Search Documents

(Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members) Member, Graduate Colorado School of Mines. Four years' experience in West and Northwest. Two years with American Smelting and Refining Co. Wishes to join field party on geological work, mining or areal, where opportunity will be given to be of direct assistance to chief of party in solution of field problems. Age, 26. Unmarried. At liberty June 1. No. 342. Member, technical graduate, aged 30, with' 7 years' experience in concentrating and mining, desires a position of authority with reliable company. At present employed. No. 343. Member. Ambitious, energetic, tactful engineer, college graduate, married, aged 30, desires location with a large coal mining organization. Seven years with present employers -n middle west; has had broad experience in the past eight years on examination, development and construction; successful record in handling men. Position must carry responsible work and a future. Will go anywhere for proper opportunity. Exceptional references as to reliability, character and capacity for work. No. 344.

Jan 3, 1917

By Frederick M. Becket

AFTER all the chronology that has been given, what is the present status of chromium steels? For the purpose of this discussion the different types of chromium steels can be divided into three classifications-those containing relatively low , percentages of chromium, say 5 per cent or less; the medium-chromium steels containing up to about 18 or 19 per cent chromium; and the steels containing still higher percentages of chromium, and some of the special alloys. Chromium has some unique effects in steel, so it is well to make a few generalizations. The affinity of chromium for carbon is great and the metal is unique in the manger in which it supplements and enhances the effects of carbon. Chromium retards -considerably the thermal transformations on cooling and exerts an opposing influence both on the absorption and precipitation of the carbides in steel. These statements make it easy to understand the fact that chromium .steels are capable of producing a hardened product at a much slower rate of cooling than is, true of plain carbon steel, and that chromium carbide or -the mixed carbides of iron and chromium do not contribute to brittleness to as great a degree as does iron carbide.

Jan 1, 1929

By HENRY COLEMAN

WE as employees of these related companies, I am sure, are proud to be affiliated with them, and have great faith in the sagacity and fore- sightedness of our employers. Most of us here have been called into important positions in these organizations, and it should be our most earnest endeavor to sense and carry them out as if they were our very own. We have been asked to supervise and carry on a work over which our employers cannot personally watch. It has been well said that the most efficient organization is that which requires the least attention from its head. Because of the very nature and condition of our work, which separates us by many miles from our employers and makes it impossible for us to receive attention and instructions from the heads of our departments, save for occasional visits and correspondence, we are given a great opportunity to prove that we can be efficient workers without too much attention from the heads of our departments. There are few employees who cannot do their duty when it is laid before them in specific terms, and when their employers are always there to see that their plans are carried out. But the employee who is really giving efficient service sees his duty himself and willingly does it. '

Jan 1, 1931

By Donald L. Johnson

REVIEWS on the applications of optical ellipsometry to the study of polycrystalline metal surfaces and oxidation-corrosion processes have been presented by Kruger and Hayfield, and white.' In view of the ability of this method to measure differences in film thicknesses to below 10A, ellipsometry was used to study nitrogen chromium surface reactions during the early stages of growth. Chromium specimens in the form of a vapor-deposited film on glass substrate were exposed to purified nitrogen for selected time increments at 700°F. This temperature was selected because it gave the best combination of exposure time and thickness change. Ellipsometer readings were taken immediately after exposure to determine polarizer and analyzer angles using monochromatic light at 5000A.2 After each set of readings was obtained, the specimens were exposed for an additional increment of time in nitrogen and a new set of readings taken. Film thickness was computed from LUCy's3 equation for nonabsorbing thin films. In Lucy's derivation, two equations for computing thickness were obtained. Peterson and Bashara4 have discussed the validity for using one of these equations when an independent value of the refractive index is used. The film was assumed to be Cr2N (Ref. 5) and was determined to be optically isotropic. Optical isotropy was determined by rotating the films about the surface normal and noting that the azimuth and phase difference did not change. Since Cr2N is reported to be hexagonal, it is assumed that optical isotropy results from randomly oriented grains of very small size. The thickness was computed using refractive indexes varying from 1.6 to 2.0. The maximum variation in computed thickness over this range for a given exposure was 20 pct. The data reported are based on a refractive index of 1.8. Reference readings on the metal surface were taken just prior to nitrogen exposure. No attempt was made to deoxidize or denitride the metal surface after vapor deposition, although specimens were observed to gain approximately 2A per day in air at room temperature. Twelve experimental exposures were made on a single sample over a total accumulative time of 132 min. Additional experiments over longer time intervals were made to determine the effect of heat up and cool down during and after exposure. As a result of these experiments, the thickness computed for each exposure was increased by 4A. Time profiles based on the linear law are similar to the oxidation profiles for many metals.' The rate of accumulation of the nitride film is rapid at first and slows down as the film thickness increases. The parabolic law x2 =k1t +k2 [11 gives a straight line in Fig. 1; therefore, it is concluded that the kinetic behavior is parabolic. Sey-bolt and Haman5 reported similar results for CrlN on chromium at 1000°C although the order of the thickness was much greater (10-3 cm). Analysis of thickness data based on other values of refractive index shows that the curves are shifted vertically but retain the same shape. According to Mott,7 it is expected that for thin films k2 is zero in Eq. [I]. Since the plot in Fig. 1 is linear through the origin, k2 is zero and the parabolic nature of the film growth is further indicated. The parabolic rate constant, calculated from the slope in Fig. 1, is 4.4 x 10-16 sq cm per sec. The corresponding work (+) required to bring an electron from the metal into the oxide is estimated to be 1.5 ev.7 The author thanks professor N. M. Bashara and D. W. Peterson, Electrical Materials Laboratory, University of Nebraska, for making the ellipsometer available and providing technical assistance. The Electrical Materials Laboratory is supported by the office of Naval Research, NONR 3718 (01). This work was partially supported by the Engineering Experiment Station and the Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Nebraska.

