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By McDonald G. G

In the deformation of a metal or a single-phase alloy all the crystals composing the metal after their shape in a similar manner as the metal in bulk and to about· the same extent. This is not the case in an alloy consisting of two phases of different resistance to plastic deformation. In such an alloy the two phases take part in the deformation approximately in inverse proportion to their hardness, at least at the beginning of the deformation. (1) The hardness difference becomes less in the course of the deformation and thereby the deformation more equal. The phenomena occurring during cold-rolling of some two-phase alloys have been investigated by H. Unckel who made statistical grain measurements of the degree of deformation of the two phases after various reductions by rolling and also microscopical observations of the flow in the neighbourhood of the grain boundaries. Because of the different relative flow of the two phases, the normal flow is disturbed in the vicinity of their boundaries, and some additional plastic flow must take place in these regions, the disturbance being levelled out at some distance from the boundary. The deformation of the two phases present simultaneously in the material should thus be different from that of each phase separately. The investigation of theimportance and the effects of this interaction of crystals of different phases is the subject of this paper.The deformation of crystals occurs as a gliding of crystal layers following crystallographic laws. In consequence of this slip the crystals composing the material tend to assume a common orientation, i.e. some crystallographic axes tend to become parallel to each other in all the crystals. The type of this preferred orientation depends on the type of the crystal and the working process. Any change in the mechanism of deformation results, therefore, in a change in the preferred orientation. Such a change in kind and degree of preferred orientation will, therefore, also occur if the interaction of crystals in a two-phase alloy gives rise to a mechanism of deformation different from that in the free phases.The present paper describes a study of the preferred orientation, the microstructure and hardness in wires of brass drawn to various extents.The development of preferred orientations in the two phases with increasing reduction was followed up in various layers of the wire.EXPERIMENTAL DETAILSThe experiments were carried out with a commercial 5 S.W.G. wire (0,212 in. diameter) containing: 62·7% Cu, 37·3% Zn, very faint traces...

Jan 1, 1941

By Braden Lusk, Tristan Worsey, Nathan Rouse, Kyle Hall

Loading explosives up hole has challenges that are typically not seen in down hole explosive loading. Most explosives applications are not up hole. Lack of experience and technology can cause significant problems when loading explosives up hole. When results aren’t achieved, the blame is commonly put on the design when the true problems are unknown. Not knowing the cause of the problem causes drill and blast designs to be over engineered and very costly with little success. Being able to know and record key data is crucial to actually solving the problem. This paper goes over blast instrumentation that can be used to trouble shoot drill and blast problems in up hole explosives loading in underground mines. The tools and procedures used to trouble shoot include velocity of detonation recorder, borehole tracking, seismographs, and borehole camera. Each item will be discussed in detail with a case study to show the usefulness of the instrumentation. The operation discussed in the case study had issues pulling raises and had hang ups in the stope shots. These problems caused production slowdowns and costly remediation blasting that was not very successful. The case study is an underground gold mine that used modified sub-level caving with backfill as the mining method.

Jan 1, 2018

By Shanming He, Jinliang Wang, Xiaoming Wang, Chunfa Liao

Large amounts of manganese-rich slag were generated from smelting low-grade manganese ore containing high iron and high phosphorus in electric furnace or blast furnace, which contain 25–40 mass% Mn. This paper describes an efficient hydrometallurgical process for the utilization of high manganese slag instead of conventional usage of pyrometallurgical route for manganese recovery. Pressure acid leaching of manganese-rich slag using air as pressurized gas is studied systematically. The effects of mass ratio of manganese-rich slag to pyrite, concentration of sulfuric acid, leaching temperature, partial air pressure, leaching time, and liquid-solid (L/S) ratio on the separation of manganese with other main impurity components were investigated comprehensively. Under the following optimal process conditions, weight of manganese-rich slag powder,100 g; mass ratio of manganese-rich slag to pyrite, 20:1; sulfuric acid concentration of 140 g/L; air pressure of 0.6 MPa; leaching temperature of 140 °C; leaching time of 1 h; L/S of 7:1; ore size of 75–80 μm; and stirring rate of 600 rpm, the extraction rate of Mn reached 94%, and the dissolution percentage of Si, Al, and Fe are as low as 2%, 6%, and 10%, respectively. The leaching slurry presented a good solid-liquid separation characteristic. The silicic acid formed during sulfuric acid leaching manganese silicates was converted to filterable dehydrated SiO2 particles which precipitated in the residue under the condition of higher temperature with higher pressure. The effect of adding pyrite may be to reduced iron ions and decreased the output of iron hydroxide colloid and also reduced MnO2 to manganese sulfate in sulfuric acid leaching. Thus the formation possibility of colloid such as silica gel and iron hydroxide was decreased, and higher yield of manganese sulfate could be achieved.

