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By Sheldon P. Wimpfen

EVER since the Phoenicians roamed the known world in quest of metals to harden their helmets and precious metals and gems to adorn their ladies, many other nations have sought metals in the far corners of the earth. During the past 75 years American engineers have been among the foremost in seeking for and developing ore deposits. They have been responsible for many of the principal discoveries and for the application of modern methods to mines in the far comers of the earth. American mining engineers with a zest for travel and an insatiable appetite for metals have also introduced throughout the world many articles made of metal which we consider essential to everyday life. Production and consumption of these metals in many foreign countries has brought to these countries an increased standard of living and added tax revenue to their governments. But unfortunately engineers from this country are no longer given ready access to all the countries of the world. This is not only unfortunate for American engineers but also for the countries that have adopted the exclusion policies and especially so since time has proved that in countries where the American engineers have gradually been excluded there has been a significant decline in the progress of the mining industry. Removal of these barriers to professional men would aid immensely in the world-wide development of the mineral industries. New areas brought into production under the guidance of American engineers with their exceptional know-how would provide more jobs for nationals of the countries involved and a better standard of living for the nations as a whole.

Jan 1, 1946

By Paul M. Tyler

THE farmer pays the phosphate miner! Phosphorus is used in fireworks; goes to battle in military smoke screens, incendiary shells, and tracer bullets; and, in vermin destroying pastes, does its part in the war against insects. A lemon phosphate can be had for a nickel at most soda fountains, and tens of thousands of tons of phosphate rock are mined annually for use in the food industries, chiefly for making monocaleium phosphate baking powder. Sodium phosphate cleaning, washing, and scouring compounds consume substantial quantities: the iron and steel industries buy a few thousand tons yearly to make ferrophosphorus and to balance foundry-iron furnace charges; and even nonferrous metallurgists use a little for phosphor bronze and other alloys. Phosphoric acid, its salts, and diverse other derivatives of this versatile element have countless applications, and industrial outlets are increasing rapidly, especially in the United States. Nevertheless, in this country nearly 90 per cent and in the whole world fully 95 per cent of the phosphate rock consumed is absorbed ultimately in agriculture.

Jan 1, 1938

By R. R. Seeber

(Pittsburg Meeting, March, 1910.) IN the copper-mining district of northern Michigan a fair-sized mine usually operates two or more shafts along the strike of the lode, these shafts being usually at least 1,000 ft. apart. The tonnage to be hoisted from each shaft is large-from 13,000 to 25,000 tons per month. The hoisting-engines used are generally steam-driven, non-condensing, duplex engines with Corliss valves, supplied by steam from separate boiler-plants where the distance between shafts is great. In an attempt to centralize power-plants and secure central-station economies, the Winona Copper Co. installed an electric hoist of the Ilgner type, with Ward Leonard control. A brief description of this plant has already been published.1 The only point of variation from the simple Ilgner set lies in the connection of two generators to a single induction-motor by flexible couplings. These generators serve motors which operate hoisting-drums at separate shafts, viz., No. 4 shaft, Winona, and No. 1 shaft, King Philip. , The hoist for No. 4 shaft, is about 1,700 ft. from the power-plant, and in this building the motor-generator set is placed. No. 1 King Philip hoist is 1,500 ft. from the motor-generator set. The equipment of the motor-generator set is as follows: In the middle of the set is a 12-pole, 450-h-p., 600-rev. per min., 2,080-volt, three-phase, 60-cycle, variable-speed induction-motor, connected on each side to a 20-ton fly-wheel which is 10 ft. in diameter, and to a 6-pole, 170-kw, 575-volt, interpole, direct-current generator. On each side of the shaft is placed a separate exciter, which delivers current at 125 volts. The lubrication of the four main bearings that support the fly-wheels * Presented also, by mutual agreement, at the meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, New York, N. Y., Mar. 11, 1910. Engineering and Mining Journal, vol. lxxxviii., No. 3, p. 110 (July 17, 1909).