Jan 1, 1967

By C. H. Lieb

ONE astounding fact in the production of petroleum is the comparatively recent realization by producers that flowing production is the cheapest crude produced. About 1910 or even later, operators actually endeavored to get a producing well to pumping as quickly as possible after completion. A well was not really considered to be completed until it was operating on the pump. Remarkable progress has been made since then. It was not until about 1920 that producers began to take a serious interest in pressures and to think a little about proper methods of handling oil wells. Pressure gauges were installed, and records of pressures maintained, which was quite an innovation. Desultory experiments were made with tubing of different sizes, as well as experiments with placing the bottom of the tubing string at different levels in the well. Probably the first important departure from customary procedure was about 1926, during the Seminole development, when gas lift

Jan 1, 1936

By EDWARAD A. SIVEDENBORMG

REPORTS have been made at different times on the progress of water encroachment in the Frontier sands in the Salt. Creek oil field, Natrona county, Wyoming. All previous reports have, -however, been largely based on the position of water in the sands as determined by various physical tests. Subsequent information has been secured through a preliminary investigation of the porosity, grain size and degree of saturation of the Frontier sands. Also, a closer differentiation has been made between the waters encountered incident to the production of oil by means of chemical analysis. In view of the more recent developments there has been a need of a water encroachment map of the first Wall Creek based on a field survey and additional information acquired since the water encroachment map of the sand of 1926, by J. S. Ross and E. W. Henderson, petroleum engineers of the U. S. Geological Survey. The present report is confined to a study of the first Wall Creek sand and was written in connection with the preparation of the map, showing water encroachment in this sand. The first Wall Creek sand was the discovery sand in the field, the first well having been drilled in 1908. Its thickness averages 120 ft. and, varies between 90 and 160 ft. The sand is in the Colorado group of the Upper Cretaceous series and is further considered as a part of the Frontier formation found in other parts of Wyoming.

