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By L. Kong, V. G. Papangelakis, L. Li

"The Eh-pH diagram of lithium-titanium-water system at 25°C, 100 °C and 200 °C was constructed. It shows that there exist thermodynamic stability areas of Li2TiO3. This indicates a thermodynamic possibility for the formation of Li2TiO3 in aqueous solution. A hydrothermal process has been applied for the preparation of Li2TiO3 using TiCl4 and LiOH•H2O as raw materials. The prepared samples were examined with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that temperature and washing condition have significant effects on the phase composition of the product. Phase-pure Li2TiO3 powders were obtained at 200°C with Li:Ti molar ratio of 2.0.INTRODUCTIONLithium-containing ceramics enriched in 6Li, such as Li2O, LiAlO2, Li4SiO4, Li2ZrO3 and Li2TiO3, are considered as tritium breeding materials (Saito et al., 1998; Roux et al., 1998; Johnson et al., 1998; Hoshino et al., 2002). In view of its admirable properties: low-activation, good thermal stability and thermal conductivity, excellent tritium release performance and reasonable lithium atom density (Kopasz et al., 1994; Roux et al., 1996; Saito et al., 1998; Wu et al., 2008), Li2TiO3 is recognized as one of the most promising candidates of tritium breeding materials. Meanwhile, Li2TiO3, as the precursor of H2TiO3-type lithium absorbent, receives more attention as the development of extracting lithium from salt lakes (Zhong, 2004; Zhang, 2010).Several synthetic techniques have been applied to prepare Li2TiO3 powders, such as solid-state methods (Lulewicz and Roux, 2002; Ramaraghavulu et al., 2011; Mandal et al., 2012), sol-gel processes (Deptula et al., 2002; Lee, 2008) and solution combustion routes (Cruz et al., 2006; Jung et al., 2006; Sinha et al., 2010). A solid-state method may produce a series of problems, including impurity contamination and difficulty in morphology control of the obtained powders, although the process involved is simple. The solgel process is prolonged and usually demands for multi-step reactions, while solution combustion route requires plenty of energy and easily causes product contamination by the fuel used. Owing to its environmentally benign and highly suitable characteristics in fabricating materials, hydrothermal technology has been widely used and became a powerful tool in the field of material synthesis (Yoshimura and Byrappa, 2008). For example, ZnO in the form of bulk single crystals, fine particles and thin films, which is an attractive photoelectric material, was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal process (Sekiguchi et al., 2000; Ohshima et al., 2004). A hydrothermal technique was also used to the preparation of carbon nanotube, which possesses outstanding mechanical, structural and electric properties (Bernholc et al., 1997), and is superior to the commonly used method (Gogotsi and Libera, 2000). There, it provides an option for preparing Li2TiO3. Laumann et al. (Laumann et al., 2010) synthesized cubic a-Li2TiO3 by hydrothermal reaction at 180 °C for 18 h, using TiO2 powder, comprising of anatase and rutile, and lithium hydroxide in de-ionized water. However, the prepared a-Li2TiO3 is extremely unstable with a maximum lithium loss of 75% when treated in bathing experiment."

Jan 1, 2012

By T. C. Holmes

"Dome mine, in the Porcupine mining camp of northern Ontario, is one of the important gold mines of Canada, its production of gold from the commencement in 1910 to the end of 1946 having a value of $149,000,000.GENERAL GEOLOGYThe oldest rocks in the mine are greenstones of Keewatin age(l). Those to the south are known as the southern greenstones, but little is known of their structure. Those in the northwest part of Fig. 1 and the north part of Fig. 2 are known as the northern greenstones or greenstone 'nose'. They face north, dip steeply north, and end to the east against an unconformity which pitches northeast about 20°. The volcanics are overlain unconformably by Timiskaming .conglomerate and slate. All these rocks are cut by porphyry. Closely associated with the porphyry is a group of rocks that have suffered extreme alteration. Diabase dykes intrude all the other rocks and the ore. The principal massive rocks in the mine are two adjacent flows known asthe andesite (south) and dacite (Fig. 1). They are composed chiefly ofmassive, medium-grained lava. Pillows, flow lines, and other typically volcanicfeatures are found along the tops of both flows and at other places in theandesite. These parts nearly everywhere show a slight schistosity panllelwith the flows except in the orebodies, where they are massive."