Sep 1, 1910

By O. E. Kiessling

THE Committee-on Production Control, at its meeting held during the last annual session in February, 1930, evidenced great interest in problems of stabilization affecting all mineral industries. . No immediate program of activity for the Committee as a- unit was decided on, however,, and efforts during the past pear have consisted lirgely of further stressing the economic aspects of mineral production and of the action by committee members, :.serving in their individual capacities, in sponsoring constructive changes, in specific, industries. Of greatest interest to the general subject of production control in 1930 was the very definite advance toward better coordination of demand and supply in the petroleum industry. Furthermore, since opinion both within and without the oil industry now favors a constructive program, and with a gradual change in legal precedents, it seems not unreasonable to expect greater progress in the near future.

Jan 1, 1931

By J. F. K. Brown

ANTHRACITE?S satisfactory showing in 1942 was accomplished in the face of adverse conditions, such as the loss of man power to the active services and to other industries, and the difficulty and delay in obtaining the necessary materials and equipment required in mining operations. Although the in- creased output was stimulated by the war, and thus does not impress one as contributing to continuing improvement in the industry, nevertheless the year witnessed several efforts ant1 consideration of others that have the appearance of permanent progress.

Jan 1, 1943

By AIME AIME

Adjustable Pyrometer-Stand. By L. W. BAHNEY, xxxvii, 33. Agency of Manganese in the Superficial Alteration and Secondary Enrichment of Gold-Deposits in the United States. By WILLIAM H. EMMONS, xlvi, 767. Application of Descriptive Geometry to Mining-Problems. By JOSEPH W. ROE, xxxix, 173. ARNOLD, C. EVERARD. The Giroux Shaft at Kimberly, Nev., xlii, 461. BAHNEY, L. W. An Adjustable Pyrometer-Stand, xxxvii, 33. BALL, SYDNEY H., and SHALER, MILLARD K. Mining-Conditions in the Belgian Congo, xxxix, 253. BEALS, ROGER L., and TWEEDY, GEORGE A. Cyanide-Plant and Practice at the Minas del Tajo, Rosario, Sinaloa, Mexico, xxxviii, 123.

Dec 1, 1910

By Chester O. Ensign

Many publications to date have advocated under- seas mining operations, optimistically overlooking the paucity of information on mineral distribution and the ocean environments in which minerals occur. Such articles (smattered with opinion, as is this article) are herein tempered by my more conservative views on the economics of mining under the seas. For purposes of this paper, underseas mining refers only to the deeper surficial deposits of the continental shelf and the deep sea floor, i.e., the deposits of phosphorite and manganese nodules.

Jan 9, 1966

By Edward W. Parker

IF one is to place any credence at all in the reports published in the daily press, the subject of conservation has been a very lively topic of conversation during the past 60 days, and it does not appear that the temperature of the summer months has been in any way moderated by the discussion. It is a subject in which we are all vitally interested and to which, so far as our mineral resources are concerned, both the Institute and the Geological Survey have liberally contributed. The report of the National Conservation Commission, appointed by President Roosevelt, contains a series of papers on the conservation of mineral resources, all of which were prepared by members of the Geological Survey and were compiled largely from information previously collected by that Federal bureau in the performance of its regular duties. It is not the purpose of this paper to reiterate in extenso any of the material already published. The contributions of the Survey officials to the Commission's report have been published in a separate document as Bulletin No. 394. This docunient is for free distribution and may be obtained upon application to the Director of the Survey. In the preparation of this paper I desire merely to make a few suggestions regarding the possible necessity of some restraint upon or control of one branch of the mining industry with which I have been somewhat closely associated for the past 20 years-that of coal. Most of the members of the Institute are cognizant of the suits brought by the government against the anthracite-operators in Pennsylvania, or the combination of interests commonly known as the ? hard-coal trust." No defense of any illegal combination in restraint of trade is intended, but there are some facts which should not be lost sight of, and unfortu-\

