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By William P. McConnell

At the dawning of the first century of AIME, mechanical handling of bulk materials was largely confined to movement of grain and light mill products by belt and screw conveyors, but grain handling experience inevitably led to the use of the belt conveyor for coal, ore and other heavier materials. In 1891, the first major U.S. conveyor installation for heavy minerals was completed at the Edison, N.J., plant of the New Jersey & Pennsylvania Concentrating Co. Functionally, this plant revealed its grain elevator heritage. Overlooked at the time of design or, perhaps more accurately, not fully recognized, were the dramatic differences between grain and minerals in both operating conditions of the system and the physical characteristics of the material to be conveyed. This inevitably caused problems, but from the ashes of these problems rose solutions. The Edison plant became a proving ground from which came two significant developments by Thomas Robins-the first conveyor belt designed specifically for impact loading and abrasive materials and the three-roll conveyor idler. As an installation with more than 50 conveyors in widths of 20-30 in. and belt centers of up to 500 ft, the plant was a landmark, for it established the belt conveyor as a vital method of trans- porting heavy, abrasive materials.

Jan 1, 1971

By J. L. Keats

IN THE literature on the elimination of metalloids in basic open-hearth practice, there are a great many heats recorded in which excellent data on changes in slag and metal composition during refining are given, but in almost all of these heats either temperature data or weights and analysis of charge are unrecorded and observations on the physical characteristics of the slag are almost always lacking. With these points in mind, a test heat was made in which as complete as data possible on all the factors that affect the elimination of metalloids were obtained. THE TEST HEAT The test heat was made in a standard 100 ton stationary furnace at the Lackawanna Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. on January 17, 1922. The Charge-Scrap.-The scrap consisted entirely of rail-heat butts, selected from a number of heats made, the week before the test. The average analysis of the scrap was calculated from the analysis of these heats-and from the weight of scrap from each heat. Pig Iron.-Two ladles of pig iron were used in the charge and two samples were taken from each ladle as it was poured into the furnace. These four samples were composited for the average pig-iron sample.

Jan 2, 1926

R. U. Jackson (Conveyor vs. Track Haulage, P. 866) is the author of a previous work on conveyor systems, which was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Arizona Section of the AIME in December 1951. He has worked for the Carnegie Steel Co., Koppers Co., Fairmont Mining Machinery Co., and the Hewitt-Robins, Inc., the Robins Conveyor Div., for the past 30 years, as engineer, district manager, and manager of the mining div. Jackson is a graduate of Carnegie Institute of Technology, and was born in Steelton; Pa. His present residence is in Clifton, N. J., where in his spare time he devotes himself to hiking and photography interests. F. S. White (Co-author, Solids Fluidization Applied to Lime Burning, P. 903) is a Washington University, St. Louis, Graduate, who now lives in Stockbridge, Mass. He served as a technical apprentice at Mobile, Ala., for the Aluminum Ore Co., and after four years went to Bauxite, Ark, as technical superintendent of calcination and precipitation. After a year and a half, he became technical and operating superintendent of the sintering plant. White also worked for the Dorr Co., and is now with the New England Lime Co. serving as assistant to the president. For relaxation he collects stamps and plays the piano.

Jan 1, 1952

Major William R. Grunow, in a brief account off his military services, says: "I take pleasure in informing you that since my return from France I have been stationed at Camp A. A. Humphreys, Va., and am now on duty as a Senior Instructor at the Engineer Officers' Training School. While in France, I served as a company commander in the 305th Engineers and was later ordered to return to the United States for assignment to new troops. Upon arrival in the United States, I received my majority." P. F. Rodegerdts gives us the following account of his military service: "I enlisted in the Naval Reserve Flying Corps in San Francisco on Feb. 12, 1918. On February 10, I was ordered to Cambridge, Mass., where I was enrolled for the course in technical aircraft construction given at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After successfully completing the course of instruction, I spent six weeks in practical construction of seaplanes at the Curtiss aeroplane factory in Buffalo. Following this, I was assigned to active service at Akron, Ohio, on June 22, 1918. At the same time I received my commission of ensign U.S.N. R.F. Unfortunately, I have been kept at Akron and although I have made

