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By P. E. Cavanagh

FOR THE PAST seven years Mr. W. Simpson, Chief Mechanical Inspector for the Nova Scotia Department of Mines, has carried out exhaustive field trials of non-destructive inspection equipment in the coal mines of that Province. This work has demonstrated the usefulness of a number of types of non-destructive inspection when used for periodic inspection of hoisting and haulage equipment in the coal mines of Nova Scotia. As a result, the Dominion Coal Company has instituted a programme of regular preventive maintenance inspection ?by a special staff of qualified and trained men. The purpose of this present paper is to describe how non-destructive testing techniques are used on ropes, axles, couplings, and other hoisting and haulage equipment, how these methods are being used in other industries, and the expected benefits from intelligent and properly organized use of these techniques in the coal mining industry.

Jan 1, 1956

By Ltd. (CYMCO) Technology Center Yunnan Metallurgical Group Co., S. Jian, T. Song, J. D. Miller

"As sulfide zinc ore deposits become exhausted, nonsulfide zinc ore deposits become the other resource for zinc production. However, flotation for zinc recovery from nonsulfide deposits is much more difficult than the flotation of sphalerite from sulfide deposits and may become an option for zinc production only if a suitable processing technology is developed. In this regard, research efforts are being devoted to the flotation of nonsulfide zinc oxide minerals. Some common methods which have been used for the flotation of zinc oxide minerals include sulfidization-flotation, activation, and direct flotation with anionic and cationic collectors. The traditional flotation techniques have low efficiency and difficulty in separation and recovery of the zinc minerals from gangue minerals, for example, smithsonite (ZnCO3) from other carbonate gangue minerals and hemimorphite (Zn4Si2O7 (OH)2·H2O) from silicate gangue minerals. In this study potassium lauryl phosphate was evaluated as a collector for the flotation of nonsulfide zinc minerals. Results from contact angle and microflotation experiments at pH 6–9 show that hemimorphite (Zn4Si2O7 (OH)2·H2O) can be floated from quartz and that smithsonite (ZnCO3) can be floated from calcite. However, when dodecylamine, which is a common collector reported in literature for the flotation of nonsulfide zinc minerals, was used as collector, no significant difference between nonsulfide zinc minerals and gangue minerals was observed at any pH value. Initial evaluation suggests that potassium lauryl phosphate is effective at low concentration and may be a promising collector for zinc oxide mineral flotation.INTRODUCTIONBefore the twentieth century, zinc was mainly produced from nonsulfide ores (Large, 2001; Gilg, Boni, & Cook, 2008). With the development of differential flotation processes in the late 19th century major production switched from nonsulfide zinc sources to sulfide zinc ores (Hitzman, Reynolds, Sangster, Allen, & Carman, 2003; Gilg et al., 2008). However, as it is becoming more difficult to find new sulfide ores, recovery from nonsulfide deposits is being considered. Nonsulfide flotation for zinc recovery is much more difficult than the flotation recovery of sphalerite from sulfide deposits and may become an option for zinc production if a suitable technology is developed. Zinc and lead oxide ores are difficult to beneficiate ores due to their similar floatability with gangue, high solubility in water, and the influence of slimes (Fa, Miller, Tao, & Li, 2005). In order to improve the performance of oxidized minerals, lots of effort is being devoted to this field of study (Ejtemaei & Mahdi, 2014)."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. E. Aho

