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It was a pleasure listening to this paper. Gary Works' problems were a lot more extensive than the trunnion bearing problems encountered at the Weirton Steel Division. In our two-vessel shop bearing failures are critical in that with a bearing failure on an operating vessel and the second vessel under rebuild, we are down until the vessel rebuild is completed or the bearing is repaired. The first bearing problem at Weirton occurred after we had been operating three years. The failure occurred during the 8th heat following "bum-in" of the vessel. Immediate steps were taken to change the damaged float bearing without an extensive search for the reason the bearing failed. Once the campaign was run out the bearings were inspected and found to be damaged. Field checks revealed that the bearing pedestals were not properly located and as a result the freedom of the float bearing was restricted. The trunnion pin end to end dimension had decreased due to distortion and deflection in the trunnion ring. These dimensions were within tolerances. The damage to our bearing was similar to that in the exhibits from U.S. Steel-Gary Works. Steps taken to correct what was found in the field checks were as follows: 1. The pedestals were relocated to center the bearings. 2. 4" diameter pins were installed to locate the housing in the pedestals. 3. The bearing pedestals were opened up to allow the bearing housing to move slightly in the pedestal. 4. Lubrication fittings for greasing between the bearing housing and the pedestal were installed.

Jan 1, 1972

S., at Niagara Falls, as an expert chemist. There he was engaged in perfect.ing the various kinds of gases, and while thus employed was gassed several times, which so affected his heart and lungs that he was unable to withstand an attack of the influenza which developed into pneumonia, from which he died at the end of 24 hours. He was a member of St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Lebanon, and belonged to the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Lebanon Lodge 121, I. 0. 0. F. and Camp 65, P. 0. S. of A. Lieutenant Bernhardt Edward Heine Bernhardt Edward Heine, a lieutenant in the Aviation Service of the U. S. Army, died as the result of a fa1I1 in an aeroplane at Fort Sill, Okla., on Aug. 10, 1918. The accident occurred on Aug. 2, when the machine in which he was flying with Lieutenant Carsons fell from a height of 1500 ft.; Lieutenant Carsons was instantly killed, but Lieutenant Heine died from his injuries a week later. Lieutenant Heine was born at Mount Clemens, Mich., in 1895. After attending the local High School he entered the Michigan College of Mines, and became a Junior Member of the Institute while still a student. He graduated in 1916, with the degree of B. S. In 1914 he served as a transitman for the engineering department of the City of Hancock, Mich. Lieutenant Heine had been in the army since 1916, having been with the 'troops at 'the Mexican border. He had been in the Aviation Section since August, 1917.

Jan 1, 1920

THE following employment items are made available to AIME on a non-profit basis by the Engineering Societies Personnel Service, Inc., operating in cooperation with the Four Founder Societies. Local offices of the Personnel Service are at 8 W. 40th St., New York 18; 100 Farnswarth Ave., Detroit; 57 Past St., San-Francisco; 84 E. Randalph St., Chicago 1. Applicants should address all mail to the proper key numbers in care of the New York Office and include 6c in stamps far forwarding and returning application. The applicant agrees, if placed in a position by means of the Service, to pay the placement fee listed by the Service. AIME members may secure a weekly bulletin of positions available far $3.50 a quarter, $12 a year. MEN AVAILABLE Graduate Mining Engineer, 38; married, two children, Dutch nationality. Experience bauxite open-pit dragline, stripping and mining, nickel silicateous ore exploration, tin lode mining and dredging, ore dressing research, administrative. work, all in responsible positions. Read, write and/or speak seven languages. Desires responsible position. Presently located Netherlands. M-655. Mining Geologist, 35, married, 3 children, Canadian citizen. Eight years' experience Canadian gold mines as geologist, chief engineer, shift boss, 3 years in western U. S. as surveyor, junior geologist, etc. Desires position of responsibility. Prefer western United States. M-656-478-E-3-San Francisco. Mining Engineer, 30 years' experience open-pit and underground coal and iron mines. Held positions engineer to manager. Desire position of responsibility in foreign field. M-659.

