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By Roger L. Beals, George A. Tweedy

I. INTRODUCTION. THE results of the cyanide-operations, given in detail in the following paper, show the progress that is being made at the Minas del Tajo. The old pan-amalgamation process, in operation up to and including 1905, while paying a profit on high-grade ores, was no longer able to treat profitably the ores in sight at that time, hence an alteration in the process was imperative. The success of this alteration is eloquently expressed by the following data Pan- Amalgamation. Cyanidation. 1905. 1907. 1903. Tons treated, . . 51,387 53,983 69,300 Value per ton (U. S. currency),. $10.75 $8.39 $8.28 Extraction, per cent., 65.00 88.50 S7.45 Extraction, per ton. .- $7.00 $7.4.; $7.24 Total cost, per ton treated, 6.50 4.311 4.01 Profit, per ton treated, . . 0.50 3.07 3.23.;

Feb 1, 1910

By NEWTON B. KNOX

THE war has forced the principal industrial nations of the' world into the strait jacket of a closely controlled economy; taxes have been heaped upon all enterprises in order to maintain the armed forces and to deprive the people of the ability to bid for goods now unavailable. These restrictions, controls, and taxes are unlikely to disappear entirely after the war has been won, for debts will remain to be paid with a long period of difficult readjustment. Although the new economy will doubtless offer plentiful opportunities for the advantageous use of capital, no investor can ignore the favorable conditions offered by industry in Latin America, where taxes are relatively low and the restrictions on free enterprise comparatively mild. In mining in South America, the great international corporations have

Jan 1, 1944

By J. Armanet

THREE MINING colleges are maintained in France; the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, of Paris; École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, of Saint Etienne; and the École Supérieure de la Metallurgie et des Mines at Nancy. Besides graduates of these schools, a few graduates of the École Centrale des Arts et MIanufactures and of the École Polytechnique are employed as ]nine managers or engineers; however, most of the latter have taken a graduate course at one of the mining schools.

Jan 1, 1939

By J. M. Clark

(Wilkes-Barre Meeting, June, 1911.) For some years past, those interested in the development of the increasingly important mining industry of Canada, have urged the adoption by the Dominion Parliament of a federal mining-law, which would have the force and stability of statutory enactment. At present, placer-mining in the Yukon Territory, is governed by the Yukon Placer Mining Act. All other mining under federal jurisdiction is governed by 'Orders in Council and Ministerial Regulations. In the earlier stages of development, it is perhaps a matter of necessity that these important matters should be so dealt with; but it is now felt that the time has come when mining-rights in the extensive regions under federal control should be put on a permanent basis, -and that any changes required from time to time should be made only after full and open discussion in Parliament. A short sketch will suffice to indicate how vast and varied the interests affected really are. When the Dominion of Canada was constituted by the Imperial Statute known as the British North America Act of 1867 (which came into force by proclamation on July 1 of that year), it comprised only the present Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; but provision was made for the inclusion of Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, British Columbia, Rupert's Land, and the North West Territories. Subsequently Rupert's Land and the North West Territories were acquired, the 'Crown Colonies of British Columbia and * SECRETARY'S NOTE.-Mr. Clark, an eminent Canadian lawyer, and joint author of the treatise on "The Law of Mines in Canada," has been requested by the Do¬minion Government to prepare a Federal mining-law, and presents this paper, by invitation of the Council, in order to obtain, if possible, useful suggestions from members of the Institute.-R. W. R.

Apr 1, 1911

By JOHN R. SUMAN

OVERWHELMING proof of the importance of oil in a modern national economy is afforded by the present European War. Treat¬ies and national boundaries have been cynically violated to secure greater supplies of the precious fuel. Petroleum substitutes have been desperately, and far from successfully, sought. The whole German military theory of the drang nach Osten, the drive to the East, is directed at cutting the British supply of oil and securing a supply for Germany. This is a war of machines, and the machines of war feed hungrily on oil. In view of this fact, it is surely comforting to know that we are living today in a nation which has surpassed all the rest of the world not merely in unearthing the raw supplies of petroleum which lie beneath its surface but also in every phase of the industry in mining, refining, processing, production, and distribution.

Jan 1, 1941

By R. M. Bird

FEW persons outside of the foundry trade have any conception of the great variety of sands now regularly specified and furnished, nor of the differences in foundry practice frequently resulting from apparently minor changes in sands. Conditions in each locality where the sands are mined and prepared necessitate special equipment designed to perform the work efficiently. The description that follows of the foundry sand producing operations is typical of the areas in New York and New Jersey, and particularly refers to the operations of the George F. Pettinos Co.