"The Pacific Nickel property lies 7 miles northwest of Hope and 100 miles east of Vancouver, in the Coast Mountains of southwestern British Columbia. Nickel-copper sulphides were discovered in ultrabasic rocks on this property in 1923 and the deposits were explored by Pacific Nickel Mines until 1937, then again between 1951 and 1954 by Pacific Nickel Mines and by Newmont Mining Corporation through its subsidiary,Canadian Ore DepositsWestern Nickel. The property was studied by C. E. Cairnes (1) in 1924, by W. E. Cockfield and J. F. Walker (2) in 1933, by H. C. Horwood (3), (4) in 1936 and 1937, and by the writer in 1951 and 1952. Except for a few thousand tons for trial shipments, the property has never been mined. Indicated ore reserves now total somewhat over one million tons averaging about 1.4 per cent nickel and 0.5 per cent copper, with lesser values in precious metals and cobalt.GEOLOGIC SETTINGThe nickeliferous ultrabasic rocks form part of the core of a 15-milewide block of Late Palæozoic metamorphic rocks and Mesozoic intrusives which extend north-south between the coast batholith of British Columbia and the Chelan batholith of Washington. Margins of this block are faulted in part against less metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks largely of Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous age (Geo/. Surv., Canada, Map 737 A, 1942). Serpentinites, suggestive of deep transgressive structure, occur within the block, and also at its east margin along faults which are southern extensions of the regional Yalakom-Fraser River fault zone. Some of the other mineral deposits in the Hope area appear to be spatially related to these major faults.The mineralization at Pacific Nickel occurs almost exclusively within a stock-like mass of ultra basic rocks which mingle with, and partly cut, a larger batholithic mass of genetically related diorites and norites of late Mesozoic age (Figure 1 ). The ultra basic mass consists essentially of fresh, medium-grained hornblendic pyroxenite with peridotitic cores and with a remarkable margin of pegmatitic hornblendite. The most hornblendic rocks appear to be chiefly products of reaction and replacement of the pyroxene and olivine rocks. The mineralization consists of disseminated and massive pyrrhotite, with subordinate pentlandite and chalcopyrite, amongst fresh olivine, bronzite, and, Jess commonly, augite and hornblende. Both the ultrabasics and mineralization are cut by small hornblenditic and dioritic dykes, and by veins and alteration zones."

Jan 1, 1949

By Hong Zhong, Shuai Wang, Fangxu Li, Guangyi Liu

"The flotation performances and adsorption mechanisms of a-hydroxyoctyl phosphinic acid (HPA) to malachite, cassiterite and wolframite were investigated by micro-flotation tests and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The micro-flotation results indicated that compared with styrene phosphonic acid (SPA), diphosphonic acid (DPA), benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA), HPA exhibited excellent collecting power to the three oxide ores. In addition, HPA showed superior selectivity against hematite, tourmaline, feldspar and quartz. The results of XPS analysis demonstrated that HPA reacts with active species (M) on metal oxide by formation of P-O-M or P-M bonds.INTRODUCTIONIn mineral processing, flotation has been the main process for separation and recovery of valuable minerals from complex ores (Mei, 2013; Zhou, 2014). One of the key requirements in flotation process is to increase selectively the surface hydrophobicity of the targeted minerals by surfactant (known as collector in flotation) adsorption so that these mineral particles can preferably attach air bubbles in a slurry or pulp (Bai, 2004; Hankins, 2004). To anchor a solid surface selectively, special functional group are designed to adjust the interaction between the surfactant and the active sites of solid surfaces (Wu, 2006; Huang, 2014).Organic phosphorous compounds have strong affinity toward metals or metal oxides because they form more stable metal complexes than metal carboxylates (Pazik, 2001; Zheng, 1998). In mineral engineering, phosphorous compounds have been exploited as metal extractants and flotation collectors (Alguacil, 2002; Sun, 2008). Ni (2012) and Zhang (1998) introduced diphosphonic acid (DPA) as an effective collector for flotation of fersmite and niobite. Liu (1999) found styryl phosphonic acid (SPA) was a superior collector for flotation recovery of finely disseminated rutile ores. Gruner and Bilsing (1992) thought SPA was one of the best collectors for flotation recovery of cassiterite which could obtain a high-grade concentrates of more than 40% with high recovery values. Bulatovic (1999) investigated the flotation performances of phosphoric acid ester (PAE) to perovskite, ilmenite and rutile and found that PAE was an impactful collector for selective flotation of titanium minerals from complex ores in the presence of petroleum sulfate. However, a-hydroxyoctyl phosphinic acid (HPA) as a flotation collector for recovery of titanium ores were hardly reported in the previous literatures."