Jan 1, 1952

By C. L. Warwick, A. B. Parsons

The papers and discussion appearing in this volume were presented at a symposium jointly sponsored by the American Society for Testing Materials and the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers and held at Philadelphia, Pa., November 29, 30, and December 1, 1944. Late in January, 1944, Lieut. Col. C. H. Greenall, Officer-in-Charge of the Laboratory Division, Frankford Arsenal, Ordnance Department, U.S.A., suggested to the American Society for Testing Materials that it might be a propitious time to arrange for a symposium on stress-corrosion cracking at the Annual Meeting of the Society in June, and agreed to make available a number of papers relating to work being carried out at that Arsenal. The Society's Committee B-5 on Copper and Copper Alloys, Cast and Wrought expressed keen interest in the symposium, and other Society committees were contacted and agreed to cooperate. Since the subject is one of primary interest also to the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, it was arranged that the two organizations would jointly sponsor the symposium. A Symposium Committee was formed under the joint leadership, for A.S.T.M., of Carter S. Cole, then Chief of the Metals Branch, Conservation Division, War Production Board and now Engineer on the Headquarters Staff of the Society; and, for A.I.M.E., of E. A. Anderson, Chief of Metals Section, Research Division, New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pa.) and chairman of the Program Committee of the Institute of Metals Division. The Symposium Committee was constituted as follows:

Jan 1, 1945

Meeting of May 22, 1914.-President Thayer. announced the appointment of the following Committee on Arrangements for the San Francisco meeting of 1915: Charles W. Merrill, Chairman; F. W. Bradley, Abbot A. Hanks, S. B. Christy, and H. C. Hoover. President Thayer announced the appointment of the following Committee on Organization for the Utah-Nevada Local Section: R. C. Gemmell, Chairman; C. D. Blood, Lafayette Hanchett, Ernest Gayford; Duncan MacVichie, and George W. Riter. The President of the Institute offered $100, to be known as the "President's Prize," to be used as prizes for the best papers submitted by members of the Affiliated Student Societies, to be divided as follows: First Prize, $50; Second Prize, $30; Third Prize, $20. A committee, consisting of J. F. Kemp, Chairman; W. L. Saunders, and T. T. Read, was appointed to report on the conditions to govern the award. The President announced the appointment of the Committee on Mining and Milling Methods, the personnel of which is shown on a subsequent page of this Bulletin. The following were appointed on the Advisory Committee to the U. S. Bureau of Standards, to represent the manufacture of the various non-ferrous metals as indicated: Copper, F. L. Antisell; Nickel, David H. Browne; Lead, H. O. Hofman; Aluminum, J. W. Richards; Zinc, G. C. Stone. It was voted to hold a meeting of the Institute under the auspices of, the Iron and Steel Committee, the Committee on Petroleum and Gas, and the Committee on Coal and Coke, in Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 8, 9, and. 10, 1914.

Jan 7, 1914

By Joseph Pogue

THE, prices of crude petroleum and its derivatives have shown an upward trend from 1915 to 1920, and a downward trend from 1920 to 1923, see Table 1. Over the former period, oil prices were dominated by the rapidly increasing demands and inflation incident to the war and its aftermath, while over the latter period oil prices were influenced at the outset by deflation and then by the conditions of overproduction that have characterized the past three years. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the broader features of the more recent price movements in the petroleum industry and to relate these features to basic economic conditions in the industry. INDEX NUMBERS OF OIL PRICES The analysis and comparison of price movements may be facilitated by converting actual prices into relative prices, or index numbers, with 1913 taken as a base of 100. In this way, the various price groups are expressed as percentages of the 1913 prices and may thus be readily compared with one another or with the average prices of other commodities similarly expressed. Table 1 gives the index numbers representing the average prices of crude petroleum, gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, lubricating oils, and all commodities. The last named is the index of all commodities as published by the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and .is widely accepted .as the official measure of the general price level. The index numbers of oil prices were calculated by the writer from weekly quotations published in trade journals.