By W. Biermann

All industrial processes are economically driven, resulting in the ever increasing need for process optimization in order to stay competitive and profitable. Numerous models has been published depicting the optimization of the raw material usage in an arc furnace, as well as the thermal and electrical efficiency; however, to obtain a holistic view of the cost-effectiveness of the process one needs to expand the model to include the cost of all the operational variables. This project therefore aimed to not only include the raw material feeds and power consumption as input variables, but also the labour, maintenance, and environmental costs to generate an all-inclusive financial balance. In the end, the model was able to mathematically optimize the ferrochrome (FeCr) production process through evaluating the effect of a specified combination of input parameters. It could therefore be used as a tool to aid in managerial decision-making; to appraise and correspondingly adjust certain operational variables in order to achieve a maximum return on investment. This paper fully describes the reasoning behind the choice of the essential model components, the assumptions made during the models development, the calculation approach, as well as the advantages, limitations, possible applications, and areas for expansion of the final model. Through running simulations with plant data, it was found that the accuracy of final model remained fairly constant when applied to stable furnace conditions, but was met with a number of limitations when applied to more complex situations. These limitations could, however, be overcome through further development and expansion of the existing model to include a larger number of process variables.

Jan 1, 2012

By B. T. Brady

Recent theoretical, experimental, and field studies conducted by the Bureau of Mines suggest that rock failures may be predicted and, in some instances, controlled. Theoretical studies that were later corroborated by laboratory and field studies predict that a seismic anomaly will precede rock bursts and/or roof falls in mines. The seismic anomaly is predicted to consist of an increase in the number of seismic events occurring in the immediate vicinity where the failure 1s nucleated. This increase will then be followed by a dramatic decrease of seismicity in a broad region that surrounds the location of the impending failure. The dimensions of this region allow a preliminary estimate of the time to failure (measured from the time the seismicity increase began) as well as an estimate of the energy that will be released at the instant of failure. Field observations indicating that this predicted behavior does precede rock bursts and a roof fall are presented in this report. Implications of results to the problem of failure control in mines that experience massive rock failures are discussed.

Jan 1, 1978

By B. Dubé, R. Friedman, J. Oliver, R. Aubertin, M. Burson, G. Panneton, M. Hamilton, J. Ayer

"The Detour Lake gold deposit is located within the northwestern limit of the Archean Abitibi Subprovince of the Superior Province. Mineralized zones are hosted by a sequence of pillowed and massive flows, hyaloclastite units, and altered ultramafic rocks, and are commonly oriented parallel to a series of high-strain zones that are co-planar to the regional-scale Sunday Lake Deformation Zone. Early in its kinematic history, the Sunday Lake Deformation Zone placed older (2.72 Ga) volcanic rocks of the Detour Lake Formation over younger (2.70 Ga) sedimentary rocks of the Caopatina assemblage. Gold mineralization is also parallel to the position of a laterally persistent siliceous rock unit, the 2.725 Ga ‘Chert Marker Horizon.’ The Chert Marker Horizon coincides with the boundary between the mafic-dominated upper Detour Lake Formation and the ultramafic-dominated lower Detour Lake Formation. Stratigraphic and geochronological data suggest that the Chert Marker Horizon is a deformed felsic volcaniclastic unit. At a cut-off of 0.6 g/t Au, the Detour Lake deposit contains 17.26 million ounces of Au within 445.9 million tonnes of rock grading 1.20 g/t Au. Gold occurs in shear-hosted and extensional vein arrays within rocks of the upper and lower Detour Lake Formation and within the Chert Marker Horizon. The Detour Lake deposit has many of the characteristics of a greenstone-hosted, quartz-carbonate vein deposit; its very large size may be attributed to large-scale rheological controls resulting in the formation of dilatant sites in permissive rock units."