Jan 1, 2016

By H. Watari

In 1998, a voluntary agreement was reached between the European Commission and the European Car Manufacturers Association (ACEA) to reduce average carbon dioxide emissions of new cars to 25% below 1995 levels by 2008, Agreements have also been reached between the European Commission and the Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) and the Korean Automobile Manufacturers Association (KAMA), However, the target average of carbon dioxide emissions of less than 140g/km in 2008 is a very challenging goal, Therefore, total product weight reduction is an objective for many manufacturers, This can be achieved utilizing materials possessing high strength and low weight, One material that has recently attracted interest is magnesium alloys, The magnesium alloys are expected to play an important role as next-generation materials, which have possibilities of contributing to lighten the total product weight when magnesium products can be used to replace aluminum and mild steel products.

Jan 1, 2005

By J. F. Wright

INTRODUCTION Eighteen years ago about half a dozen experienced prospectors moved from northern Ontario to northwest Manitoba to prospect 'greenstone' areas shown on geological maps of .parts of northern Manitoba prepared by J. B. Tyrrell, D. B. Dowling, and Wm. Mclnnes. Gold-bearing quartz was soon discovered by these men in this new field, and in succeeding years many more prospectors entered the district. A number of the pioneers are still prospecting, and since 1913 mineral deposits have been discovered each year in widely separated areas of the large district extending 150 miles eastward from the 102nd meridian and 60 miles north of latitude 54°30'. The majority of the discoveries, however, have been made near Schist, Elbow, Wekusko, and Kississing lakes. One hundred or more mineral occurrences of some merit are known, the main types being sulphide replacement bodies containing nickel-copper or copper-zinc and gold-bearing quartz veins. Some underground exploration or diamond drilling has been completed on 25 or more of the prospects. Up to the present, three ore-bodies, namely, Flin Flon, Sherritt-Gordon, and Mandy, have been proved. Of these, Flin Flon, the largest, is estimated to contain from 16,000,000 o 19,000,000 tons of copper-zinc ore carrying some gold, silver, and lead. Next in importance in regard to tonnage is Sherritt-Gordon, with a calculated reserve of nearly 5,250,000 tons of copper-zinc ore carrying less than $1.00 combined gold and silver.

Jan 1, 1931

By M. R. Julien, A. Maqsoud, J. Martschuk, B. Bussière

Acid mine drainage (AMD) from mine wastes is one of the most challenging environmental problems currently facing the mining industry. When mining wastes have the potential to produce AMD, the effluents produced have to be managed to meet existing regulations on water quality. The LTA impoundment (property of Barrick Gold Corp.) located near Malartic, Quebec, contains sulphide tailings that have the potential to generate an acidic leachate. The closure option selected by Barrick was to construct a cover with capillary barrier effects (CCBE), in which the moisture- retaining layer is made of non-acid-generating tailings. Since its construction in 1996, the cover has been monitored to evaluate its performance. For that purpose, various parameters have been measured, including the volumetric water content and matric suction in the different layers of the cover. This paper presents some of the main results from the monitoring program that started eight years ago. The results show that the cover is able to maintain a high degree of saturation in its moisture- retaining layer, acting as an oxygen barrier. The actual performance of the CCBE on the flat surface of the 60 ha site is better than expected at the design stage. The only concern with the LTA cover is the effect of slopes that can reduce the performance of the CCBE during dry periods. However, these effects appear only for short periods of time, and are limited to very localized areas, so that they do not significantly affect the overall performance of the CCBE and its ability to limit the production of AMD.

Jan 1, 2006

By R. H. Andrews, F. J. West

"Jones & Laughlin Mining Company, Ltd. operate the Adams mine at Kirkland Lake, Ontario, where they mine approximately 4,000,000 tons of extremely hard iron-formation and 3,500,000 tons of volcanic waste rock annually in order to produce 1,100,000 tons of iron pellets. This paper will discuss the maintenance of the four Model 1600 P & H shovels and the two 50-R drills used to obtain this production. The chief maintenance problems at the mine are due to the hard, abrasive ore and the cold winter weather."