Jan 3, 1924

By Edward W. Parker, Marius R. Campbell

According to the estimates prepared by the U. S. Geological Survey, the area underlain by workable coal-beds in the United States is 496,776 sq. miles. Of this total area, 480 sq. miles contain the entire anthracite coal-fields of Pennsylvania. The bituminous coal-fields are estimated to be contained in areas, aggregating 250,051 sq. miles. The grade of coal between bituminous and lignite, and which is designated by the Geological Survey as " sub-bituminous," is estimated to be contained within areas aggregating 97,636 sq. miles, while the areas containing lignite aggregate 148,609 sq. miles. The coal-fields are divided, for the sake of convenience in classification, into six main provinces, as follows: 1. The Eastern. Province, containing the anthracite coal-fields of Pennsylvania and the bituminous coal-fields of the Appalachian region—namely, those of western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Ala bama, and small outlying areas in North Carolina. 2. The Interior Province, containing the bituminous coal-producing regions of Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, western Kentucky, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas. 3. The Gulf Province, containing the lignite-areas of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas. 4. The Northern or Great Plains Province, containing the lignite and sub-bituminous areas of North and South Dakota, eastern Montana, and northeastern Wyoming. 5. The Rocky Mountain Province, containing the bituminous and sub-bituminous areas of western Montana and western Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. 6. The Pacific Coast Province, containing the areas of Washington, Oregon, and California.

Jan 1, 1910

By John J. Borkert, Carl E. Gerity

In situ mining offers a new and proven method of exploiting sedimentary uranium deposits. The feasibility and economic evaluation of exploiting a uranium reserve by either open pit or underground mining should also include a similar study for in situ mining. This report compares the economics of mining several hypothetical uranium deposits at various depths, grades and reserve sizes by open pit and in situ mining. The evaluation process evolved establishing, where possible, common geological and logistical parameters to both methods of mining. The various assumptions that are unique to either open pit or in situ mining were also drafted, where possible, as equal and common functions to be used in each economic evaluation of the reserve models. After the various parameters were defined, they were programmed to an economic analysis of the various hypothetical uranium deposits by the selected mining method. From the vast array of cost evaluations, total capital and operating cost per pound U308 produced, DCF-ROI, and total net profits before State and Federal taxes were selected as the most meaningful results to compare. From the various geologic parameters used, it was determined that the economic viability of a mining venture is most sensitive to a depth-grade thickness ratio. The three selected evaluation products were plotted against the various depth-grade thickness ratios of the hypothetical uranium deposits. The results of the economic cost analyses show in situ mining generally to be a better method to maximize total net profits and to maximize return on investment.

Jan 1, 1979

By Gregory Dybalski

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the forecast capability of the econometric model of the cobalt industry1/ as utilized by the Federal Preparedness Agency. Forecasts from this model are illustrated from the premise that the leading producer continues production of cobalt. An alternate forecast is presented where the model structure is altered to reflect the condition where the leading producer leaves the market. All estimations and forecasts presented here are shown for illustrative purposes. The cobalt industry is highly concentrated; one company, owned by the Zaire government, accounts for approximately three-fifths of world production. The cobalt supply outside of Zaire is determined by the level of activity of copper or nickel markets, as cobalt is mined as a by-product of copper or nickel. The demand for cobalt reflects a diversified usage pattern; cobalt is used mainly in heat and corrosion-resistant materials, high- strength materials and permanent magnets. According to 1974 U.S. consumption data superalloys accounted for 22%, magnetic alloys 18%, cutting and wear-resistant materials 13%, and catalyst 7%. Foreign consumption is probably similar in terms of usage categories, but the relative order of the categories is in variance.2/ The Cobalt Model The cobalt model's object is to explain consumption, supply and price movements by utilizing statistically estimated equations. Central to the econometric model is the role of Zaire as the profit-maximizing "dominant firm". Zaire sets the price that is most profitable for itself. The price of cobalt depends on industrial demand, production of other firms, and net exogenous purchases, such as government