Jan 1, 1930

By L. O. Howard

R. HATCH, Garfield, Utah.-The object of the meeting, I believe, is to determine the proper chemical composition to insure long wear of a ball in a mill, This might also apply to rods. I feel that there is only one way of determining accurately the wearing qualities of balls in mills, and that is by actually wearing out 400 or 500 tons of different kinds of balls. Two things add to the wearing qualities of a ball: (1) the tenacity, with which the particular particles of iron or steel are cemented together; (2) the individual hardness of each particle. My experience is that a ball that has a Brinell of 550 to 650 will give comparatively long life. There is considerable difference of opinion as to the best steel and iron alloys necessary to produce a satisfactory grinding ball. Some favor chrome, some manganese and some nickel. Personally, I believe cast iron alloyed with chrome makes the best ball for small sizes; for large sizes (3 1/2 in. and up) steel alloyed with manganese is best. L. 0. HOWARD, Pullman, Wash.-How would this method apply to lining? A. KissocK, New York, N. Y.-I do not subscribe to that exactly. As I am connected with the Climax Molybdenum Co. you would hardly expect me to. We have been much interested in trying to work out this grinding-ball problem and have spent a great deal of thought and effort on it. As we are associated with the American Metal Co. and have a number of properties of our own, we are in position to try our ideas on ourselves first. We have tried different compositions, but have not done anything very remarkable with them yet, except that we have been able to say that the combination of chrome and molybdenum has given the best wearing ball. Mr. Hatch feels that iron is the best medium for grinding, but since toughness as well as hardness is a factor in wearability we feel that a well made steel is better for this purpose. Another difficulty with cast, or chilled, iron is lack of uniformity from day to day or from heat to heat and the impossibility of producing balls free from blow or shrinkage holes which materially affect their life. If cast iron is made hard it becomes brittle and lacks stretch or toughness. This prevents its use in the larger sizes, as breakage is a serious handicap to efficiency. We have tried hard and brittle balls and softer but very tough balls and have proved that maximum hardness, with sufficient toughness to prevent breakage, is the most important factor in resistance of a steel to abrasion. It is well known that chromium is one of the best hardening agencies for either iron or steel, and molybdenum is recognized as an element capable of introducing toughness. In other words, the proper combination of chromium and molybdenum permits unusual hardness with still sufficient toughness to stand up under severest impact. It is yet too early to give any actual mill results of this new combination and though we are proving our ideas at our own properties we have to depend on others to help us make the data more general and more worth while and would like to get some tests

Jan 1, 1928

By William Priestley

The author has shown, by .practical experiments, how the rate of cooling steel in the mold governs ingotism, segregation, the formation of dendrites, and the distribution of intergranular material; and the resulting effect these conditions have on the physical qualities of the steel before annealing, after annealing, and after forging. The paper also describes how the structure of steel is affected by the design of the mold and the method of pouring. It is shown that the various constituents of carbon steel segregate differently under different rates of cooling. For the classes of steel covered in this paper, it is concluded that the best physical structure and the most uniform chemical composition is obtained by pouring the steel at a low temperature and solidifying as rapidly as possible in the mold. MUCH time has been devoted, by metallurgists, to the study of steel after solidification and remarkable strides have been made in the heat treatment of steel, but less knowledge is available of the thermophysical, activity of the constituents of steel prior to solidification in the mold. It is known that certain elements added to steel produce marked changes in physical properties, also that other elements added to steel produce similar changes, but we have only meager knowledge as to how these elements combine in steel under different conditions of solidification. It is not sufficient to know, from chemical analysis, that a certain element is present in steel. We should know how this element is in combination with the other elements and whether the combination is such as will give the greatest physical properties. Certain elements go into solid solution with the iron, while others segregate to the grain boundaries and combine with the impurities collected there. Until it is known where an alloy produces the most beneficial effect and a means, is determined for controlling its physical location by altering solidification conditions, or otherwise, we will not obtain the maximum value from our alloys.

Jan 2, 1924

By R. E. Phelan

WHILE 1931 was a most important year in the history of Canadian copper smelting and refining, nevertheless, due to the low price of copper and the in- ability of the International Nickel Co. to market its full capacity of nickel. the production of both copper and nickel was considerably less than the total installed capacity for the production of these metals. IIY the nor- mal course of events, 1931 should have seen a great increase in the production. of both copper and nickel in Canada, because the large extensions to both the copper smelting plants and the copper and nickel refinery capacity, which had largely been completed in the year 1930, should be showing their effect.

Jan 1, 1932

By Worthen Bradley

A BETTER understanding of what is happening in the domestic quicksilver industry, and what is likely to happen, can be had after reviewing some of the highlights of the past four years. Hitting the high spots in chronological order, they are: February 1939-Army and Navy Munitions Board starts investigation on civilian and war needs of certain "strategic materials," including quicksilver, with a view to recommending stock piles. Every known producer is canvassed by the end of the year.

Jan 1, 1942

By R. J. McNally

THERE are three primary plant nutrients—nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium—expressed in any fertilizer compound as percent N, percent P 2 O 5, and percent K 2 O, in that order. This article will be concerned with the first two. The chief source of P 2 O 5 is phosphate rock. As found in the western states phosphate rock is essentially tricalcium phosphate-calcium fluoride (fluor-patite). As such, it is quite water insoluble.