Jan 1, 1954

By S. E. Kesler, C. M. Moore, J. C. Van Loon

The possibility that chlorine and fluorine form complexes with ore metals, thereby having a strong effect on the mobility of these ore metals during late magmatic and hydrothermal processes, suggests that the abundance of chlorine and fluorine in igneous rocks could be used to distinguish intrusions that have generated ore deposits. The simplest and most economical measure of this chlorine and fluorine is the water-leachable chloride and fluoride that is released from fluid inclusions in the rock during crushing of the sample. In order to evaluate the possible use of this technique, measurements of water-leachable chloride and fluoride were made with selective ion electrodes on samples from nine intrusive complexes. There does not appear to be any simple relation between the abundance of chloride and the presence of mineralization. Fluoride values in mineralized intrusions appear to be higher than those in barren intrusions.

Jan 1, 1973

By K. van Netten, T. P. Ernst

"Froth flotation has been used successfully for about a century in the beneficiation of both coal and mineral particles. With the on-going trend towards lower feed grades, however, there is a need to transform this technology in ways that can deliver ultrafast separations, with strong selectivity, and recovery, covering a broader size range. It should be recognised that the hydrophobic effect, with its highly selective and long-range interactions, will most likely underpin any new technology. We identified the separation of the concentrate from the tailings as the rate determining step of conventional flotation technology. This limitation was then addressed by developing a novel flotation technology, insuring the formation of a concentrate that could be separated more rapidly from the tailings. We introduced a novel binder medium, a highly concentrated water in oil emulsion, to act as the focal point for hydrophobic adhesion, effectively replacing the air bubbles used in conventional flotation. The hydrophobic particles adhere to and become embedded within the binder, forming saturated agglomerates that float upwards. Moreover, by forming these large and resilient agglomerates, the product can be quickly dewatered over a screen and separated almost immediately from the tailings. Remarkably, this new binder permits residence times in the order of a few seconds under batch conditions. This paper examines the performance of the technology as a function of the oil wt% added to the slurry. The paper also examines the performance of the technology as a function of the particle size, showing a decline as the particle size exceeds 0.50 mm.INTRODUCTIONFroth flotation involves the collision and adhesion of hydrophobic particles to rising air bubbles, the carrying of those particles from the bubbly-pulp zone into a froth zone, and subsequent drainage and migration of the pulp to achieve the final concentrate (Wills, 2006). Within a Jameson Cell the feed slurry and air bubbles are brought into intense contact within the active area of the downcomer, achieving rapid kinetics of hydrophobic particle adhesion to the air bubbles (Harbort et al., 1994). However, once the bubble laden product and tailings emerge from the downcomer there is the need for separation of the concentrate from the tailings, an inherently slower process. In other devices such as mechanical cells the initial kinetics of particle adhesion are far slower, relying on the turbulent eddies throughout the cell, while in a column the kinetics rely upon an even slower process of bubble interception with suspended and settling particles (Gorain, 2007). However, in all cases the driving force for segregating the bubbles from the tailings, and the drainage of the froth are inherently the same. We do note, however, recent advances by Galvin and co-workers in achieving so-called Fast Flotation, utilizing a system of inclined channels to dramatically increase the segregation rate of bubbles from the tailings, permitting much higher gas and feed fluxes to be applied, achieving up to a ten-fold throughput advantage (Dickinson et al., 2014). Any further improvement within the existing flotation paradigm would require the introduction of centrifugal forces, but this would also require the formation of much finer bubbles than is typically used given the tendency of relatively large bubbles to reach a limiting slip velocity due to deformations and increased drag. Across all flotation devices we argue the rate determining step remains the segregation of the bubbles from the tailings."