Jan 1, 1977

By James M. Townsend

INTRODUCTION The first stage in planning any mining venture is to determine whether the reserves are of sufficient quantity and quality to warrant commencement of mining activities. In addition to total reserve values a modern mining operation requires information on possible support problems, various pillar sizes, and an estimate on recoverable reserves. To achieve this goal in U. S. coal mines, up-to-date computer methods have been applied to existing ground control technology to provide the mining engineer with a reasonably accurate method of determining such figures. The purpose of this paper is to present a mine planning suite comprised of three computer programs, CONTUR, RESERV-COAL and RAMPLAN, created to accomplish this task. These programs were developed at VPI under the sponsorship of the Office of Coal Research (now Energy Research and Development Administration), and are currently available to the mining industry. A basic assumption in the construction of the CONTUR program is that a coal seam is variable in nature. The data available to the mining engineer comes from randomly spaced points, namely boreholes and sampling points, on outcrops or in adjacent mines. These randomly spaced data points are used in the CONTUR program to estimate numerical values at evenly spaced grid points and to provide approximate contour plans. Given the necessary gridded data, RESERV-COAL calculates raw and clean coal tonnages and then provides breakdown on the quantity of coal within specified ranges of ash, sulfur, BTU and reject. RAMPLAN (Rock Mechanics Applied to Mine Planning) also uses gridded data to calculate mining dimensions and estimate recoverable reserves, thereby

Jan 1, 1977

By Eric K. Albert, J. Kiusalaas

The paper presents an overview of SPASID (Kiusalaas and Albert, 1983), a new computer program developed under U.S. Bureau of Mines funding for the prediction of surface subsidence caused by under- ground mining operations. The presentation, which is illustrated with two case studies, also re-evaluates the influence function method as a tool of subsidence prediction, arriving at some rather unconventional recommendations. SPASID consists of four modules that communicate through common data bases: (1) Preprocessor. This module prepares and maintains the database for the entire site. The database contains all the information about the site and the mine operation that is necessary for the computation of subsidence. (2) Subsidence Predictor. The influence function method is used to predict the surface displacements that occur in any portion of the site that occur between two given dates. The computations take into account the time lag between extraction and displacement, and the effects of pitching seams and incomplete compaction at the edges of panels. The program contains i not he's influence function and the Green's function of transversely isotropic elasticity theory. (3) System Identification. The purpose of System Identification is to determine the optimal values of the various parameters associated with the influence functions in the Subsidence Module. System Identification requires measurements of subsidence from a site with a sirnilar overburden structure. The values of the subsidence parameters are obtained by minimizing the discrepancy between the measured and computed surface displacements. (4) Postprocessor. The Postprocessor is a graphics facility for displaying the data generated by the other program modules.

Jan 1, 1984

By John A. Graves

Anaconda's Jackpile-Paguate mine, located between Albuquerque and Grants, N.M., is situated at an elevation of 6000 ft in a semi-arid desert region. The original Jackpile deposit was discovered by Anaconda air and ground exploration parties in Nov. 1951. A large percentage of the uranium mined in New Mexico comes from the Jackpile-Paguate, which is one of, if not the largest, open pit uranium mines in the world. From 1953 to the present, 120 million tons of overburden, mining waste, and low-grade material have been removed to produce approximately 10 million tons of merchantable uranium ore, having an average grade of about 0.25% uranium oxide. Identifying the Orebody Surface drill holes delineate the ore bodies on a predetermined grid which varies in dimension but usually affords 100-ft control. These holes are probed immediately after drilling by geophysical logging trucks, resulting in a gamma log and digital readout from each hole. From this information it is possible to arrive at an almost immediate conversion to percentage of U3O8 on 6-in. intervals. Initially a hole is probed at a reconnaissance speed of 10 fpm with a time constant of 8 sec. Wherever the gamma recording goes off scale on an initial run, that particular zone is rerun at 2 fpm and at a time constant of 2 sec. This time constant is the interval that emissions are counted and accumulated for recording purposes. The search radius of the Geiger probe is approximately 18 in.