Jan 1, 1919

A new departure of unusual importance in Institute annals was in-augurated by the trip of President Philip N. Moore to the Local Sections at Nevada, Southern California, San Francisco, Seattle, Spokane, Montana, Utah, and Colorado. Everywhere the visit of the President was the occasion of an enthusiastic and successful meeting, which is reflected in the account, published under the different Sections in this and other Bulletins. The President also joined the members of the Columbia Section in their visit to Nelson, British Columbia, at the International Mining Convention, which was attended by mining engineers of Canada and the United States. The President of the Canadian Mining Institute, as well as the officers and members of the Western Section also attended this convention. For full particulars we recommend to our readers the ac- count of this very interesting meeting, which is given on another page of this. Bulletin. It is believed that this is the first meeting between the mining engineers of America and any other country since America joined the Allies. The Secretary of the Institute accompanied the President at the first four meetings and was expecting to attend the others also, but was called home by a death in his family.

Jan 7, 1917

By R. W. Raymond

I DESIRE to call the attention of the Institute briefly, and by no means in the way of an exhaustive description, to the interesting developments recently made on the east bank of the Hudson River, in the mining of spathic iron ores. The mines to which I refer are those of the Hudson River Spathic Iron Ore Company, situated at Oakhill on Hudson, Columbia County, N. Y., five or six miles from the city of Hudson, and opposite the town of Catskill. The ore occurs in beds, constituting apparently members of the stratified series of rocks on that side of the river, coursing nearly north and south, parallel with the river, and dipping east. The principal outcrops are presented in a range of low hills, about one mile from the river, along the crest, on the western face of which the stratum of spathic ore is more or less exposed. The length of the line in this range, along which, at various openings the ore has been discovered in profitable quantity, is about two miles. To the northward, the hills are somewhat higher, and the stratification may possibly be disturbed, though the rapid examination of the locality which I made in November last did not, include any determination of this

Discussion of the paper of EDWARD G. NORTON, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 97, January, 1915, pp. 93 to 102. G. D. HARRIS, Ithaca, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary *).¬Since I have on several occasions1 expressed at length my general views on this interesting subject, it seems fitting that I endeavor here to comment as briefly as possible on a few points suggested by the paper. Doubtless you all know of the rather extensive publications of Lachmann on mid-European salines and his scarcely successful, attempt to make the phenomena presented by our domes fit. into his "Exzeme" theory based on studies of European phenomena. This paper is a most welcome indication that scientific America is very much alive to the difficulties that have been encountered in attempts already made to explain the origin of the salt domes in the lower Mississippi embayment region. Praiseworthy, too, is the attempt to explain these phenomena by agencies still in operation. I may, perhaps, be permitted to state here that a former student of mine, and co-worker in Louisiana, A. C. Veatch, is now interested in the Algerian region, where it would seem similar dome-phenomena are to be found, and hopes may well

Jan 5, 1915

By James Chapman

THE observations here presented are those, not of an expert accountant, but of one who, while he has seen considerable service in the accounting departments of large companies, has spent more time in engineering and operating. This paper is intended to cover, in a measure, mine accounting for small mines, as distinguished from the elaborate systems, requiring many persons ;n the accounting department. I shall attempt to outline a system embracing the essentials of accounting, and simple enough in form to permit one or two persons to carry it on from month to month, in sufficient detail to be able to tell quickly the grade of ore, the prices received for metals, costs per ton for mining and milling, costs per foot for development, upward or downward tendencies in costs, ore settled or in transit, cash on hand, stocks of supplies on hand, efficiency of' labor, etc. As in all accounting, there are two main divisions: that of revenue received for what is sold, and that of disbursements made for what is bought, so in mine accounting we have to consider chiefly the income derived from sales of ore or concentrates, and the expenses incurred in producing the said ore or concentrates in a marketable condition.

Jan 3, 1916

Important chemical and other technical engineering work necessary, for the prosecution of this war is being carried on by the Bureau of Mines Experiment Station, at Washington, D. C. The services of trained men of the following classifications are urgently needed Bacteriologists Instrument makers Biologists Laboratory Assistants Chemists, Inorganic Laborers Chemists, Organic Machinists Chemists, Physical Physiologists Chemists, Electro- Plumbers Chemical Engineers Steamfitters Draftsmen Stenographers. Electrical Engineers Skilled labor of various kinds If your training fits you for any of these occupations, send to the Bureau of Mines, American University Experiment Station, . Washington, D. C. for blank forms. When properly executed and returned by you, these forms will be placed on file, and when a vacancy occurs you will be considered for it and will be notified if your services are desired. If you are a registrant in the draft, and have not yet been- ordered to camp, it may be possible to have you immediately inducted into the service for work here. If you are not in the draft, but feel that you wish to serve your country in the present crisis, you can enlist, or serve as a civilian. Serve your country where you can serve it best. VAN H. MANNING, Director.

