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By V. G. Minenko, A. L. Samusev

For efficient leaching of gold from sulfide ores and the oxidation of sulfides into sulfates, it is necessary to introduce a substantial amount of oxidant - atomic oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, potassium or sodium hypochlorite. In this paper, hypochlorite electrochemical treatment is proposed as an effective method of intensification of refractory ore leaching. The objective of the study is to increase the gold recovery from refractory ores with the application of chlorinated solutions that are modified by chemical or electrochemical treatment. The advantages of the use of the modified chlorinated solutions instead of cyanide for gold-sulfide leaching are considered to be the following: a high concentration of the oxidizing agent (hypochlorite ions) in solution helps to achieve a high speed of gold dissolution in the form of chloride complexes; the possibility to produce hydrochloric acid solutions that may be used for the recovering gold by electrolysis; the possibility of the processing of carbonaceous, arsenic-bearing and others kinds of refractory gold ores. The mechanism of the interaction of the modified chlorine solutions with gold-bearing sulfides (pyrite and arsenopyrite) was investigated. The efficiency of the application of chemical and electrochemical leaching method was proved. The main factor that limits the rate of gold dissolution is a high concentration of sulfate ions (SO4 2-) formed in the solution by the oxidation of sulfide minerals. The optimal parameters of chemical and electrochemical leaching method and effective ways to remove sulfate ions were determined. The method helps to increase the level of the gold recovery up to 87% from refractory ores. The intensification of leaching by chemical and electrochemical treatment opens up opportunities for the creation of modern efficient and environmentally-friendly technologies that may be applied for gold extraction from refractory gold ores.

Jan 1, 2016

By B. MohammadSadeghi, S. Bakhshivash, M. Haghshenas, F. Rahimi

"Spring-Back/Forward in sheet metals is defined as recovery of elastic strain upon unloading in a deformed sheet specimen. Since this phenomenon can cause alternation in the dimensions of a part, leading to irrecoverable compensations, the operative parameters need to be investigated, thoroughly. To assess spring-forward and effective bending parameters, V-shaped bending dies are the most commonly used experimental approach. In the present research, the effect of bending angle and punch tip radius on the spring-forward behavior of an Al-Mg-Si alloy sheet specimen is studied. To this end, a V-shaped die with four bending angles (i.e. 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°) was designed and fabricated. Specimens with thickness of 2 mm were cut with dimensions of 50 mm×10 mm. Results show that by increasing the bending angle, the spring-forward angle decreases. In addition, smaller punch tip radiuses lead to further spring-forward. The effect of these parameters on the amount of spring-forward angle, strain distribution and homogeneity along sheet thickness was assessed using finite element analysis (FEA). Simulation results show that as the bending angle increases, the strain is developed more homogenously. Finally, micro-hardness test was used to study the effect of strain hardening caused by bending operation on strength evolution. Results show higher hardness trends for the zones in which the maximum plastic strain occurs.INTRODUCTIONPrecise production plays a significant role in the durability of a part. When it comes to sheet metal forming, this issue should be taken into account as an important factor. In order to predict the alternations, bending dies with special geometric parameters (i.e. V-shaped, U-shaped and L-shaped dies) are commonly used (Wagoner, Lim, & Lee, 2013)."