Jan 8, 1974

By James Aston

A PROPER consideration of this subject is not confined to the technical channels of production and metallurgy. It concerns an industry, and should cover economic aspects which are of material importance in any program of development. The discussion may logically be treated under three subdivisions, as follows: (1) manufacture, (2) characteristics related to quality of material; (3) adaptability and exploitation of product. MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT IRON The manufacture of wrought iron is the most ancient art of the ferrous metal industry. The eighty years or less of existence of processes identified with our modern "Age of Steel" is a relatively brief interval compared with the several thousand years associated with the production of wrought iron by man. From the primitive early methods of production, manufacture for many centuries followed the line of direct reduction. There were developments as experience was gained through the years; but man's needs for a strong, ductile, forgeable product were met by reducing the ore to metallic iron in a single-stage operation. Following the development several centuries ago of what has become our modern blast-furnace operation, manufacture of wrought iron was gradually transformed into a two-stage method of first producing cast iron and then refining this to the desired degree of forgeability; the forerunner in principle of today's scheme of manufacture of steel. The product retained the essential characteristics of highly refined base metal with iron-silicate slag incorporation, which were associated with the material resulting from direct reduction methods. Cort's invention of the puddling process in 1784 is a landmark in wrought-iron manufacture. It consisted essentially in adapting a coal-fired reverberatory furnace to the refining operation; thus lifting the industry out of the slough of

Jan 1, 1935

By James E. Little

(Wilkes-Barre Meeting, June, 1911.) OF the several extensive deposits of brown iron-ore in Cuba, including those of Mayari and Moa, that of Mayari was the first to be systematically explored, and was selected as the scene of the first operations in the development of this class of ore. Construction-work, begun in the spring of 1907, involved the building of 16 miles of standard-gauge railroad and two large double-track inclines, the installation of mining-machinery, a nodulizing-plant, power-plant, shops and shipping-facilities, and the dredging of an extensive basin for deep-draught vessels. Unusual weather-conditions delayed the completion of portions of this work so that the entire plant was not in operation until December, 1909. The ore in its natural state contains a very large percentage of water, which increases to some extent with the depth below the surface. Near the surface it is red in color, with somewhat granular structure. The color gradually changes with depth, finally reaching a bright yellow. The consistency also changes towards, the bottom to a clay-like, sticky mass. The relative proportion of red and yellow ore is quite variable; in some places the yellow reaches close to the surface, while in others the red extends almost to the underlying serpentine. Fig. 1 is a map showing the Mayari division of the Spanish-American Iron Co. The ore lies on an irregular plateau about 15 miles long and 5 miles wide at the widest point, entirely covered with pine trees and brush, which grow directly on the ore. The elevation at the northern extremity, which is approached by the railroad, is about 1,700 ft. above sea-level. At the southern end the general elevation is about 2,000 ft. Ore is removed by means of scraper-bucket excavators and steam-shovels, these machines loading into special standard-guage, side-dump steel cars of 100,000 lb. capacity. A short haul

Aug 1, 1911

By JOHN R. SUMAN

IT appears now that the conflict with the totalitarian states will be a long-drawn-out struggle. The course of this war up to now indicates that this may well be the first major conflict where man power has not been the vital and determining factor. Mechanized warfare has made it possible for relatively small, well-equipped groups to outmaneuver and defeat large armies which lack the necessary modern equipment. Under these circumstances, ultimate victory becomes a matter of resources and productive ability. The important question is not how many soldiers can he put into the field, but the volume and speed in producing the armaments essential to ensure a victory. The resources available to the opposing nations and the efficiency of their systems of enterprise and production will be primary factors in determining the ultimate outcome. Germany had a head start of eight years in the armament race, and it is not easy to overcome such an advantage overnight.

Jan 1, 1942

By J. E. Brantly

THE oil-producing industry may logically be 'divided into four independent branches: (1) Acquisition of possible productive lands by lease, fee purchase, concession, or otherwise and the perfection of titles thereto. (2) Studies of the geology of the properties, leading to the location of exploratory wells. These involve reconnaissance and detailed surveys and the use of geophysical instruments, where conditions do not permit surface determination. (3) Drilling of exploratory or test holes and, later, exploitation wells. (4) Actual recovery of the oil from the wells by flowing, pumping, or other methods. These four divisions of the industry are unrelated in detail of accomplishment, but they are entirely complementary, one to the other, and must, in any efficient' organization, harmonize in their respective efforts toward the desired ultimate end. The relative order for the first two branches is not necessarily the proper one; in fact one should have knowledge of the favorable possibilities of a given property before it is acquired, and preferably, also, final opinions as to then proper location for an exploratory well, if such is justified in the light of

Jan 1, 1937

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