Jan 1, 1926

By Leon W. Dupuy

Many articles have been written describing peculiar and particular types of drilling. Little correlation has been made between the character of ground to be drilled and sampled and the type of drilling most desirable for procuring satisfactory samples. In development work, the engineer and metallurgist often desire the recovery of a sample in as physically natural a condition as possible, particularly when the sample must provide material for process tests as well as chemical and physical analyses. This paper describes the results of experimentation in drilling unconsolidated materials carrying titanium minerals in the Magnet Cove area, Ark. The drilling was most difficult in that the ground varied much in consistency, and it was vitally necessary to recover a physically natural sample. Ordinary churn drilling recovered a sample that could be analyzed chemically, but the sample was not in its natural state. The problem was successfully solved by utilizing and further developing methods used in the oil and clay industries.

Jan 1, 1949

By Herbert W. Graham

IRON ORE is widely distributed throughout the world. Ores sufficiently high in iron content to be practical for the operations of iron and steel making occur in so many places that it is only by the accident of political subdivisions that any given nation does not have adequate and suitable iron ore. Data prepared by various authorities show that in the Lake Superior region alone there are reserves of 1,200,000,000 tons of iron ore of an iron content and at the level of production cost to which the industry has been accus tomed. At an annual consumption of 80,000,000 tons these reserves will last fifteen years. Taken alone these figures would be alarming, but over a considerable period of years the total reserve tonnage has been more or less steadily increased by improvement and extension of mining and beneficiation methods. The rate of depletion of reserves has been only about one third of the rate of consumption. On this basis the cheap high-grade ores of Lake Superior would last 45 years.

Jan 1, 1947

By S. F. Emmons

Br far the greater number of the members of this Institute are men who are engaged in the strenuous work of the technical part of their profession, and find little time for the abstract scientific work which is less distinctly practical and pecuniarily emunerative. There is, however, a small but increasingly numerous class whose members devote themselves to broad geological problems which underlie the systematic development, and whose work, theoretically, ought to precede and form a basis of that of their more practical brethren. These are the so-called mining or economic geologists, who are, for the most part, connected with State or National geological surveys. From the character of their work, the life of these men necessarily follows rather different line's than that of most of their colleagues, and is not generally familiar to them. It seems admissible, therefore, that to the life of a prominent member of this class, who died during the past year, having literally sacrified his life to his work, a more extended notice should be given than the relatively small number of his contributions to the Transactions might seem to justify. George Romans Eldridge, son of Ellery and Sarah (Mathews) Eldridge, was born on Cape Cod at Yarmouth, Mass., Christmas day, 1854. His boyhood education in the public school at Yarmouth was followed by a six years' course in the Public Latin School at Boston, from which lie entered Harvard Uni¬versity in 1872, being graduated with the highest rank in his class in the natural sciences in 1876. During his college course he spent the summers of 1875-6 at Cumberland Gap, Ky., as volunteer aid to Prof. N. S. Shaler, who was then in charge of the State Geological Survey of Ken¬tucky. This vacation work, undertaken by him rather as a pastime, gave him his first leaning toward geology. Soon

Mar 1, 1906

By John B. Hastings

THE reconnaissance of the Goldfield mining-district, described in this paper, was made in May and June, 1905, and, though this time was too short for a complete report, the work accomplished may serve as a basis for more thorough future research. Dr. Berkey has examined the rocks collected by myself, and I am using his classifications. As a result of further field-work, and Dr. Berkey's examination of the rocks, this paper is an elaboration and correction of my views expressed in the Gold-field Sun, May 12, 1905. The sketch-map, Fig. 1, illustrates the geology of the Goldfield mining-district. Goldfield is an eruptive complex, consisting of alaskite (binary granite), hornblende-andesite, hornblende-dacite, rhyolite, pyroxene-andesite, pyroxene-dacite (sometimes containing, a small quantity of olivine), quartz-felsite, olivine-pyroxene-ande¬site, and basalt. Considering this list to be arranged in the order of eruption, the age-sequence of the rocks conforms to Richthofen's law, formulated in 1868. From his observations in Europe and America, propylite, andesite, trachyte, rhyolite and basalt, occurring together, succeed one another. In a general way, the medium and more acidic rocks precede the most asic-a result supposed by some to have arisen from their relative position beneath the surface, and due to a rude stratification by gravity in the original cooling magma during the older history of the earth, or to the same differentiation occurring during a quiescent (molten ?) period preceding eruption, being aided by the ease with which acidic rocks, mixed with water vapors, become fusible. In effect, the more basic and less re-