Jan 1, 2016

By C. Desmeules

"Carbon addition in the oxide pelletizing process is a big concern at the Sidbec-Normines pelletizing plant since 1976.Laboratory pot-grate testing carried out before the initial start-up of the Port-Cartier plant indicated that the nominal pelletizing grate capacity could be increased by fifteen per cent with a suitable carbon addition. Also an improved induration cycle offered the possibility of a significant energy reduction within the process with no adverse effect on pellet quality. A one-month plant scale program duplicated the lab test results and confirmed the anticipated cost saving by using these techniques. Since March 1980, Sidbec-Normines used coke addition as a current operation.This paper reviews briefly earlier laboratory and in-plant test work carried out to investigate the effects of adding carbon materials to the Fire Lake hematite concentrate, and presents operation techniques and plant results of carbon addition in the Port -Cattier pellet plant.IntroductionThe Sidbec-Normines pelletizing plant at Port-Cartier, Quebec, is designed to produce six million ton s per year of oxide pellet s. It is a Dravo-built two-line plant; one line to produce three million s tons per year of blast furnace grade pellets averaging 5.5 per cent silica, and another line of three million ton s to produce direct reduction grade pellets of about 2.0 percent silica.The laboratory pot-grate test program was conducted in 1977 at the British Steel Corporation Research Laboratories in England, with the assistance of J .E. Appleby, consultant to British Steel Corporation (overseas services) Limited.The purpose of that test program was to determine the optimum energy saving cycle and to study the physical and metallurgical effects on blast furnace and direct reduction pellets."

Jan 1, 1983

By Marc Lavigne

"The Lac Knife graphite deposit was estimated, as part of a feasibility study, using a geostatistical ore reserve estimation method: ordinary kriging. Based on the geology and its interpretation, the results of a variogram study, and the statistical parameters of the grade distribution of the core samples and the composites through the mineralization, the deposit was divided into three separate zones (west, centre and east), and each of these zones was then analyzed and kriged independently.The geological ore reserve estimation results of ordinary kriging are compared to the results of a conventional method (sections) used previously. The two methods gave almost similar reserve figures. The conventional method provided a +2% estimation for tonnage and + 10% for grade because it ignored the spatial relation between sections and samples, and ordinary kriging gave a more accurate longitudinal definition of the deposit.Finally, the paper concludes with the advantages of proceeding with ordinary kriging, namely: higher flexibility (change of cut-off grade), better deposit resolution and enhanced selectivity for the design of the open pit.IntroductionWithin the context of a complete feasibility study for the Société d' Exploration Minière Mazarin Inc., specialists of the Mines and Geology Division of Roche Ltd., Consulting Group, defined a modelling method appropriate to the graphite deposit of the Lac Knife property near Fennont. Many patterns were considered. Based on the geology of this deposit, the planned mining method, the statistical parameters of grade distribution and the variogram study, the process of reserve estimation retained was to use the ordinary kriging in a selective way. It was required because the geometry of the deposit is such that it was unthinkable to apply ordinary kriging without restrictions.This paper gives a detailed explanation of the observations and interrogations which led to the choice of this ore reserve estimation method, and the calculation procedure itself."

Jan 1, 1991

By S. K. Paul

"This paper briefly describes the underground crushing and conveying system at Sherritt Gordon Mines' Ruttan Mine. A series of three steel-cord belted conveyors, with a total length of 2J55 metres and a total vertical lift of 407 metres, convey the muck from the underground crushing station to the mill at the surface. The maximum size of the crushed rock is 6 in. All the conveyors are provided with numerous safety and fire suppression devices. IntroductionThe Ruttan Mine of Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited is located 20 km east of the town of Leaf Rapids, 760 km north of Winnipeg. The orebody is multilensed, with lens width varying from 6 to 45 m. Ore production started in 1973 with the opening of a 10,000-tpd open-pit mine. Initial development of the underground mine was started in 1972 with the driving of parallel conveyor and access declines at minus-2507o gradient to the I 220-m level, and then the access ramp was further extended to the 1160-m level. Exploration drifting was done on the 1280-m and 1160-m levels from the access ramp. The final development plan for the underground project was approved in January 1977, and full-scale development and constructionwere resumed.At present, Ruttan Mine is in a period of transition from open-pit to underground mining. Ore production is now coming from both operations. By mid-1980, open-pit production will cease and all production will come from the undergroundmine.The underground mining method at the Ruttan Mine is sublevel open stoping with delayed backfilling. The orebody is divided along strike into a series of 27-m-long stopes and 15-m pillars, both 60 m high."