Nov 1, 1909

By AIME AIME

ON Thursday a most interesting symposium on "Gases in Metals" was held, with both morning and afternoon sessions. The morning was devoted principally to the considerations of the steel maker, the nonferrous field being taken up in the afternoon period. Dr. John Johnston, as chairman, introduced the subject with "A Short Analysis of the Gas-metal Problem and Its Practical Importance." He then introduced P. H. Brace who explained in considerable detail the various vacuum fusion and other methods in use at present, both here and abroad, in the study of "gases" in metals. He was fol¬lowed immediately by H. W. Graham on "The Effect of Oxygen in Steel." The papers elicited considerable discussion, the point being particularly noted by both Dr. Rawdon and Dr. Sauveur that a knowledge of "total oxygen" alone is not sufficient information for the metallurgist, distribution of oxygen being probably the more important. Dr. Johnston, in commenting on the lack of agreement among many of the methods now in use, such as the Ledebur and vacuum fusion, spoke of the contemplated plan of the Iron and Steel Division to have a number of standard samples analyzed by many laboratories by the various methods, the Bureau of Standards acting as a clearing house, so that more definite information may be obtained on the comparative accuracy of the method.

Jan 1, 1933

By C. E. BOCKUSD

WHEN Mr. Bain asked me to lunch with you he requested that I say a few words as to how the Institute could be helpful to the bituminous coal industry. I feel like saying, "Thank you, what have you?" I do not want to trace in detail the story that is old already to many of you. On the other hand it does take some little stage-setting to illustrate what is the matter in the bituminous coal industry, a trouble that must some day be cured. There has been something over a century of bituminous coal production as a real business in this country. True, Joliet and Marquette discovered coal in Illinois in 1673, according to published accounts of their travels, and shortly thereafter Father Hennepin also found Illinois coal in 1689. Coal was mined near Richmond in 1750, and Richmond shipped coal to New York and Philadelphia in 1789. But it was not until 1838 that the production of bituminous coal in this country totaled a yearly output equal to the minimum for one class A mine today, for that was the first year that production exceeded 200,000 tons.

Jan 1, 1930

By E. R. Kaiser

COAL research during 1942 was directed in an important degree toward the solution of problems of wartime importance. A wider selection of coals for carbonization to meet the increased demand for coke, and the improved utilization of lower-grade coals for boiler fuel were made possible by fundamental studies on cod and ash behavior that had been started several years ago. The coal industry's interest in the work of the various laboratories brightened significantly as results were demonstrated on smokeless combustion in stoves, on stokers without coke trees, and on pulverized firing of forge furnaces. Despite the limitations of priorities and scarcity of materials, the mineral industries building of the West Virginia University was completed and equipped with facilities for research on coal min

Jan 1, 1943

By Arthur Notman

THE mineral industries in this country have now had about a year of national planning. Al. though the period is short, the volume of activity and legislation designed to make that planning effective has been nothing short of enormous. Those who have been privileged to see and study a few of the codes to regulate our mineral industry, such as those for oil, coal, steel, and copper, are driven to the conclusion that nothing was really known about the proper way to conduct those industries in this country prior to June, 1933; or if anything was known, nobody in actual practice made use of that knowledge. And yet those industries, in days gone by, helped to make this country the most prosperous in the world, and to maintain a standard of living even today higher than that of any other country. Without wishing to assume any first-hand knowledge of the Russian standard of living, I must confess that the evidence seems to indicate that even with dictatorial authority, national planning encounters unexpected difficulties. Perhaps what really wants

Jan 1, 1935

By D. J. McAdam

RESULTS of investigation of corrosion-fatigue of metals at the U. S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station, Annapolis, Md., have been discussed by the writer in several recent papers. 1.2.3.1 In those papers references were also given to the work of Haigh in 1917.6 Efforts by the writer to obtain a better understanding of some of the factors involved in corrosion-fatigue finally developed into a general investigation of the effect of time and cyclic stress on corrosion of metals. Corrosion fatigue of Metals As described in the papers mentioned, rotating-cantilever specimens, conically tapered so that the stress is nearly uniform over a length of about 1.5 in., were subjected to simultaneous fatigue and corrosion. For this purpose a stream of water was diagonally applied so as to sweep the specimen from the outer to the inner fillet and surround the stressed surface with water. The fresh water is a calcium carbonate water, the composition of which has been given in a previous paper .2 The salt water is Severn River water having a saline content about one-third that of sea water. The previous papers described results obtained with ferrous and nonferrous metals. The experiments showed that even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue may cause failure at nominal stresses far