Jan 1, 2016

In several European countries, including Russia, it has become economically attractive to utilize peat as a fuel for power generation, the production of metallurgical coke, the production of fuel briquettes for the domestic market and low-Btu gas. Although the economic base and availability of energy supplies in Europe is much different than it is in Canada, regional economics here may warrant the development of peat as an alternative source of energy. Canadian peatlands cover several thousands of square miles and have historically been considered as waste land. Now, with the increasing costs of other energy sources, it is apparent that fuel peat should be re-evaluated as a potential energy resource. A nation-wide inventory of peat deposits has been prepared and reserves evaluated for some of these areas where field surveys have been carried out. The paper describes alternative mining methods developed to meet some of the various conditions encountered on virgin peatland . These mining techniques are generally based on current peat technology exercised in other parts of the world and would be applicable in some of the peat regions of Canada. Cost estimates have been prepared for peat production in regions of Canada, and the socio-economic aspects of a large-scale fuel peat operation are discussed. Several potential utilization schemes have been described, with particular emphasis on electric power generation. The paper makes recommendations for steps to be taken in the development of a fuel peat industry in Canada.

Jan 1, 1978

By Richard Wells

Peabody Energy is the largest pure-play publicly traded coal company in the world. We have been in business 129 years and like most of the coal mining companies in the United States, since 1969 the majority of our safety improvement efforts had been driven by compliance with the various versions of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act and the supporting federal regulations. In 2004 Peabody Energy management came to the understanding that in order to achieve our goal of zero incidents, that focus must change. This paper will describe the elements of the journey we began at that point to make the transition to a behavior and systems-based approach to safety management and our efforts to win the minds and hearts of our employees. This journey is undertaken with the goal of making safety truly a way of life for all Peabody Energy employees.

Aug 1, 2013

By Xue Yang

Even though many approaches have been proposed for automated fault detection and diagnosis of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, and advanced maintenance programs, such as preventive and predictive maintenance have been applied for the systems, issuing work orders for corrective maintenance is still a reality. Currently corrective maintenance still accounts for more than 55% of all maintenance programs in average facilities in the US (DoE, 2010). Indoor air related problems are especially important among corrective maintenance work orders. This paper provides details of a case study conducted to capture the workflow that HVAC mechanics follow, their rationale in diagnosis process and the information they typically refer to while responding to indoor air related corrective maintenance work orders. The general workflow for HVAC mechanics to complete such types of work orders was summarized into 5 stages, and generic information requirements recorded from the case study were synthesized. Initial findings show two main challenges in the industry for HVAC mechanics to get access to required information, which highlights the need for a systematic approach that would enable identification of such information applicable to a given context under which a work order has been generated and provide values of required information for HVAC mechanics to do sound diagnosis through integrated data repositories.

Aug 1, 2013

By A. D. Misener, L. G. D. Thompson

"IntroductionIt was shown by work previously reported that reliable geothermal gradients representative of various regions of the earth's, surface could he obtained from extended surveys of the rock temperatures in operating mines. These surveys showed the presence of anomalies in the isothermal levels and the existence of regions of regular behaviour. Below about 3,000 feet the temperature gradients became quite regular over the areas stud1ed. It is these regular gradients which are taken as representative of the region, wherever possible.The present paper describes the extension of this work which was undertaken to obtain further temperature gradients with a view to correlating them to other geophysical properties determined for the same regions. The additional data obtained have indicated possible reasons for the temperature anomalies. The experimental procedure was similar to that already described and was again made possible through the wholehearted co-operation of the management and the assistance of the personnel of the mines concerned. The research was entirely supported by a grant from the Research Council of Ontario.The equipment was a distinct improvement over that previously used and made it possible to take many more accurate temperature readings in a given time. Thermistor resistance thermometers were used, encased in silver sheaths and protected against damage by heavy copper casings. These were calibrated with a standard platinum resistance thermometer.The bridge used with these thermometers was one of a number designed and built by the Meteorological Service and designated M.S.C. Thermometer Indicator Type C-3. This very convenient and portable instrument operated from batteries in the instrument case. Multiple thermometer connections were provided so that rapid readings• of a number of thermometers was possible to accuracy of the order of 0.1°F. All electrical connections on the panel are covered with Dow-Corning ignition compound to prevent; electrical leakage due to moisture condensation. This, together with the high resistance of the thermometers and components of the bridge, gave much more reliable results than previously obtainable."