Jan 1, 1980

By H. K. Taylor

"As a mining engineer with over 50 years' experience in underground operations and mine planning, I appreciate the enormous amount of work that went into the paper; and despite an imbalance between geology-geostatistics and the profit-earning actions of mining and treating (possibly because of sponsorship only by the Geological Society), I agree with probably 85% of the detail. But the paper fails to build on its own sound foundations and, like many predecessors, drifts instead into idealism. Even the starting quotation from the US SEC Form S-18 is little more than a platitude. An American consultant (l) has observed: ""an evaluation that accepts ore reserves as guaranteed because their definition meets SEC criteria is an invitation to disaster"".Idealism enshrines at least two myths that have bedevilled definition over the last several decades. The first is that the only purpose of 'ore reserves' is to promise successful new mines, and that 'ore reserves' must necessarily follow feasibility studies.In practice, the identification of what is likely to be mined if a mine is started must often be done on broad economics long before the feasibility study, and there may be only little later flexibility. The second myth is that there can be a perfect deposit with a simple exploration-appraisal-development sequence (the paper's Figure 2) against which all inferiors can be matched. If the field of definition be regarded as a pyramid, the quest for perfection and the imposition of rigid promises upon the terms 'ore' and 'reserves' drive definitions so near the apex (or the bottom right corner of Figure I, if preferred) that little is left to define. The process is reminiscent of the legendary super-medicine, the one so powerful that the patient had to be in perfect health to take it!"

Jan 1, 1992

By Alan R. Holt

"This paper provides an overview of the use of uranium and coal in Ontario Hydro's generation program. The dynamics of available supply sources including mining and transportation infrastructures and regional considerations are described. Included is a discussion of needed procurement strategies, both in place and planned, to meet fluctuating fuel requirements while ensuring adequate supply security and cost effectiveness. IntroductionDuring the first half of this century, Ontario Hydro or the Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario, as it was then known substantially supplied all of the province's electricity needs from a large number of hydraulic generating stations. Although hydraulic power still provides a very significant part of Ontario energy requirements, this paper will concentrate on the role of uranium and coal in their generation program. To provide a perspective on the importance of these two fuels, Figure I shows the approximate value of each for the past few years in relation to Hydro's total operating costs. The trend toward increasing nuclear output and a corresponding decline in coal use is also clearly illustrated.Figure 2 shows the currently installed capacity of their three main energy sources, hydraulic, nuclear and coal and the 1986 production totals for each, followed by Table I which compares the average operating or running cost on the basis of dollars per megawatt hour for each type of plant. It demonstrates dramatically why Ontario Hydro base load s its hydraulic and nuclear plants, and why coal has become the swing fuel on the system. Although they have a 1200 megawatt plant in Toronto with natural gas-burning capability, and a 2000 megawatt oil-fired station near Kingston, both are presently mothballed and have not been considered in this paper.This paper starts with a user's perspective of the nuclear fuel supply situation which will be discussed in relation to the usual considerations of security, flexibility and cost."

Jan 1, 1988

By Lionel C. Kilburn

"This geological engineering method is based on jour main characteristics of mineral properties, viz; location: inclusion of valuable mineralization; inclusion of geophysical and/or geochemical targets; and inclusion of geological targets. These are subdivided into a total of 19 subcategories, which are used to determine the value of the property.The nineteen subcategories are prioritized and assigned relative value factors from 1.3 to 10. Value of each mineral claim unit is determined by applying the appropriate subcategory factors to a base value of $400per 16.2 hectare unit. Property value is calculated by totalling the values of such individual claim-units.The boundary between ore grade and sub-ore grade must be estimated for each property under valuation, thereby making the method sensitive to mineral commodity prices.A clear and disciplined sequence of decisions based on personal experience forms the basis of this method. The method utilizes all factors normally used to value a mineral property.IntroductionIt is generally accepted in the exploration industry that valuation of exploration properties is a subjective rather than objective process (Roscoe, 1986; Lawrence, 1988; Lawrence, 1989; Woodcock, 1985), and that it is greatly influenced by the experience and qualifications of the person who is doing the valuation. However, the significantly low degree of objectivity in mineral property valuation at this point in time invites effort to achieve a more quantitative engineering basis.Value of a mineral property depends basically upon metal prices, recoverable grades, mining and metallurgical practices, commodity supply and demand , and political-economic conditions, all of which vary with time. Therefore, any valuation is valid for only that point in time when it is made. Mineral deposits can decrease as well as increase in technical value with time."