Jan 1, 1928

By William B. Plank

ENGINEERING students to the number of 73,269 had been enrolled in United States and Canadian schools on Nov. 5, 1945, but, as shown in the following tables, even this sizable number will not greatly remedy the 150,000 deficit reported by Vannevar Bush, director of the U. S. Office of Scientific Research and Development, to exist in the engineering and scientific man-power supply. These figures were received in advance from the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, and are given in detail in the January 1946 issue of the Journal of Engineering Education. Although the enrollment on Nov. 5 was an increase of 76% over the low of 41,632 in 1944-45, it was still 36% below the peak enrollment in 1941-42 of 115, 228. These figures include both undergraduate students and graduate students in the schools of the United States and Canada and are therefore comparable. As was to be expected, almost half of this enrollment is in the first or freshman year and 25% of the total are veterans. Also, 1,850, or about 2.5%, are women. A measure of the seriousness of the engineering graduate supply in these two countries is indicated by the trend of the number of first degrees that have been conferred during this period of scarcity:

Jan 1, 1946

By J. L. Gillson

Historically, rock deposits and sand deposits of titanium minerals came into production about the same time, although there may be some argument as to what is meant by production. Beach de- posits of heavy minerals in India (Figs. 1-4) and Brazil (Figs. 5) were worked for monazite about the turn of century, but as there was then no market for titanium minerals, these were thrown away. The rock rutile deposits at Roseland, Va., Fig. 6, were worked to supply rutile for titanium chemicals and for coloring ceramics long before there was a titanium pigment business. The pigment industry started about the middle twenties, both in Europe and the U. S., and almost simultaneously the rock deposits at Ponte Vedra Beach near Jacksonville, Fla., were worked for titanium content. Since those days, production from both types of deposits has continued to grow at a rapid rate; many deposits of both types have been found, and reserves have grown to very large figures. In total tonnage of reserves, there is no doubt that the rock deposits are far ahead of the sand deposits; nevertheless there is a very large tonnage of commercial sands available. It is the quality of titanium mineral in the sand and the relatively lower costs of operating sand deposits that have kept them abreast, at least in annual tonnage produced, with the rock deposits.

Jan 4, 1959

By D. J. McAdam

Results of investigation of corrosion-fatigue of metals at the U. S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station, Annapolis, Md., have been discussed by the writer in several recent paper~.1,2,3,4 In those papers references were also given to the work of Haigh in 1917.= Efforts by the writer to obtain a better understanding of some of the factors involved in corrosion-fatigue finally developed into a general investigation of the effect of time and cyclic stress on corrosion of metals. Corrosion-fatigue of Metals As described in the papers mentioned, rotating-cantilever specimens, conically tapered so that the stress is nearly uniform over a length of about 1.5 in., were subjected to simultaneous fatigue and corrosion. For this purpose a stream of water was diagonally applied so as to sweep the specimen from the outer to the inner fillet and surround the stressed surface with water. The fresh water is a calcium carbonate water, the composition of which has been given in a previous paper.2 The salt water is Severn River water having a saline content about one-third that of sea water. The previous papers described results obtained with ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The experiments showed that even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue may cause failure at nominal stresses far

By Samuel S. Wyer

The following abbreviations hare been used in the text: Am. Mfr. and Iron World. American Manufacturer and Iron World, Pittsburg, Pa. Can. Min. Rez;. Canadian Mininy Review, Ottawa, Can. Cuss. Mag. Cassier's Mayazine, New York, N. Y. Col. Eng. Colliery Engineer, Scranton, Pa. Col. Guard. Colliery Guardian, London, Eog. Eng. and Min. Jour. Engineering and Mining Journal, New York, N. Y. Eng. News. Engineering News, New York, N. Y. Engr. Engineering, London, Eng. J. I. and 8. I. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, London, Eng. Jour. W. Soc. of Engrs. Journal Western Society of Engineers, Chicago, Ill. Lond. Eng. The Engineer, London, Eng. Mines and Min. Mines and Minerals, Scranton, Pa. North of Eng. I. M. E. North of England Institute of Mining Engineers, Newcastle-on-Tyne, England. Oester. Zeitsch f. Berg u. Hüt. Oesterreichische Zeitschrift für Berg-und Hittenwesen, Vienna, Austria. Pract. Engr. Practical Engineer, London, Eng. Proc. I. C! E. Proceedings Institution of Civil Engineers, London, Eng. Trans. A. I. M. E. Transactions American Institute of Mining Engineers, New York, N. Y. Trans. A. S. M. E. Transactions American Society Mechanical Engineers, New York, N. I!. Duns. Fed. I. M. E, Transuctions Federated Institute Mining Engineers, Newcastle-on-Tgne, England. Trans. L 31. E. Transactions Institute Mining Engineers, Newcastle-on-Tyne, England.