Jan 1, 1957

By L. Weaver

THE Tennessee Copper Co.'s mines are in the southeast corner of the state of Tennessee. Polk Co., in the well-known Ducktown copper basin. Their new circular production shaft will eventually be the only ore hoisting shaft, and is located for handling ore from Boyd, Calloway, Mary, and Cherokee mines. A circular, rather than a rectangular, shaft was decided upon because: 1-The circular shaft section is stronger when lined with concrete. Reinforcing steel was not required, thus reducing lining cost by one- quarter. 2-Water sealing was desired; it was thought it could best be done with a concrete lining followed by pressure grouting to eliminate water seeps. 3-The shaft labor saving equipment could best be used in a large opening, so the round section was made for economy, sinking, mucking, concreting and water sealing. Less shaft steel is used than could have been possible with steel sets. There are no posts required; center beams and Tee plate assembly placed at 10 ft hold the 100 lb steel guide rails. The shaft is 12 ft 7 1/2 in. ID of the concrete walls. This is large enough for two 10-ton hoisting skips and a ladder compartment. One of the skip compartments is for hauling equipment. The grouting equipment was a 2%xlO-in. Gardner-Denver grout pump, air powered and developing 1000 lb pressure. A grout mixer, also air driven, fed the mixed solution into a tank coupled to the pump suction. Grout materials used were mostly water and Portland cement. Some Bentonite was used to seal porous ground near the surface.

Jan 11, 1950

By Alfred H. Bell, George V. Cohee

Illinois produced 146,788,000 bbl. of oil in 1940, or nearly 11.0 per cent of the total for the United States, and ranked fourth among the oil-producing states. Its production was only slightly less than that of Oklahoma, which produced 11.5 per cent of the national total. Illinois' production in 1940 represents an increase of 55 per cent over the previous year, when it amounted to 94,912,000 barrels. The development of the Devonian limestone in the Salem and Centralia fields is largely responsible for the increase in production during 1940 Production from the Devonian limestone in these two fields was estimated to be 36,698,000 bbl., or 25 per cent of the state's total production (Table I). The increase in production during June, when the state's daily average production attained a peak of 518,200 bbl. for the week ending June 29, was due to the Devonian production at Centralia (Fig. I). The initial production of the best Devonian wells in the Centralia field was as high as 12,000 bbl. in 24 hr. Daily average production in IIIinois for 1940 was 400,000 bbl. of oil, but actually daily production fluctuated widely during the year. At the beginning of 1940 daily production was approximately 330,000 bbl. During the first hali of the year it in-creased irregularly to the peak in June mentioned above and as the prolific Devonian producing areas were drilled up, the state's daily production declined rapidly during July and continued to decline, although more slowly, until the end of the year, when the daily production was approximately 325,000 bbl. The daily average production per well in the new fields at the end of the year was approximately 40 bbl. (Fig. I). Oil from the Devonian was also produced in the Bartelso field, Clinton County, the Sandoval field, Marion County, and the Irvington field, Washington County, bringing the estimated total production from the Devonian limestone to about 26 per cent of the state's total production, The remainder was obtained largely from the Mississippian system. About 2 per cent of the total was from Pennsylvanian and Ordovician strata. The decline in the Devonian limestone production has been so rapid that the 1941 output from this system will probably be only a small fraction of that of 1940 unless large new reserves are discovered. The "Trenton" (Ordovician) limestone has been tested in two wells in the Centralia field and both were small oil producers at a depth of about 4000 it. The "Trenton" also was found productive in the Salem field at a depth of 4500 ft. (Table 5). The initial production of the discovery well, which was completed shortly after the end of the year, was 130 bbl. on pump. Other wells drilled early in 1941 had initial productions averaging 172 barrels. The outlook for 1941 is for a continuation of drilling activity in Illinois, but at a declining rate (Fig. I, upper curve). The most active area at the end of 1940 was in the deep basin area in Wabash, Edwards, White, and Hamilton Counties.