Jan 1, 1970

By D. Berkley

The competitive pressure, the increasing energy costs and the environmental regulations impose substantial challenges to the definition of power plants serving industrial facilities. Primary mining and metallurgical facilities have even greater challenges because they are often located remotely, where the fuel supply can be a problem. The absence of a power grid imposes challenges on the reliability and quality of the electrical energy supply. In addition, the facilities usually require thermal energy too, not only electricity. This paper outlines these types of issues that have to be considered when defining a cogeneration plant integrated with a remote located industrial facility. It is addressed to the ?users? of cogeneration facilities rather than to ?generators.? The focus is on analyzing various site-specific design considerations to pre-screen the feasible cogeneration alternatives and minimize the number of options to be analyzed from the economics viewpoint. This approach could substantially reduce the engineering effort and schedule during the feasibility phase of the project. Part 1 of this paper (Berkley, 2003) provides a basic understanding of cogeneration plants of various types to establish a common language. Part 2 outlines and analyzes specific issues that could be of help in the definition of cogeneration installations for remotely located industrial facilities, with a focus on mining and primary metallurgical plants.

Mar 1, 2003

By W. W. Cummings

The Mineral King Mine, owned and operated by Sheep Creek Mines is located in the Purcell mountain range of southeastern British Columbia. Production of lead and zinc concentrates commenced in 1954 some 60 years after the initial discovery. Low cost mining methods have been employed to extract 16,0C'O tons of ore monthly from large ore bodies formed by replacement in limestone. Extensive areas in the limestone are yet to be explored and success in the search for new ore bodies is anticipated.

Jan 1, 1960

By M. G. Lipsett

"Mining properties are becoming increasingly remote, a challenging situation for operating and maintaining equipment. Logistics of transporting workers and materials can be alleviated by having timely, accurate information of equipment location and operating condition, and by automating some activities. This paper discusses an infrastructure for remote operations, with strategies for communicating different types of data, and a design method so that systems can interact with either an operator or another system. A remotely operated excavator prototype is described, with on-board performance and diagnostic monitoring systems now used on production equipment. IntroductionSyncrude Canada Ltd. operates an openpit oil sands mine near Fort McMurray, Alberta. For twenty years, draglines and bucketwheel reclaimers have fed conveyors that transport dry oil sand to an extraction and upgrading plant. In converting to a truck and shovel operation, Syncrude has developed slurry pipelines and bitumen froth pumping to allow more remote leases to be mined more than 30 km from the base plant.There are organizational and resourcing challenges in operating and maintaining equipment in three nearby, but separate, mines. The logistics of transporting workers and materials to production and support equipment become more difficult, and operations and maintenance personnel and facilities become more distributed. Supervising mine operations will rely even more on having timely, accurate information about equipment location and operational status.Syncrude is typical of an open-pit operation. Voice communications are the preferred way to exchange information for making immediate decisions about operations and maintenance. A large number of narrowband FM broadcast radio channels keep teams of miners working together. Haul truck drivers, shovel operators, and dispatchers talk on one channel while maintainers coordinate activities with the control tower on another. Cellular phones have become popular for supervisors who have to talk with planners and engineers in offices without radios."