Jan 6, 1918

H. M. HOWE, Bedford Hills, N. Y.-One wonders, whether it might not be well to check, by a rather simple and direct way, the inferences that would be drawn from this investigation. Suppose we quench, in these various liquids cylinders of steel, selecting material that is not likely to split in hardening, and then examine their cross-sections micro-scopically. If the cylinder is of any size, you will find a series of concentric bands, a very hard band, a softer band, and a hard band-but it seems that here would be a way of checking the inferences from the cooling curves by comparing these waves of hardness obtained in similar speci-mens quenched in different liquids. One would think that there would be great promise in that way. One's first thought is to quench similar pieces of steel, similarly heated, in different liquids and determine their hardness. I suppose many of us have tried that. We then meet the-difficulty that it is not the most rapid cooling that gives the greatest hardness. There is an intermediate rate of cooling that gives maximum hardness so that you can not by any simple method as that check this cooling method. But it seems possible

Jan 12, 1919

ST. LOUIS SECTION EUGENE MCAULIFFE, Chairman, J. N. HOUSER, Vice-chairman, VICTOR RAKOWSKY, Vice-chairman., H. G. WASHBURN, Vice-Chairman, W. E. MCCOURT, Sec'y-Treas., Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. H. A. BUEHLER, G. H. COx, L. C. GLENN, E. A. HOLBROOK, W. E. NEWNAM. The eighth meeting of the St. Louis Section was held at the Mercantile Club on Apr. 15, 1918. ,, The meeting was preceded by a dinner, at which 51 members and guests were present, and at which T. T. Brewster presided. Bradley Stoughton, Secretary of the Institute, and Major J. R. Fordyce were the guests of the Section. A number' of the Joplin members were obliged to leave before the close of the dinner, in order to make train connections. The Vice, chairman, therefore, called on Victor Rakowsky, who brought a message of greeting from the Southwest district. At the close of the dinner, the Vice-chairman, T. T. Brewster, introduced Bradley Stoughton, who talked on various subjects of interest to members of the Institute, especially the affiliation of local sections with those of other national engineering societies. The minutes of previous meetings were read and approved-and-the Treasurer presented a financial report covering the previous year.

Jan 6, 1918

By R. W. Raymond

I DESIRE to call the attention of the Institute briefly, and by no means in the way of an exhaustive description, to the interesting developments recently made on the east bank of the Hudson River, in the mining of spathic iron ores. The mines to which I refer are those of the Hudson River Spathic Iron Ore Company, situated at Oakhill on Hudson, Columbia County, N. Y., five or six miles from the city of Hudson, and opposite the town of Catskill. The ore occurs in beds, constituting apparently members of the stratified series of rocks on that side of the river, coursing nearly north and south, parallel with the river, and dipping east. The principal out- crops are presented in a range of low hills, about one mile from the river, along the crest, on the western face of which the stratum of spathic ore is more or less exposed. The length of the line in this range, along which, at various openings the ore has been discovered in profitable quantity, is about two miles. To the northward, the hills are somewhat higher, and the stratification may possibly be disturbed, though the rapid examination of the locality which I made in November last did not, include any determination of this

Jan 1, 1876

By R. B. Brinsmade

The following is an attempt to form a formula by which a mine can be quickly evaluated, aft,er all pertinent physical data have been collected from observations on the ground by a competent mining engineer. Assumptions. Let Q = price to be paid for the mining property. M = cost of developing the mining property to yield y tons of ore daily. P = cost of suitable plant to treat y tons of ore daily, p = value of said plant when the mine has been exhausted. C = total fixed capital investment. W = working capital investment. Then let C + W = total capital investment. y = required yield of ore daily in tons. Y = yield of ore yearly in tons, d = number of producing days per year, u = average operating profit per ton of ore. R = rate of interest to be earned on total investment of (C + W). r = rate of interest to be earned on sinking fund annuity. v = tons of positive ore available in mine. x = tons of probable ore available in mine, z = tons of possible ore available in mine, m = fractional factor to change probable to positive ore. n = fractional factor to change possible to positive ore. Q = tons of total ore available in mine. t = time in years to exhaust mine at rate Y.