Jan 1, 1941

By Alfred H. Bell, George V. Cohee

Illinois produced 146,788,000 bbl. of oil in 1940, or nearly 11.0 per cent of the total for the United States, and ranked fourth among the oil-producing states. Its production was only slightly less than that of Oklahoma, which produced 11.5 per cent of the national total. Illinois' production in 1940 represents an increase of 55 per cent over the previous year, when it amounted to 94,912,000 barrels. The development of the Devonian limestone in the Salem and Centralia fields is largely responsible for the increase in production during 1940 Production from the Devonian limestone in these two fields was estimated to be 36,698,000 bbl., or 25 per cent of the state's total production (Table I). The increase in production during June, when the state's daily average production attained a peak of 518,200 bbl. for the week ending June 29, was due to the Devonian production at Centralia (Fig. I). The initial production of the best Devonian wells in the Centralia field was as high as 12,000 bbl. in 24 hr. Daily average production in IIIinois for 1940 was 400,000 bbl. of oil, but actually daily production fluctuated widely during the year. At the beginning of 1940 daily production was approximately 330,000 bbl. During the first hali of the year it in-creased irregularly to the peak in June mentioned above and as the prolific Devonian producing areas were drilled up, the state's daily production declined rapidly during July and continued to decline, although more slowly, until the end of the year, when the daily production was approximately 325,000 bbl. The daily average production per well in the new fields at the end of the year was approximately 40 bbl. (Fig. I). Oil from the Devonian was also produced in the Bartelso field, Clinton County, the Sandoval field, Marion County, and the Irvington field, Washington County, bringing the estimated total production from the Devonian limestone to about 26 per cent of the state's total production, The remainder was obtained largely from the Mississippian system. About 2 per cent of the total was from Pennsylvanian and Ordovician strata. The decline in the Devonian limestone production has been so rapid that the 1941 output from this system will probably be only a small fraction of that of 1940 unless large new reserves are discovered. The "Trenton" (Ordovician) limestone has been tested in two wells in the Centralia field and both were small oil producers at a depth of about 4000 it. The "Trenton" also was found productive in the Salem field at a depth of 4500 ft. (Table 5). The initial production of the discovery well, which was completed shortly after the end of the year, was 130 bbl. on pump. Other wells drilled early in 1941 had initial productions averaging 172 barrels. The outlook for 1941 is for a continuation of drilling activity in Illinois, but at a declining rate (Fig. I, upper curve). The most active area at the end of 1940 was in the deep basin area in Wabash, Edwards, White, and Hamilton Counties.

Jan 1, 1941

By J. J. Forbes

Probably the newest thing in mining safety, or safety for mines, is the apparent dissatisfaction on the part of the mineral industries, as represented by both management and labor, and the general public of the Nation, with the safety record of the mining industry. This is reflected by published comments and papers in the technical press;1-8 in labor periodicals, 10 11 in popular journals and periodicals,12 13 and in the daily press; also by discussions of the Safety Committees sponsored by the National Safety Council, 9, 14-15 the American Mining Congress, 1, 16 the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 2, 4 the Mine Inspectors' Institute of America,6,8,17,18 the Coal Mining Institute of America, 5, 19, the American Standards Association, and others.20,21

Jan 1, 1949

PRESIDENT WILLIAM L. SAUNDERS,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS CHARLES F. RAND,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. BENJAMIN B. THAYER,2 NEW YORK, N.Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT PHILIP N. MOORE,1 ST. Louis, Mo. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE,' NEW YORK, N. Y SECRETARY EMERITUS ROSSITER W. RAYMOND NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 6, 1915

PRESIDENT BENJAMIN B. THAYER,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS JAMES F. KEMP,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. CHARLES F. RAND,2 NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY J. JENNINGS,1 NEW YORK,. N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY EMERITUS ROSSITER W. RAYMOND, NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 11, 1914

By C. W. EICHRODT

NUMEROUS requests for the suspension of publicity make difficult the preparation of the annual review of copper metallurgy for 1934. In the United States, sales allocations indirectly have set restrictions on the scope of activities of producers and refiners, and necessitated closer cooperation between secondary and primary producers. However, the feeling exists that preparations for a return of intense competition should not he neglected, and careful investigations are being conducted for ways and means of improving industrial positions and production methods. In all probability, efficiency in technique and equipment will prove of far greater importance in the near future than production capacity, and many important developments in copper metallurgy later will be found to have been born during the current year.

Jan 1, 1935

By W. R. Clark, W. W. Cotter

Jan 1, 1946

By W. W. Cotter, W. R. Clark

Jan 1, 1946