Jan 1, 1950

By E. Swartzman

"DURING 1951, experimental cleaning studies on both fines and larger sizes of certain Canadian coals were conducted on a relatively large scale in two pilot plants in the United States, large enough to be considered as small commercial units, and in one commercial plant in Canada.One of the pilot plants was a wet washer of a type which apparently has never been .used in Canada, nor has any Canadian coal been tested in it before. In the other pilot plant and in the commercial plant, dry cleaning equipment was used. The commercial plant is the first of its kind to be employed in Canada, and this type is used only to a limited extent in the United States.Fine-Coal Cleaning ExperimentsTest PlantsHydrotator and Hydrotator-Classifier combination pilot-plant with a capacity of about twenty tons per hour. This is a classifier type washer adapted for cleaning fine coal as well as certain intermediate sizes. The Hydrotator deals with that portion of a coal retained on approximately a 24-mesh Tyler sieve, whereas the Hydrotator-Classifier deals with the minus 24-mesh fines."

Jan 1, 1952

By N. Shi, T. G. Joseph

ABSTRACT: An interactive cable shovel simulation has been developed to mimic any shovel dipper geometry for a given cable shovel operating in any homogeneous face material. This interactive cable allows the user to predict shovel performance in any face material encountered and track both its ground stability and the dipper-ground interaction. An embedded Microsoft® Visual Basic spreadsheet was used as the platform for developing an interactive simulation that allows for maximum user-defined parameter input and interactive visual output. The result is an analytical dipper-ground interaction solution that yields crowd, hoist, and digging effort as a function of face activity position.

Jan 1, 2011

By G. W. Neumann

"In order to avoid pollution of water in Flemming Brook and Little River, which drain the area in which the Brunswick No. 12 Mine and Concentrator are located, the company has gone to considerable expense in preparing tailings storage and effluent setting ponds. The attached drawing gives a plan of the six settling ponds together with elevations of the dikes and the effluent weirs.All original dikes for the six ponds were constructed from humus-free clay and rock material, which was obtained, preferentially, by excavating from within the dike area. Run-off water, precipitated on the outside slopes of the dams will drain off without contacting the tailing material. A ditch was made north of the dam site to deflect surface run-off to the east into a branch of Flemming Brook.A secondary dike, made from tailings, has recently been erected on No. 1 and No. 2 tailings pond inside and above the earth-filled dike which serves as a roadway. Run-off from the tailings dikes will be retained inside the ponds by ditching between the roadway and tailings dike into ponds 4 and 6."

Jan 1, 1969

By I. C. Christopher

Introduction The geology of the Cochen-our Willans gold mine has been described in reports by the late Dr. H. C. Horwood (1) in 1940 and by Dr. J. P. Nowlan (2) in 1947. Information from these and other (unpublished) reports has been incorporated in the present paper, together with some recent ideas regarding structural features which are at present being used to locate ore shoots. Location and History The mining claims of Cochenour Willans Gold Mines, Limited, occupy 705 acres in Dome township, on the east shore of Red lake opposite McKenzie island. Adjoining properties are those of McKenzie Red Lake Gold Mines on the west, Boymar Gold Mines on the north, Marcus Gold Mines on the east, and Martin-McNeely Gold Mines on the south. The claims of the original group were staked by W. M. Cochenour, Dan Willans, and H. G. Young, and the Cochenour Willans Syndicate was formed in 1928. Work was carried out by the Syndicate and several other companies during the next eight years with inconclusive results, due to the irregular occurrence of the ore. In 1936, Cochenour Willans Gold Mines, Limited, was incorporated and production was finally started late in 1939.

Jan 1, 1951

By K. Maruyama, T. Nagasaka, R. d. Chairaksa-Fujimoto, T. Miki

Electric arc furnace dust or EAF dust is considered as a hazardous waste but contains a significant amount of economically attractive non-ferrous metals especially zinc as zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) and zincite (ZnO). The hydrometallurgical process is one alternative choice because it has the advantage of low energy consumption. The leaching of ZnO from the dust is very easy. However, the complex major zinc compound in EAF dust is ZnFe2O4, which is very stable and insoluble in alkaline or acidic media under delicate conditions, and causes the low zinc recovery yield by hydrometallurgical process. Moreover, halogens and heavy metals in the dust are also problematic. In order to develop a new effective EAF dust treatment process, the authors have proposed "CaO addition process" as pre-dust treatment to transform all of ZnFe2O4 in the EAF dust to ZnO and Ca2Fe2O5. In this study, the selective zinc leaching from the CaO treated EAF dust with NaOH and NH4Cl solutions was carried out. The effect of temperature, reaction time and solute concentration were systematically investigated. All of zinc in CaO treated EAF dust was successfully leached into both solutions.