Jan 1, 2000

By John H. Walsh

"ForewordThis paper is to be published in two parts in succeeding issues of the CIM Bulletin. In Part I, the problem of global climate change is explored together with a summary of the government's present policy in this field. Implications for the steel industry are examined as are possible strategic responses. Part II of the paper will present a new possibility - the joint production of iron and liquid fuels useful for transportation purposes. In the joint production case, the objective is to use carbon for more than one purpose in what might be termed a 'carbon cascading' technique. ABSTRACTIt is becoming increasingly probable that emissions of carbon dioxide from the fossil fuels will have to be reduced to deal with the threat of global warming. This issue is likely to be resolved one way or the other in the period 1995 to 2000 which does not leave much time to develop responsive options. In the intervening period, the policy of the Government of Canada is to stabilize emissions of greenhouse gases at their 1990 level by 2000, by encouraging greater efficiency in the use of energy. Should further reductions prove necessary, economic instruments would probably be employed but these would not be applied before a comprehensive international agreement is reached.There are three main themes in this paper: it is assumed that measures to control carbon dioxide emissions will in fact be necessary by the tum of the century; that there will be a rising need for liquid fuels to supply the world's steadily growing fleet of motor vehicles for many years to come, and that the future niche for Canada 's industry in such a carbon-constrained world will be the operation of the energy-intensive industries with efficiency and environmental sensitivity.The steel industry, as a large user of both coal and energy in other forms, would be significantly affected by a need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This paper first examines what might be called the conventional responses open to the industry in such a situation and then explores a new possibility for making better use of carbon by the co-production of iron and liquid fuels."

Jan 1, 1992

By F. J. Tozer

Canal communication between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario has been one of almost constant enlargement and reconstruction to meet the rapid growth of trade and commerce, and the consequent steady increase in the size of vessels plying the Great Lakes. The original canal was built by the Welland Canal Company. The first sod was turned in 1824 and the first vessel passed through in. 1829. There were 36 lift-locks, built of oak timber, 110 feet long and 22 feet wide, with a depth of water over the sills of 8 feet. The second canal, now known as the 'Old Welland Canal' was built by the Dominion of Canada (1842 to 1850). There were 26 masonry locks, 150 feet long, 26.5 feet wide and with a depth of water over the sills of 9 feet. The walls and banks were raised in 1853 to give a 10-foot draught. The third canal, known as the 'New Welland Canal, built by the Dominion of Canada, was started in June 1874 and the first boat passed through in the spring of 1882. There are 25 masonry lift-locks, 270 feet long, 45 feet wide and with a depth of water over the sills of 12 feet. The walls and banks were raised in 1891 to give a 14-foot draught. This is the canal in use at present.

Jan 1, 1926

By D. R. Murray

A four-year study was carried out to determine the ability of coniferous trees to aid in the reclamation of uranium tailings at Elliot Lake. Five species were planted: white cedar, white spruce, jack pine, scotch pine and red pine. More than 570 bare-root, two-year-old seedlings were planted on bare tailings and in areas of established grasses. A further division was made between areas of coarse and fine tailings. Over-all survival and growth of the trees has been far below expectations based on previous experience with several varieties of grasses. The criteria for assessment have been per cent survival and yearly growth as determined by plant height. Pine was superior, with 68% survival when planted in bare coarse tailings, 45% for vegetated coarse tailings and 34% for vegetated fine tailings. Cedar had the worst survival rates at 49%, 14% and 7% respectively. No species survived on bare fine tailings. The survival and growth of the coniferous trees have been related to species, environmental conditions and tailings properties.

Jan 1, 1978

By Ross D. Lawrence

"IntroductionOne of the methods used when applying the Market Approach to the valuation of a mineral exploration property is known as the Joint Venture Terms Method. The method is particularly useful for the valuation of early-stage exploration properties. Unfortunately, valuators are sometimes imprecise in distinguishing between joint ventures and other types of transactions.At VALMIN '94, Bob Appleyard1 proposed that, if one ignores the time value of money and the probability that the expenditure commitment would be completed, the formula to calculate the value ($V) of a property owned by Party B at the time of the deal would be:$V =$Ex (100-1%)/1% (Formula I)Where $V is the value of the property2Where $E is the expenditure commitment by Party A, andWhere 1% is the percentage property interest to be earned by party A.At PACRIM '99, Mike Lawrence and Graham Dewar3 referred to this method and suggested that there was an ambiguity in the formula proposed by Appleyard in 1994. Mike Lawrence referred to this problem again at VALMIN '014•Lawrence & Dewar suggested that the formulashould be:$V100% =($Ell%) x 100 (Formula 2)Where $V 100% is the value of the entire property,Where $E is the expenditure commitment by Party B, andWhere 1% is the percentage property interest to be earned by Party B.Subsequently, there has been considerable discussion in the AuslMM Bulletin5. In my view, this discussion has touched on a number of useful points, but generally has overlooked one essential element needed for an understanding of the correct application of the N Terms method. That essential element is to understand that there is a material difference between (1) entering into a joint venture arrangement and (2) the purchase of an interest in a property."