Jan 1, 1909

By AIME AIME

THE meeting of the Petroleum Division at Houston, Oct. 10-12-headquarters, Rice Hotel-was preeminently a technological success. Two hundred and twenty-five attended the Thursday morning session and approximately 200 attended the sessions on Thursday and Friday afternoons and Saturday morning. Harry Power, Chairman of the Division, in his opening remarks, credited Paul Weaver and M. Albertson, respectively chairman and vice-chairman of the local committee, with working long and prodigiously in organizing the program. The theme of the initial session was indicated by Mr. Albertson in a statement relative to the estimation of developed petroleum reserves. He said that the problem of securing more accurate estimates of developed petroleum reserves existed prior to curtailment of production. With curtailment, however, the problem became an acute one. Mr. Albertson gave some of the more important reasons for this situation. Since the decline-curve method became inapplicable, the volumetric method has become the chief one used. It depends on the factors of productive formation volume, porosity, saturation, and recovery. He briefly discussed the factors necessary for application of the volumetric method. P. P. Gregory discussed the estimation of petroleum reserves in prorated lime¬stone fields (see his paper in the October

Jan 1, 1935

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Oct. 10, 1918 to Nov. 10, 1918. J. Carson Adkerson, Virginia. George H. Parsons, Hayden, Ariz. Andrew B. Armstrong, Connecticut. W. E. Pomeroy, New York. Courtenay DeKalb, San Francisco. Ezra C. Rider, Bisbee, Ariz. Clifford G. Dennis, San Francisco. H. W. Seaman, Chicago, Ill. Rudolph Emmel, Boston, Mass. William Allen Smith, Northampton. Emil Gathmann, Baltimore Md. R. K. Stockwell, Salt Lake City, Utah. Ernest S. Geary, Denver, Colo. W. G. Swart, Duluth, Minn. W. E. Hopper, Washington, D. C. Kirby Thomas, New York. W. Spencer Hutchinson, Boston, Mass. - Warren D. Thompson, Harvard Club. E. W. Kohl, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. H. Vincent Wallace, Los Angeles, Cal. E. C. Nighman, Butte, Mont. Paul T. Benson, formerly with the Tacoma smelter, has resigned his position there to accept one with the Great Metals Mining and Milling Co. at Nespelem, Wash. Prof. Edward E. Bugbee, of the Mining Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has been granted a leave of absence to accept the position of Assistant Director of Education for the S.A.T.C. of five southern states with headquarters at Raleigh, N. C.

Jan 12, 1918

PRELIMINARY REPORT PUBLISHED FOR THE PURPOSE. OF INVITING SUGGESTIONS FOR, THE BENEFIT OF THE COMMITTEE 1 As a result of invitations extended by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, a, number of associations of national scope have appointed representatives on a Joint. Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation:- Below are the names of the members of the committee and of the associations which have co-operated in its formation. WILLARD C. BRINTON, Chairman,. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. [7 East 42nd Street, New York City.] LEONARD P. AYRES,Secretary, American Statistical Association. [130 East 22nd Street, New York City.] N. A. CARLE, American Institute of Electrical Engineers. ROBERT E. CHADDOCK, American Association for the Advancement of Science. FREDERICK A. CLEVELAND, American Academy of Political and Social Science. H. E. CRAMPTON, American, Genetic Association. WALTER S. GIFFORD, American Economic Association. J. ARTHUR HARRIS, American Society of Naturalists. H. E. HAWKES, American Mathematical Society. JOSEPH, A. HILL, United States Census Bureau. HENRY D. HUBBARD, United States Bureau of Standards. ROBERT H: MONTGOMERY, American Association of Public Accountants. HENRY H. NORRIS, Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education. ALEXANDER. SMITH,. American Chemical Society. JUDD STEWART, American Institute of Mining Engineers. WENDALL M. STRONG, Actuarial Society of America. EDWARD L. THORNDIKE, American Psychological Association.