Jan 1, 2014

By Raymond Dallaire

The Humphrey's spiral is a static gravity separation device which cannot be adjusted to match short-term variations that occur in the feed. Any disturbance in the feed grade, per cent solids or flow rate affects substantially the recovery and grade of concentrate. Such variations must be minimized in order to maintain the desired rate of production and quality of the product for which the installation has been designed. A study has been performed in which the foregoing assertions were quantified. The feed grade, per cent solids, flow rate and particle size were varied independently. Ore from Carol Lake, Nfld., was used throughout the experiments. This consisted of specular hematite and magnetite in a silica gangue.

Jan 1, 1978

By A. Alfantazi

Recently, titanium and its alloys have been the materials of choice for the liner and internal components of autoclaves used to extract Ni and Co from laterite ores. There have been many corrosion incidents ranging from localized attacks due to scale formation or welding, to damage caused by pockets of concentrated acid. Most of the literature focuses on methods to avoid the corrosion altogether. Little has been published to increase awareness of the chemistry at these conditions. For this paper, a literature review of the thermodynamics of titanium was undertaken to decipher the slew of information available. E-pH diagrams were constructed from select data and compared with the results of electrochemical experiments. Since nickel laterite leaching takes place in sulphuric acid, and in many cases chloride concentrations are very high, the Ti-H2O, Ti-Cl--H2O and Ti-SO4---H2O systems were considered.

Jan 1, 2004

By Ashley Tews

In 2005, we automated a forklift-based Hot Metal Carrier to be capable of typical metal transfer operations around a smelter. The project was highly successful and the vehicle has demonstrated hundreds of hours of live autonomous operations to thousands of people from industry and the public. As a result of the exposure and success of the project, we have expanded its focus to demonstrate how various technology components can be utilised to gain benefits in other areas of industrial operations. These include asset tracking, vehicle usage analysis, pedestrian detection and infrastructure profiling. Each of these components was derived from the core autonomous vehicle technology suite and has shown a high potential for improving safety and efficiency of vehicle-related operations, and improved diagnostic processes for measuring deformations of bakes and furnaces. The autonomous vehicle project and its extended technologies are described in this paper.

Aug 1, 2013

By A. J. Oliver, C. E. O’Neil, I. J. Itzkovitch, V. A. Ettel

A new solvent extraction process for the separation of cobalt, copper and zinc from nickel sulphate process streams has been developed. It involves selective extraction of these elements with a quaternary ammonium thiocyanate dissolved in an aromatic diluent. The chemical principles of this process have been investigated and are described, together with background physico-chemical data relating to the use of this solvent. Long-term testing in a continuous "mini-plant" circuit gave high-purity nickel and cobalt products (Ni/Co —200011 and Co/Ni ~1000/1 respectively).

Jan 1, 1976

By D. B. Dreisinger, D. G. Dixon, G. Nazari

"The kinetics of chalcopyrite leaching in acidic ferric/ferrous sulfate media under atmospheric conditions in the presence of pyrite has been investigated. It has been found that pyrite samples from different sources affect the rate of chalcopyrite leaching differently. A strong correlation between the amount of silver associated with the pyrite and its effectiveness has been noted. In this study, improvement of the catalytic properties of pyrite such that all pyrite samples accelerate the rate of copper extraction regardless of their sources is demonstrated, and a detailed discussion of the mechanisms involved in the process of chalcopyrite leaching in the presence of silverenhanced pyrite is presented. INTRODUCTIONIt is well known that chalcopyrite resists leaching in sulfate media. It has been proved that pyrite facilitates the leaching of chalcopyrite (Berry et al., 1978; Dixon et al., 2008; Mehta and Murr, 1983; Muñoz et al., 2008; Nowak et al., 1984, Tshilombo, 2004). Considering the catalytic effects of pyrite on accelerating the kinetics of chalcopyrite leaching, Dixon and Tshilombo (2005) have developed a new process, known as Galvanox™, which has several advantages over other hydrometallurgical processes. Galvanox™ runs under atmospheric conditions, so it requires only low-cost leaching tanks. The sulfur yield at this temperature is high (>95%) which leads to low oxygen consumption and low sulfuric acid generation. The operating temperature is below the melting point of sulfur which eliminates the use of surfactants. This process also does not require fine grinding. Reaction 1 shows the overall leaching reaction in the Galvanox™ process.CuFeS2 + O2 + 2 H2SO4 = CuSO4 + FeSO4 + 2 S0 + 2 H2O (1)Complete copper recovery from the Galvanox™ process can be achieved at a considerably higher rate than other atmospheric ferric sulfate leaching processes (Dixon et al., 2008). Recycling pyrite and recovering copper from tailings with the Galvanox™ process have also been evaluated in continuous pilot leaching campaigns (Dixon et al., 2007)."