Mar 1, 1906

By William J., Coulter

IN the early days of Colorado mining, between 1880 and 1900, when Leadville, Kokomo, and Robinson were boom mining camps, the entire area around Climax for a matter of fifteen miles was overrun with prospectors, so the mineralized outcrop at Climax was not unknown. The principal interest in minerals during this period was in gold, silver, and lead, and since the Climax outcrop showed none of these it drew little attention. Geology played an important part in bringing prospectors to the very edge of the Climax deposit. The Mosquito fault, which crosses near the base of Bartlett Mountain, continues as an important geological structure, at least as far as Leadville some twelve miles distant, and at the base of Bartlett Mountain the vertical throw on the fault is estimated to be between 2000 and 5000 ft. The sedimentary beds known to the Leadville district are all present on Bartlett Mountain to the north of the Mosquito fault, which cuts them off abruptly, and exposes the Pre-Cambrian rocks that underlaid them, so the prospectors, who were searching for gold, silver, and lead in the sediments

Jan 1, 1946

By H. R. Spedden

As part of its broad program of educational assistance-including grants, fellowships, and scholarships -Kennecott Copper Corp. offers summer employment opportunities for college students at each of its operations. Originally, summer job programs were intended primarily to help students defray their educational expenses. But as the nation's economy expanded with increased production and a growing demand for well-trained engineers, summer employment became an important means to help qualify future professionals and fill industry's need for them. Both the employer and the student thus derive benefits from such training.

Jan 6, 1967

By AIME AIME

AT Williams College, in the quaint old New England town where people still go to the post office for their mail, an interesting institution has come into being as one of the aftermaths of the peace conference at Paris in 1919. The war taught the world many things about economics although much remains to be learned and more to be appreciated. B. M. Baruch, H. A. Garfield, president of Williams, and others who took part in the conference at Paris or in preparation for it, feeling that benefits would accrue from informal friendly discussion of the problems that lead to political differences between peoples, called together a summer conference in 1920. This has now become an annual affair and is coming to be looked upon as an important center for developing and stimulating public opinion. Membership in the Institute is by invitation and the lists change to correspond with the particular subjects taken up. Each year a number of distinguished foreign public men are invited to be the guests of the Institute and to meet men and women from various parts of the United States interested in their special subjects. Round tables, general conferences, and public lectures are the means employed to bring out discussion. The first are organized by groups, each including usually 25 to 40 people interested in a special subject and meeting three times a week for informal discussion. Teachers, writers, economists, engineers, business men, indeed men of all vocations and many shades of opinion, are brought together. Once a week each round table presents in general conference with the members of all other groups the more general conclusions reached in its own decisions. Afternoon and evening lectures are given by the foreign guests and these are open to the public. The lectures and the general conferences are reported widely in the press but the proceedings as a whole are not printed, no resolutions are passed, and no action is taken or contemplated. The whole plan is to furnish a forum for free discussion in hopes that the difficulties of various groups and peoples may be taken up sympathetically and good understanding promoted. There is no creed, doctrine or dogma to which the Institute is committed and widely different views are currently presented. The constant effort is to bring out points of view and the reasons for them rather than to build up convincing arguments favourable to a specific action

Jan 1, 1926

By E. E. AGGER, Arthur Notman

THE proposal has been made in a bill introduced into Congress at the last session by Representative Jones of Michigan that an import duty of 6 c. per lb. shall be placed on copper. This action is urged after eighty years of prosperity for the industry in this country; during most of which copper has been on the free list, and during all of which a tariff would have been without real effect. To comprehend the general situation upon which this action would be imposed, we must refer to the past history of the industry and its trends at the present time. The following table supplies us with a picture of the physical growth of the industry in this country and its relation to that of the world as a whole down to Jan. 1, 1921:

Jan 1, 1925

By Clinton H. Crane

IN October, 1925, J. R. Finlay delivered an address entitled, "The Future Price of Lead." Lead was then selling at 8.85c. and Mr. Finlay and most of the rest of us were concerned about the shortage. Now, a little more than six years after, lead is selling for 3.55c., and nobody is worrying about the difficulty of getting plenty of it. For 1931 the U. S. G. S. reports United States produc¬tion as 390,000 tons of recoverable lead in ore. Our estimate is slightly higher than this; nearer 400,000 tons. This is the smallest production since 1911 and 1912, but in spite of this, stocks for the year-have increased nearly 50,000 tons. Our estimate for the production outside the United States is 1,120,000 tons, or more than double the production of either 1920 or 1921, and 30 per cent more than in 1913. Stocks abroad probably have not increased more than stocks in the United States. In other words, foreign consumption is double what it was in 1.920-21, whereas domestic consumption is substantially less. It looks as if Mr. Krueger, president of the Swedish match trust, was right when he said that "This country had better stop worrying about Europe and think a little bit more about its own affairs."

