissions and how they compare with the rest of the industry. Miners and mining companies need to know where they fit in the emissions curve. Who is in the bottom quartile? This article updates data from minecost.com which detail the specific carbon dioxide emissions for over 200 mines producing 90% or more of western world copper, zinc, lead and nickel in 2009. This data shows the potential impact on mine economics of proposed carbon taxation regimes and emissions trading schemes proposed at COP 15 in Copenhagen during December.

Jan 1, 2010

By Mark Springett

The problems inherent in sampling low- grade deposits have long been recognized. As economic grades become lower with increasing metals prices and improvements in recovery technology then the previously difficult sampling problem has consequently become even more demanding. The breakdown of the sample process and error is illustrated by describing in the remainder of the paper some sampling practices that have been utilized on mining and exploration properties and by describing some problems that have been encountered, providing a series of cautionary tales to those involved in any aspect of mine or exploration sampling.

Jan 1, 1983

By Jay Nopola, Christopher Johnson, Matthew Minnick, Erik Hemstad, Erik Walega

Mining data collection, storage, and interpretation methods have progressively changed over time. Data collection, for the most part, has transitioned from handwritten notes and logs based on manual gauge readings to real-time data streaming through instrumentation capable of directly communicating with site-based data historians or cloud storage. Data collection and storage have had to adjust commensurately with the volume of data, leading to more complex database architecture. Geoscience interpretation methods have also changed; however, the first goals of modeling and understandings from first principles remain the same and are typically deeply rooted in historical academic work. Machine learning methods are becoming more common, available, and implemented by industry and practitioners. Despite the wide accessibility of machine learning methods, the population of geoscience subject matter experts in the underlying theory of this analysis type is limited. This form of analysis, therefore, must be conducted carefully and in conjunction with subject matter experts, on both machine learning theory and the field it is being applied to. This paper aims to provide background history on data analytics and machine learning, current methods and practices, and high-level geoscience case study examples, as well as take aways regarding the mining industry, potential pitfalls specific to geosciences, and possible perspectives on the direction of artificial intelligence in the future.

Jun 25, 2023

By Paul Lynch

"Since being reported to the 2012 UMI in Shanghai, the Cook Islands has been steadily developing for the commencement of it Seabed Minerals sector in its large Exclusive Economic Zone which contain a vast and unique Manganese Nodule resource, estimated at 10 billion tonnes1. At the 2013 UMI in Brazil, it was reported that the Seabed Minerals Act had commenced and all the necessary complex Technical aspects of this developmental work was being undertaken. At the 2014 UMI in Portugal, full details of the final developments leading to the opening of the Tender of Exploration Blocks in the Cook Islands EEZ will be presented in a brief but comprehensive method, using Poster displays, Powerpoint and active Website interaction. This will show the drafted Regulations, prepared on best international standards, to address both Licencing and Environmental requirements, to give clarity and security to the Resources Owner, industry and stakeholders. This work in being coordinated by the Cook Islands Seabed Minerals Authority, with the valuable collaboration of many international, regional and national stakeholders, including the Cook Islands NGOs, Marine Resources, Marine Park and National Environment Service."

Sep 1, 2014

"Tell us how you got involved in mining and about your career path.My dad was a coal miner and my uncle was a metallurgist, so when I enrolled at Penn State’s New Kensington Campus, I chose the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences — exact majors didn’t get picked till the end of your sophomore year. Penn State New Ken had an associate degree in mining program and one of the guys in my carpool was going to take Mining 30 in the evening and the other guy (mechanical engineer) was also able to take an evening class. I didn’t want to break up the carpool, so I took Mining 30, complete with essay tests. I could write, so I did well, and the professor said I should go into mining engineering. Fast forward to the end of the next term at University Park, and I realized there wasn’t enough chemistry in mining. Switching to metallurgy would have meant another term at that point, so Dr. Lovell, my advisor, trotted me down the hall and to the next building and said I was a mineral processor. That stuck. I was a summer student at U.S. Steel Research between my junior and senior year and they paid for my master’s degree — all about clay and macerals in coal flotation. During that time, the steel industry tanked, and I thought a Ph.D. would be a good idea — I could always teach at the university level if I had those credentials. The Electric Power Research Institute had a Coal Cleaning Test Facility in Homer City, PA, and I conducted my Ph.D. research on rate and residence time in conventional coal froth flotation cells there and at a local cleaning plant. I went to work at the test facility in 1987 (later CQ Inc.) and stayed there until I started PrepTech Inc. in 1997. PrepTech offers some consulting services for coal cleaning plants and sells mineral processing equipment, mostly to coal companies. I can’t believe it’s been 21 years.And what about your SME career?Of course, I was a student SME member at Penn State. We used many of the SME books in class, so who wouldn’t want the student discount? While in Homer City, I became involved with the Appalachian Plateau Subsection of the Pittsburgh Section. We’d hold quarterly meetings with interesting speakers and had good attendance. I was the secretary. I’m still the secretary and also get the bank statements. We’ll need to close that out some time, but I guess I’ve been hoping for resurgence in the Indiana/Cambria/ Somerset area."

Jan 3, 2018

By Russell B. Dix

Laboratory column leach tests are used routinely to evaluate gold and silver ores for heap leaching. The tests are fairly straightforward. The ore to be tested is placed into an appropriately sized leach column. Then an alkaline cyanide solution is applied to the ore and the effluent solutions are collected. The effluent solutions are then put through a column of activated carbon to recover the gold and silver in solution. Zinc precipitation may also be used for silver ores or if the ore contains a significant amount of soluble silver in addition to gold. The length of the leach time in the tests is mainly a function of how quickly the precious metals are recovered from the ore. At the completion of the tests, the tailings are assayed and the recoveries determined from the calculated head grades. The amount of ore to be used for a test is partly a function of its crushed size. The coarser the size, the larger the sample size for the column. A typical small-scale laboratory column test on ore crushed to -12 mm (-0.5 in.) would usually be conducted in a 100- to 150-mm-diam (4- to 6-in.-diam) column 2 m (6.6 ft) in height, containing about 20 to 45 kg (44 to 99 lb) of ore. A comparable test on the same ore crushed to 50 mm (2 in.) would be conducted in a 200- to 300-mm-diam (8- to 12-in.-diam) col¬umn 2 m (6.6 ft) in height, containing about 80 to 200 kg (176 to 441 lb) of ore. Larger-scale tests can be run by increasing the column heights and diameters. Conducting larger-scale tests results in increased costs for sample procurement, preparation, and running of the tests. The additional data obtained from

Jan 1, 1989