Jan 1, 1990

By H. R. Manouchehri, A. Weh

"High voltage electric pulse comminution (SELFRAG) relies on inducing electrical breakdown that occurs when the resistivity of a dielectric is insufficient to completely block all transfer of electricity while the conductivity is not high enough to fully accommodate the flow of electricity without considerable changes to the crystal lattice. The technology is based on introducing the electrical discharges into solids immersed in water and placed between two electrodes. The technology has received significant attention since investigations have revealed the potential for fully fragmenting particles or pre-weakening rocks in order to reduce the energy consumption in comminution practices, improve liberation and potentially increase the recovery in mineral processing. Mineralogical analysis of samples showed possible liberation at coarser sizes by high voltage breakage in comparison with conventional mechanical comminution.This study explored the potential of implementing SELFRAG to treat the Sandvik’s Mittersill mine tungsten ore (scheelite) for recovery improvement. Accordingly, standard SELFRAG tests were conducted on four samples from the tungsten process plant to evaluate the energy-breakage relation and potential to liberate the value minerals at coarser size fraction for recovery improvement. The size reduction of the ore after processing with SELFRAG revealed that size deportment occurs at 0.4, 0.2, and 0.1 mm, which indicated potential liberation of gangue and target minerals at respective sizes. In comparison with conventional milling, the difference is the deportment of values into 0.4 mm sizes, which was, to some extent, confirmed by SEM liberation analysis. However, more tests are needed to proof the concept. The study has indicated that, despite consuming more energy in comparison with conventional mechanical comminution, there are promising prospects in liberating the values at coarser fraction and improve recovery by making use of SELFRAG. The energy consumption can be reduced through customized generator and equipment setup, which must be further investigated."

Jan 1, 2016

By E. L. Jones

THE concentration of tin in the tailing from Sullivan ore has been de-scribed by H. R. Banks, superintendent of the Sullivan concentrator, in a paper presented at the annual meeting of the B.C. Division of the Institute in October, 1941(1). The reduction of the concentrate EARLY EXPERIMENTAL WORK Experimental work on the smelting of Sullivan tin concentrate was done in Trail. Preliminary tests in the laboratory indicated that the concentrate could be successfully treated in an electric furnace. A small electro-thermic pilot plant was built and, at the same time, reduction tests were made in an oil-fired reverberatory furnace. Both types of treatment gave satisfactory results. It developed that no fluxes, other than those already in the ore and in the ash of the reducing agent (either coke or coal), were needed. By using an excess of iron, a complete recovery of the tin in the slag was obtained, but with 20 to 30 per cent iron in the tin. A counter-current treatment was thus indicated, viz., the primary slag was first treated with hard-head (iron-tin alloy) from the refining and final slag smelting, producing tin with 2 to 4 per cent Fe. This secondary slag was subsequently treated with scrap iron to produce tin-iron alloy, and a final slag low enough in tin to waste. By following this line of endeavour, a tentative flow-sheet was drawn up and a successful operation was established. Without resorting to electrolytic refining, a metal comparable in purity to standard tin was produced. Metallurgical results and operating costs were found to be very similar with an electric furnace or a fuel-fired furnace. 'However, electric furnace smelting was chosen because the furnace required was smaller, and because some doubt existed as to the cleaning of the final slag in the reverberatory furnace reduction.