Jan 1, 2003

By D. M. Baird

"Enormous deposits of gypsum of exceptionally high grade are readily accessible in southwestern Newfoundland. Coming large-scale production from one of these is resulting in renewed interest in deposits which have been known for more than a hundred and twenty years. General stratigraphy and structure of the Carboniferous rocks in which the gypsum occurs are de-scribed. The stratigraphic position of the basal gypsum-anhydrite zone is described. This massive evaporite horizon, which reaches a thickness of about 1,0001 feet, appears at Fishels-Heatherton, where it is largely undeveloped, and again on the nose of an anticline east of Flat bay, where a present production of 20,000 to 40,000 tons per annum is soon to be expanded to make it one of Canada's major producers. Detailed descriptions are given of the several types of gypsum, the relation of the gypsum and anhydrite, and the distribution of sodium chloride in the evaporite beds, and the bearing of all these on the origin of the gypsum are discussed. Brief reference is made to relation to world markets, mining and transportation, grade, and reserves."

Jan 1, 1959

By David J. Kerr, Robert Mason

"From1927 to1989, the Hornemineproduced53.7 Mt of ore grading 6.1 g/t Au and 2.2% Cu from two large volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits composed primarily of pyrrhotite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. The ore bodies were hosted by a package of chlorite-sericitealtered epiclastic rhyolite tuffs which were deposited in a narrow palaeo-graben located on the flank of a major felsic volcanic centre. M ineralizingfluids percolated upward through the permeable footwall rocks and were further focussed along syn-volcanic, graben-bounding faults. Sulphides were deposited by a process of sub-seafloor replacement of the rhyolite tuffs.Gold-copper-(zinc) mineralization, including ore zones mined between 1985 and 1989 as the REMNOR ore zones, is present throughout the 900 m of felsic volcanic stratigraphy at the Horne. All the deposits were formed by syn-volcanic hydrothermal processes active during felsic volcanism. There is no evidence to indicate that any economic gold mineralization was introduced by a post-volcanic hydrothermal episode.RESUMEDe 1927 a1989, /amineHorneaproduit53.7 Mt de minerai avec une teneur de 6.1 g/t Au et 2.2% Cu provenant de deux grands amas de sulfures massifs volcanogeniques comprenant esentiellement de la pyrrhotite, de la pyrite et de /a chalcopyrite. Ces gites font partie d'une séquence de tufs rhyolitiques epiclastiques chloritises et sericitises qui ont ere déposes dans un paleo-graben étroit situe sur le flanc d' unimportant centre vo/caniquefelsique.Lesfluides mineralises ont circule de bas en haut a travers /es roches perméables sous-jacentes; ils ont été également canalises par les failles syn-volcaniques en bordure du graben. Les sulfures se sont déposes par remplacement des tufs rhyolitiques immédiatement et sous /e plancher océanique.Les zones minéralisées en or et cuivre (±zinc) - y compris celles qui ont ere exploitees au cours de l’opération Remnor (1985-1989) - se retrouvent, sans discontinuité, à travers les roches volcaniques felsiques dont l' epaisseur atteint 900 m. Ces gites se sont formes par le biais d' un processus hydrothermal qui ag issait pendant le volcanisme felsique. II n'y a aucune évidence de minéralisation aurifère d'importance économique qui soit postérieure a l' activité hydrothermale syn-volcanique."