Jan 1, 2012

By J. De Geoffroy, T. K. Wignall

The paper describes a statistical method based on regression and classification analysis which is designed to assist exploration management in the selection of prospecting areas and drilling targets in regional programs. The classification is based on three criteria which are formulated from sets of relevant geological, geophysical and geochemical factors: (a) regression estimates of expected ore values, (b) Bayesian probabilities of success and (c) expected utility payoffs. The advantages of the method are: (a) rational and unbiased ratings for areas or targets in a manner consistent with management's goals; (b) calculation of probabilities of success and confidence intervals for the ratings, and (c) rapid and accurate handling of a large amount of data by computer programs.

Jan 1, 1970

By R. J. Enkin

Modern mineral exploration depends on multidisciplinary 3-dimensional integration of geological and geophysical data. Identification of the geological sources of geophysical anomalies requires knowledge of the physical properties fingerprint of rock types, formations and their alteration products. Understanding how and why rock physical properties vary within the Earth's subsurface ensures that appropriate geophysical exploration methods can be chosen, and allows for more efficient and effective surveys to be designed. Physical properties knowledge is integral to geophysical modeling - measured data or values estimated based on geological understanding are used to produce realistic forward calculations and to constrain inversion models. Mira Geoscience and the Geological Survey of Canada, in collaboration with industry and academia, are building a Rock Properties Database System (rpds.mirageoscience.com). It compiles the most valuable physical properties for mineral exploration (density, porosity, magnetic susceptibility and remanence, electrical resistivity and chargeability) linked with location and lithological metadata. A critical knowledge gap, addressed in this study, concerns the dependence of physical properties on alteration and mineralization processes. We report on the results of a collaborative University of British Columbia - Geoscience British Columbia project, ?Integrated Geological & Geophysical Porphyry Models: Adding Value to Geoscience BC Geophysical Data?. As part of the QUEST and QUEST-West geophysical initiatives, Geoscience BC focused detailed geophysical surveys on a suite of six known porphyry deposits: Mount Milligan, Endako, Huckleberry, Bell, Granisle, and Morrison. Physical properties for a set of 269 samples of characteristic host rocks and their altered equivalents were measured. The causes of physical properties variations were investigated through their correlations with ore and alteration mineralogy determined from thin-section observations and X-ray diffraction analyses. Physical properties of variably altered host-rocks and intrusive rocks vary significantly between different BC porphyry deposits. No specific unifying geophysical model exists that can be uniformly applied during exploration. Knowledge of local background geology and local physical properties variations is necessary as host-rocks and intrusive rock compositions vary depending on magmatic affinities, and alteration styles will vary reflecting host-rock compositions, crustal depth and influence of meteoric water. A district-scale exploration strategy requires location of intrusive bodies, which are commonly magnetic, resistive and low in density. Correlations should not be expected between density and magnetic susceptibility, because alteration may lead to magnetite destruction or to secondary magnetite development. Deposit-scale ground geophysics might image potassic alteration zones that can be magnetic in both alkalic and calcalkalic systems. Low magnetic susceptibilities, resistivities and densities might aid in locating the typically more porous phyllic and argillic zones. All geophysical data must be interpreted with background knowledge of local rock types and in light of the expected deposit model and associated magmatic and hydrothermal processes. The most effective means to building physical properties knowledge prior to geophysical investigation remains collecting rock physical properties measurements. The cost of rock properties data collection is low, relative to the overall costs of running a mineral exploration program, and can provide an important framework for design of geophysical surveys, survey method selection, geophysical modelling, and data interpretation.

Aug 1, 2013