Jan 10, 1915

By T. B. Counselman

C. G. McLachlan—In the foregoing paper the author has presented a very neat method for calculating the solution recovery for a countercurrent flowsheet. He has, however, based his calculations, as he states, on the assumption that "the concentration of dissolved value must be exactly the same in the overflow and underflow of any thickener." This assumption, which is usually made regardless of the type of calculation used, is "not strictly correct because diffusion of the dissolved gold in the solution associated with the solids as it progresses through the countercurrent system is far from being instantaneous, with the result that on a ton for ton basis, the assay of the solution in the thickener underflow is higher than in the corresponding thickener overflow. An agitator introduced into the flowsheet between thickeners will reduce, but not entirely eliminate, this difference. In practice we have found that the best way to take care of this condition— in addition to the use of one or more intermediate agitators—is to circulate 20 pct or 25 pct more solution than called for by the cheoretical calculation. This presents no difficulty provided that adequate thickener capacity is provided in the original design of the countercurrent circuit.

Jan 1, 1951

By T. B. Counselman

C. G. McLachlan—In the foregoing paper the author has presented a very neat method for calculating the solution recovery for a countercurrent flowsheet. He has, however, based his calculations, as he states, on the assumption that "the concentration of dissolved value must be exactly the same in the overflow and underflow of any thickener." This assumption, which is usually made regardless of the type of calculation used, is "not strictly correct because diffusion of the dissolved gold in the solution associated with the solids as it progresses through the countercurrent system is far from being instantaneous, with the result that on a ton for ton basis, the assay of the solution in the thickener underflow is higher than in the corresponding thickener overflow. An agitator introduced into the flowsheet between thickeners will reduce, but not entirely eliminate, this difference. In practice we have found that the best way to take care of this condition— in addition to the use of one or more intermediate agitators—is to circulate 20 pct or 25 pct more solution than called for by the cheoretical calculation. This presents no difficulty provided that adequate thickener capacity is provided in the original design of the countercurrent circuit.

Jan 1, 1951

IT is a pleasure for the translators to record their gratitude to the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers for underwriting the cost of publication of this volume, to the Printing-Office of the Yale University Press for doing an unusually fine printing job, and to the following for granting permission to reproduce the title pages of volumes in their collection: The Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris, for edition A of the Bergbüchlein; the Osler Library of McGill University, Montreal, for editions B and G of the Bergbüchlein and edition D of the Probierbüchlein; Mr. Herbert Hoover, Jr., for editions C and E of the Bergbüchlein and editions E, M, N, and 0 of the Probierbüchlein; the Parsons Collection of the Reference Department of The New York Public Library, for edition D of the Bergbüchlein; the Library of the Bergakademie Freiberg, for edition F of the Bergbüchlein and editions A, H, and L of the Probierbüchlein; the Herzog August-Bibliothek of Wolfenbüttel, for edition C of the Probierbüchlein; the British Museum. Library, London, for edition I of the Probierbüchlein; and the library of the University of California at Berkeley, for edition J of the Probierbüchlein. The cooperation of those who helped with the translation of the Bergbüchlein is acknowledged on p. 64. A. G. S. C. S. S.

Jan 1, 1949

The following is a, partial list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Aug. 10, 1917, to Sept. 10, 1917. L. P. Barrett, Ann Arbor, Mich. Milo W. Krejci, Great Falls, Mont. H. J. Brown, Ridley Park, Pa. Chas. N. La Porte, Peoria, Ill. George M. Cheney, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Askin Nicholas, Bismuth, Australia. W. Lorrain Cook, Chicago, Ill. C. Edwin Nighman, Butte, Mont. John J. Croston, Atlanta, Ga. W. L. Remick, Norfolk, Va. A. F. Duggleby, Santiago de Cuba. T. C. Roberts, Jerome, Ariz. Geo. A. Easley, La Paz, Bolivia. Burr A. Robinson, New Haven, Conn. Burr J. French, Magdalena, Jal., Mex. J. L. Schueler, Peoria, Ill. A. D. R. Galloway, Komfrodua, W. Af. Walter L. Steele, Van Horn, Tex. P. R. Hines, Milwaukee, Wis. F. J. S. Sur, Denver, Colo. T. H. Jenks, Wickenburg, Ariz. C. A. Thomas, Dawson, Y. T., Canada. Paul S. King, Wilmington, Del. E. E. White, Ann Arbor, Mich. Harry Wolf, Golden, Colo. L. W. Bahney has left the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale, to become metallurgical engineer with the Scovill Manufacturing Co., Waterbury, Conn. H. B. Barling, formerly chief engineer of Breitung & Co., of New York, has been appointed manager of the mining department.

Jan 10, 1917