Jan 1, 1990

By R. H. Schonewille

One of the many challenges in developing new metallurgical processes is choosing the best option for validating process design parameters and establishing the process operating window. Historically this has been achieved by constructing pilot or demonstration plants of considerable size and complexity, to enable integrated operation of all key process units for a significant duration. While this would appear to be the best option for minimizing technical risk, it is often impractical from a perspective of cost, schedule, resources or bulk sample acquisition. Such an undertaking can even provide a false sense of security, as the optics of running a complete scaled-down version of a commercial plant suggest a high level of process understanding, regardless of the challenges encountered during operation. Xstrata Nickel has undertaken numerous process development and improvement projects over the past 15 years to support green field project development and continuous improvement in existing operations. The approaches used have included; computer simulation, cold flow modeling, construction of pilot test units in third party facilities, commercial plant referencing and the more conventional construction of integrated test plants. Regardless of the strategy employed, the keys to success have included; managing stakeholder expectations, involving the commercial plant design engineers in the planning stage, anticipating subsequent data and sample requirements and most importantly, constructing and operating complex demonstration plants only as a last resort. This paper provides examples of various process development approaches used by Xstrata Nickel and discusses the rationale specific to each project.

Jan 1, 2011

By W. de Klerk, M. B. Thorpe

Golden Star Resources Bogoso operates in Ghana’s Western Region. The gold recovery plant includes; a flotation circuit producing a concentrate for the BIOX® process that oxidizes sulphides before a CIL circuit; and a dedicated CIL circuit. BIOX® uses bacteria, therefore water from the BIOX® and CIL plants remained separated; CN water could not be introduced into the flotation / BIOX® circuit. The operation built a process water inventory with high TDS and installed a process water treatment plant (PWTP). Water was released in compliance the permits but containing some thiocyanate. The PWTP brine was returned to the TSF, further exacerbating the TDS. The operation experienced a drought removing the traditional water sources; the team evaluated the options to maintain production - various water streams were laboratory tested provided options for water use. The paper presents the story (treatment chemistry and process chemistry) of continued operations by treating stored water and PWTP discharge water with peroxide; brine usage within the CIL circuit, which increased gold recovery (laboratory testing) and reduced the TDS. Water flows were further modified to include hydraulic tailings re-mining to a CIL circuits. Details of the recovery, basic chemistry and costs savings are provided.

Jan 1, 2014

By Thomas C. Poulter

Abstract The Poulter seismic method of geophysical exploration is an attempt to obtain an increased efficiency in the conversion of the energy of an m~pl06ion into useful energy which has directive properties and which contains a minimum of random frequency and random phase relations. Very little effort has been made in the past to simplify OT even control the uniformity of the seismic energy being introduced into the ground. The Poulter seismic method is also an attempt to improve the signal-to-noise ratio not merely by trying to complete the impartial filtering done by the earth on ,the continuous spectrum of primarily high-frequency energy radiated from a shot point but by applying a frequency control at the point of origin of the seismic wave. The energy from a shot-hole charge is peaked in a frequency which is much higher than will be transmitted through the ground, and its absorption introduces background interference. Only 10 to 20 per cent of the seismic energy of a shot-hole charge .is directed downward in a 90-degree vertical cone, whereas, from a pattern of charges detonated above the surface of the ground, 85 per cent of the seismic energy is included in a 90-degree cone and in some cases it is even confined to as small as a 30-degree cone. This greatly reduces the horizontally distributed energy, thereby producing a marked improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio. The frequency of the signal energy may be peaked in a rather narrow range by the proper application of two or more impulses upon the surface of the ground controlled as to direction, magnitude, and timing. These impulses may be controlled by the reflection shock wave technique, the pressure pulse technique, and the sequence firing technique, using the primary controls as outlined. The information obtained from the study of directivity of seismic energy in a high velocity, uniform material such as the ice on Taku glacier, in the Juneau ice field in Alaska, has been of great assistance in the application of the method to oilfield and mining problems.

Jan 1, 1950