Jan 1, 1944

By So-Yeong Lee, Moosang Lee, Seung Hwan Ahn, Ho-Sang Sohn, Jongshin Chang

It is necessary to understand the characteristics, phase changes and chemical reactions of flue dusts introduced from a furnace to an off-gas line in order to achieve the stable operation and the improvement. This study is to develop the dust reaction model for chemical reactions of dusts in an uptake shaft of smelting furnace and a waste heat boiler. Phase equilibria and reaction paths in this system were determined by thermodynamic calculation with experimental and industrial data. The oxidation reaction rate of dusts was determined by the gas film mass transfer controlling. And the sulfation reaction rate was evaluated by the unreacted shrinking core model. Kinetic parameters were estimated by reference data including industrial ones. The present study with the developed model shows various effects of temperatures, dust particle sizes, and O2 gas partial pressures on dust reactions. INTRODUCTION The flue dusts from a copper smelting furnace move along a furnace off-gas stream into an uptake shaft and a waste heat boiler (WHB) and electrostatic precipitator(s). It is necessary to control the dust quality in order to stabilize the operation because the sticking behaviors differ depending on the phase of dusts. Phase changes of dusts are caused by chemical reactions at given conditions such as temperature and partial pressure of gases. Therefore, it is required to understand the phase changes and chemical reactions of dusts in order to perform the improvement and stable operation. The present study carried out the investigation to understand their fundamental knowledge. Especially, this study was focused on the kinetics of chemical reactions of flue dusts, developed the model. In particular, the scope of development and utilization of the model was defined as the uptake shaft of the Mitsubishi S furnace and the S-WHB radiation section in the Onsan smelter. Information needed for the modeling work referred to data from these processes.

Jan 1, 2019

By N. A. McPherson, P. C. Stevens, A. J. Rigby

"There has been a consistent move in recent years to continuously cast small billets while utilizing ceramic stream protection between tundish and mould. The need to have ceramic stream protection has developed from a need to improve billet surface quality by submerged pouring. The need to protect the ladle to tundish stream in conjunction with tundish to mould protection is explained.The continuous casting of thin slabs is at the development state and will require a great deal of ceramic development to ensure the economic viability of the project. An insight is given to the main problems.IntroductionDuring the early development period o f the continuous casting of steel in the late 1940s and 1950s, much of the work was carried out on small cross section products. For example, the continuous casting of 50 mm square billets was carried out on a production scale in the United Kingdom at Barrow. Slab casting was initiated on a production basis on 100 mm thick stainless steel slabs at Atlas Steel, Weiland, Ontario. In the case of slab casting the thickness increased gradually until it was similar to Slabbing Mill feedstock , i.e. in the range 200 mm to 250 mm , although stainless steel continued to be lower at around 185 mm thick.For billets , a significant proportion of steel is now cast at around 100 mm square which creates specific difficulties when casting with a submerged pour - mould powder practice. The move back to smaller cross sections is further emphasized by the current interest in "" Near Net Shape Casting"" . If this move continues, then significant development will be required to create the refractories used between tundish and mould in the continuous casting process.Two specific areas which will receive attention are; (I) the casting of small cross section billet s; and (2) the casting of thin slab."