Jan 1, 1932

By C. W. Hall

MINE executives, as a rule, have always been willing to adopt new ideas of operation, or to listen to proposals which might increase the effectiveness of their enterprise, more especially so if they could be shown how definite results might be attained by introducing any conception suggested. In these days of high wages, high cost of supplies, and high taxes, operators are even more inclined to accord consideration to innovations or improvements, and many go so far as to employ men to conduct special investigations and make studies for the purpose of advancing production. Where a man is brought into an organization to do work of an efficiency nature, it often creates resentment among the operative heads because of having their work directly scrutinized, or investigated, and there is a tendency, if not actually to obstruct, to fa.il to cooperate; in which case the investigator is handi-

Jan 1, 1925

By Charles Hart

A STUDY of the various ores that have been discussed impresses one with the need of beneficiation, in many cases. This applies to the ores that have lain dormant, due to necessity for further preparation, or to ores that now find a market due to a changed condition. Processes of beneficiation will come into their own as our richer ores become exhausted. Many efforts at improvement have been commercial failures, due to prematurity. Thomas A. Edison, with characteristic foresight, attempted concentration of the low- grade New Jersey magnetites some thirty years ago. Due to high costs and the discovery of the Mesabi range, his efforts were futile. However, a successful crusher, designed by Mr. Edison, resulted from this attempt. Agglomeration of concentrates had not, at that time, been brought to its present efficiency, when sinters and briquettes of excellent physical condition are obtainable. Recent efforts in the beneficiation of the lean magnetites of the East Mesabi resulted in an excellent sinter, but that operation is also ahead of its time.

Jan 1, 1929

By William E. Greenawalt

IN these days of special legislation for the benefit of various industries one might well consider one branch of human endeavor intimately associated with engineering-that of patents and patent litigation. It is estimated that 85 per cent of all industries in the United States are based directly or indirectly on patents. Most inventors are engineers, and most patent litigation pertains to the engineering industries. It is fitting, therefore, that engineers should be vitally interested in discussing patent affairs, particularly as inventors are not a professional group, and invention is mostly a transitory phase incident to the development of specific industrial problems.

Jan 1, 1937

By Frank Rieber

EVERYONE is familiar with the story of the poor Indian and his leaking tepee. He couldn't repair the leak while it was raining, naturally. And when it wasn't raining, where was the incentive? Even if this traditional Indian was apochryphal, his counterparts are certainly alive today, and operating on a world-wide scale. - A recent issue of the Wall Street Journal, for example, carried an impassioned letter from an old cocoa planter, who wants the world to know why the price of cocoa has gone skyrocketing. For years, he says, British and American interests have bought cocoa at the cheapest possible price and, incidentally, from growers willing to sell at that price. Between them, they didn't put enough money back into the business, either to fight disease in the cocoa groves or to plant new cocoa trees. Until new trees are planted and come into bearing, we will be paying exorbitant prices for our cocoa, and getting less of it.

Jan 1, 1948

By Charles Will Wright

MINERAL production in almost all European countries suffered a sharp setback because of the war. Plants were damaged, transportation facilities disrupted, and labor dispersed and demoralized. Since the war, due to lack of confidence and economic stability, there has been little incentive to rebuild and expand the mineral industries even though a big demand at high prices exists for mineral products. Most mining and metallurgical companies in Europe hesitate to invest their capital because of the tendency towards nationalizing industry, high taxes, and low output of labor, as well as the deficiency of mine supplies and equipment within their countries. In short, they do not have faith in the future, and for these same reasons and fears most of the mining companies in America will not risk capital investment in Europe. In Europe, including the United Kingdom, free enterprise has been losing ground and as a result the foundation of their economic welfare is being undermined. American mining interests willing to take the initiative could help in counteracting this influence if a way were found for them to co-operate with the European producer without too great a risk.

Jan 1, 1948