Jan 1, 1907

By George J. Bancroft

INTRODUCTION. IT is unnecessary to repeat here the contents of many valuable contributions to this subject which have appeared in the Transactions and in the publications of the U. S. Geological Survey. As a basis for the further suggestions of this paper, the following are the most important: 1. The investigation of J. R. Don,1 showing the gold of certain Australasian veins to have been deposited by ascending solutions, and not by lateral secretion. 2. The theory of Prof. Posepny,2 distinguishing the vadose from the deep circulation, and ascribing the origin of certain classes of ore-deposits to ascending solutions of the latter class. 3. The theory of Prof. Van Hise,3 as to the underground circulation and the primary enrichment of veins thereby. 4. The paper of Prof. J. F. Kemp,4 showing that ore-deposits are largely the products of " expiring vulcanism." Many of Prof. Kemp's, ideas have been widely adopted by mining men. 5. The theory of secondary enrichment, so lucidly expounded by Mr. S. F. Emmons.5 This theory, dealing with, the rearrangement of ore-bodies after primary mineralization, has been generally adopted, and seems to me to have been as completely proved as the nature of the case permits. There are two facts which I think should be constantly borne in mind in formulating a theory of the genesis of ore-

Jan 1, 1913

By Allen F. Agnew

Geologic studies for the Federal and State governments in the Wisconsin-Illinois-Iowa zinc-lead district were begun in 1835, and subse¬quent surveys were made in the three states at in¬tervals until 1916, see Table I. The current study of the district, Fig. 1, by the U. S. Geological Survey was begun in 1942 in the hope that a systematic investigation would help in¬crease production of zinc and lead, then in ex¬tremely short supply. Major emphasis of the USGS program was on detailed mapping of the geologic structure and ore deposits. Preliminary maps and reports covering localities of intensive mining ac¬tivity have been published during the course of this study, Fig. 2. By 1950 the objectives of the study by the USGS were revised; 7Y2-min quadrangles of relatively unprospected localities as well as inten¬sively mined localities are now being mapped in Wisconsin. Since 1945 the investigation in Wiscon¬sin has been made in cooperation with the Wiscon¬sin Geological and Natural History Survey, and since 1951 the geologic mapping of areas of particu¬lar interest in Iowa has been performed in coopera¬tion with the Iowa Geological Survey. At intervals since 1943 the Illinois State Geological Survey has mapped the geologic structure and ore deposits of localities in the Illinois part of the mining district, see Fig. 2.

Aug 1, 1955

By Neil H. Bostick

A specialized electronic data system processes data taken from normal gologic maps and stratigraphic tables to yield predictions of uranium resource location for an area such as much of the United States. Strata underlying specific quadrangle cells of the earth are evaluated for uranium favorability on the basis of selected criteria of lithology, structure, and stratigraphy but not specific past production in the area. Stored data are computer processed to yield volume of likely host rock beneath each cell to a given depth and at a given favorobility level. Results are plotted by machine directly as maps. A specialized and simplified procedure for predicting approximate uranium resources has been devised at Stanford Research Institute (SRI). The prediction is based on general geology beneath specific area cells of the earth in order to provide complete volume coverage; the strata underlying these areas are evaluated for uranium mineral favorability on the basis of a few selected geologic criteria in order to allow rapid data input. In order that the predictions be generally applicable, they are based on geological factors only, not past ore production of a given cell. Since the bulk of U.S. resources are in elastic host rocks, only such strata are considered in this work. This paper describes the structure and some details of the resource system and how it was tested in an area of the western United States.

Jan 1, 1971