Jan 1, 1990

By I. J. Burgess, B. C. Barlow

"The electrodissolution of nickel pellets with different controlled electrical variables was investigated in an effort to mitigate plating residue in Watts bath based electroplating cells. During galvanostatic dissolution at 0.4 A dm-2, the anode potential was seen to oscillate between passive and pitting potentials. In-situ microscopy and ex-situ characterization has shown that lacy-pit formation and large, partially perforated, pit covers form during the potential decay from pitting potentials. In general, covered pitting at low current density shows increased plating residue. Using potential pulses is one way to maintain greater control over surface pitting by creating a higher density of pit nuclei while at the same time controlling their growth. Pits generated from a series potential pulses were examined ex situ for a range of pulse times and stages of pit growth were identified. An alternative method of anode dissolution was devised using potential pulses and duty cycles that allowed average current densities comparable to industrial plating conditions to be achieved. By restricting the time at pitting potentials to 0.05 s, plating residue was reduced more than six-fold in comparison to an equivalent galvanostatic experiment run at a comparable current density.INTRODUCTIONIn typical galvanostatic (direct current) nickel electroplating cells employing soluble anodes, some amount of plating residue is produced which consists of metallic nickel and impurities that detach from the bulk in the form of small fines. Significant buildup of residue requires plating operations be halted and the anode assembly cleaned of residue before operation can resume. While variables in the refining process have been shown to affect plating residue, more precise control of electrochemical variables may provide an attractive route to mitigation of residue."

Jan 1, 2016

By F. Gaul, H. R. Manouchehri, A. Mosser

"Mining is a major energy intensive industry that contributes in consuming about 7% of the total world’s energy in which almost half in comminution. The underlying trait that drives energy consumption upwards appears to be somewhat persistent due to increasing in population, demands and growth rate. High grade resources have been/being depleted; consequently, low grade, high competent and complex ores with complicated geological structure are brought into perspective. For efficient extraction of values from such resources comprehensive multistage mining and processing strategies must be taken into account. Different treatment technologies, including ore sorting, must be considered to improve resource efficiency and productivity while taking into account the reduction in energy and water consumptions and related sustainability issues.The implementation of sorting technology in mining industry has a long past and its impacts on improving the overall efficiency of both mining and milling have been proven. However, the lack of complete understanding of its potential combined with ore complexity and low capacity of sorting machines have prevented the large scale application in mining industry. The application of X-Ray transmission sorting at Mittersill Tungsten Mine in Austria is presented and discussed herein. A technoeconomic analysis of the technology has revealed a significant potential of adding value to the concentration process. The rough feasibility study has given a strong feed-back on profitability and short time payback of about 2 years for the investment. Except the economic benefits the technology has positive environmental impacts. The potential for saving energy and water is large. The rough calculations have revealed that the energy saving can be up of 840MWh/annum. Furthermore, the ongoing cooperation between Mittersill mine and the sorting manufacturer is a good example on how the development of more competitive products, and product offerings, can be made."

Jan 1, 2016

By Hammenm R., J. Hammen, C. Hammen

"The production of salable Rare Earth Element (REE) products necessitates a sequence of chemical separation steps between the mine and market commodities. The effectiveness of the chemical separations that purify REE salts is critical to the success of the producer, as the purity of REE salt products affects their market price. This is due to the fact that impurities in REE salts, even at low levels, can be deleterious to the function and usability of the end product. The purification of REE by removal of low levels of contaminant has been referred to as "product polishing". The technologies commonly in use for product polishing, solvent extraction (SX) and ion exchange (IEX) are challenged by the availability of separation chemistries to separate the contaminant from the desired REE salt. In simple terms, if a product specification is 99.9% purity, the SX or IEX separation reagents need to have at least a 999:1 selectivity ratio. Significant testing has been carried out on the use of solid phase extraction (SPE) columns to extract low-level impurities such as aluminum or zinc from REE product streams. The SPE columns are nano-composite materials that have rapid equilibration kinetics with the solutes being processed by the columns. The SPE matrices have been modified with chelating ion exchange ligands that bind the contaminating ion with great selectivity in residence times of a few seconds. Thus, REE streams with 1 to 2% of contaminating aluminum ions, have been polished to >99.99% purity. In this paper, results are presented on the removal of aluminum impurity from a didymium (neodymium+praseodymium) product stream using SPE technology. The selection of the SPE medium and the process steps to treat the feed solution for aluminum removal and ultimate stripping and recycle of the solid phase extractant are discussed."

Jan 1, 2014

By Chris Blain

"Abstract - Based upon an extensive database, this paper analyzes the record of modern mineral exploration success and establishes the 50-year trends in discovery. The record clearly shows that the overall discovery rate rose during the 1950s and 1960s, peaked in the 1980s, and fell during the 1980s and 1990s. By commodity and ore-type target, the pattern of discovery is not continuous. Typically, it is episodic as a series of waves with minor resurgence. The waves reflect the order of the so-called discovery booms, led by uranium, then nickel, and copper, polymetallic base metals and gold. With the possible exception of gold, the discovery booms appear to be independent of metal price, although favorable perceptions of the price outlook may well have initiated the boom or led resurgence. Although difficult to quantify, an emerging trend in modern discovery is the integration of several detection techniques into the search process. No doubt, this trend will continue as orebodies become more and more difficult to find. The record of the past two decades shows that greenfield discovery rates have progressively fallen even though the level of investment in exploration has risen to an all-time high. This trend reflects increasing discovery risk. Several factors are contributing to this trend. Perhaps the two most important are: (1) deteriorating economics as increasing real costs and decreasing real prices continue to raise the economic hurdles for minimum acceptable exploration targets, and (2) increasing exploration maturity in many search terrains, particularly those in the traditional regions of North America and Australasia. To succeed cost-effectively in this new environment of increasing discovery risk will require extraordinary creativity, innovation, and technical skill coupled with commercial discipline."

Jan 1, 2000

By W. A. Plachner, Schiller E. A., S. P. Santiago

"The Monkman Coal Property is located in the Northeast Coal Block of British Columbia. It is divided into the Duke Mountain Block on the north east and the Dip Slope on the west. Together, these areas cover 39,503 ha of coal licences.The property is underlain by Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous marine and continental sedimentary rocks. Economic coal measures are contained within the Gates Formation. Exploration of the property began in the early I970s, with drilling commencing in 1975. To date, 255 holes have been drilled and nine adits have been driven to recover unoxidized coal samples.The property has a geological resource potential of 2.8 billion tonnes of medium and high-volatile bituminous coal. Medium-volatile bituminous reserves, totalling 68.9 million ROM tonnes at an over-all strip ratio of 6.3:1, have been identified in three pit areas in the Duke Mountain Block.Construction start-up will commence when sales contracts are arranged. The clean coal will be exported via the Ridley Island Terminal at Prince Rupert.IntroductionThe Monkman Coal Property is located in the Northeast Coal Block of British Columbia in the southern port ion of the Peace River Coalfield. The coal field encompasses a strike length of 250 km of Lower Cretaceous coal-bearing strata in which 13 companies have identified several billion tonnes of resources and several hundred million tonnes of reserves. Currently, two companies with contracts are in the construction phase, and are scheduled to produce coal by early 1984. Quintette Coal Ltd. has a contract with Japanese steel mills to supply annually 5.0 million tonnes of metallurgical and 1.5 million tonnes of thermal coal. Teck Corporation (Bullmoose property) has a contract to supply 1.7 million tonnes of metallurgical coal annually."

Jan 1, 1983

By James J. Scott

"In the two years since their introduction, Friction Rock Stabilizershave replaced40 per cent of the previously used fixtures in the metal and non-metal mines in the United States. The Friction Rock Stabilizer, or ""Split Set "" , is a mechanical rock stabilizing system which uses friction to prevent rock movement . The Split Set is a tapered, rolled, steel tube that is slotted along its length. As it is driven into a drilled hole smaller than its diameter, it compresses, pre-loading the surrounding rock. This paper discusses the uses and acceptance of the friction rock stabilizer in mines in the United States. IntroductionFriction Rock Stabilizers, commonly called Split Set™· Stabilizers, have been under development by the author and Ingersoll-Rand Company since early 1973. Five years of intensive laboratory and field testing led to their introduction to the metal mines in the United States in the fall of 1976. Actual sales started in February of 1977and, to date, over five million units have been marketed to metal mines. The present rate of usage is near 3 V2 million units per year, which is approximately 50070 of all roof fixtures used in the United States metal mining industry,Richard Hoppe, senior editor of Engineering & Mining Journal. , in an article in the February 1979 issue entitled ""Winning the Battle Against Bad Ground"", said: ""In hardrock mining operations in the western U.S., particularly underground uranium mines where exceedingly difficult ground is common, no roof support system has been accepted more quickly than the Split Set friction bolt invented by Dr. James J . Scott and developed by Ingersoll-Rand Co."" This paper describes how Friction Rock Stabilizers function and presents technical data to show the uniqueness of such systems."

Jan 1, 1980

By P. R. Brito-Parada, G. Bhutani

"The physical processes occurring in flotation columns are very complex as they take place at different scales over a range of sizes and multiple phases. Column design and optimum operating parameters are usually obtained from empirical studies and although progress has been made on its numerical modelling, most column models rely on simplifications that do not fully capture the hydrodynamics. In particular, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models of the pulp phase in flotation usually assume the bubble population to be monodispersed. While this assumption may be reasonable in some situations, the polydispersed nature of the gas phase can have a significant impact on the predicted flotation rates.Techniques to model size distribution do exist in the literature and have been rigorously analysed in the past two decades for bubble columns, which are very similar to flotation columns from a hydrodynamics point of view. In fact, available CFD models of flotation columns are an extension of bubble column models, sometimes including additional equations for solids treated as passive scalars. This work focuses on the development of an efficient CFD model for flotation columns. The bubble size distribution in the column has been modelled using the Population Balance Equation (PBE), which is solved using the Direct Quadrature Method of Moments (DQMOM). Coupled with the PBE, the multiphase flow equations in the column have been modelled using the standard Eulerian–Eulerian approach. The solution of this coupled system has been made tractable in this work with the implementation of a highly parallelised adaptive-mesh finite element method. This powerful framework has been implemented in the open source CFD code Fluidity and it allows the carrying out of detailed simulations of flotation columns in 2D and 3D, with important implications for industrial column evaluation and design."

Jan 1, 2016

By M. Thérien, M. Rémillard

"Data from two industrial plants are treated by mass balance package BILMAT. The first application concerned a base metals/precious metals (PM) producer and the second, implementation of a hydrocyclone for the recovery of iron chips in the granite industry. Also LOTUS 123 software can easily be adapted for laboratory test mass balances using an IBM-PC computer. INTRODUCTIONThe present paper deals with two different BILMAT program applications. The first application concerns a copper-zinc-gol d-sil Yer producer based in North-western Quebec and the second, concerns the iriplementation of a hydrocyclone for the recovery of iron chips in Quebec granite company.Afterwards, we deal with some LOTUS 123 software applications for laboratory test mass balances using an IBM-PC.1. Base metal and P.M. producerNoranda Inc, Mattagami division, which operates mines in North Western Quebec, produces copper and zinc concentrates from a sulphide ore. Small amounts of gold (0,34 g/t) and silver (20 g/tl are present. At the time of the study, only 30% of the silver content was recovered in the copper concentrate. The main objective of this study is, to evaluate the metallurgical behaviour of silver in the flotation circuits, to increase its recovery in the copper concentrate and therefore to improve its final economic value. It is then worthwhile to identify the silver bearing minerals and to determine the critical flotation stages where they are lost. The methodology proposed is based on the coupling of a mineralogical study and a detailed mass balance ca1cu1ation in the flotation circuit performed using the BILMAT mass balance package (1, 2, 3).The results are discussed with respect to the distribution of silver in the circuit. The recoveries obtained at the various separation stages for the minerals present in the ore are also discussed."

Jan 1, 1987