Jan 1, 2012

The development of the potential supply analytic system has advanced to the point that quantitative estimates of economically recoverable resources can be made as the final step of the traditional regional mineral resource assessment process. In 1983, the BOM and the ADGGS jointly developed a methodology to quantitatively assess the potential for undiscovered yet economically recoverable minerals within a designated geographic area. This methodology was first applied in the assessment of the undiscovered mineral potential of the Kantishna Hills, Alaska (White et al., 1987). At that time the assessment procedure combined a series of technical judgements regarding the major geologic, engineering and economic factors that influenced the occurrence and exploitation of mineral resources in the Kantishna Hills area. Since then the methodology has been further developed and enhanced, particularly with respect to the engineering and economic analysis components. The resulting Potential Supply Analysis System (PSAS) was recently used to evaluate the economic potential of selected types of undiscovered precious-metal deposits in the Tonopah quadrangle of Nevada (Gunther, et al., 1988) and, with some enhancements, has been used to estimate the' economic value of the undiscovered mineral potential of the WMNRA/SNCA study area. The PSAS has been designed to address five basic questions about the mineral potential of an area: 1) What alternative states of geologic nature are possible in the area of interest (e.g. How many and what types of undiscovered deposits could be present and what might be their grade, tonnage and depth attributes?) ?;

Jan 1, 2011

By Ernest M. Spokes

For bituminous and lignite coals the economic picture continued to improve as it has each year since the low of 1961, with production at 480 mil- lion tons in 1964 compared with 1963's 459 million tons. The anthracite industry produced 16.3 million tons in 1964 and 18.3 million tons in 1963. The industry is looking toward a further expansion; among the new developments will be a mining wheel producing 3 million tons of lignite per year in South Dakota. It is expected that electric power generation will continue to provide the market for most of the increase in consumption, with exports second in importance in the expansion. Improvements in methods of mining and transporting coal underground and in strip mines, and the cooperation of carriers in finding ways to reduce transportation costs to distant markets, have made possible these expansions. Research continues to reduce costs of mining, transportation, steam generation of electric power and production of steam for space heating and manufacturing processes, to retain some markets and expand others. Other research seeks to expand markets by developing fuel from coal which will be more attractive than competing fuels, by reducing sulfur and other sources of air pollution. Public relations efforts of the industry are bearing fruit in a greater acceptance of coal as a modern fuel.

Jan 2, 1965

By D. Turk, P. Lefebvre, J. Sargent, K. Major

"Stillwater Mining Company recovers platinum and palladium from their Nye Montana operations. Mining first commenced at Nye in 1987 at a milling rate of 455 t/d (500 stpd). The plant was expanded in 1995 with the replacement of the ball mill and the addition of flotation capacity to increase mill throughput to 1820 t/d (2000 stpd). The applications for platinum and palladium have increased in recent years particularly in the automotive industry and the supply of the metals has remained fairly constant with prices for both platinum and palladium increasing and remaining very stable. In 1997 Stillwater initiated the expansion of their operations to increase production of platinum and palladium. Projects were initiated to expand production at the Nye operations, increase smelter and refining capacities at the Columbus facilities and to develop the extension of the orebody at the East Boulder site. This paper will discuss the changes at the Nye concentrator which were completed to increase production from 1820 t/d (2000 stpd) to 2730 t/d (3000 stpd) and eliminate some of the process bottlenecks.IntroductionStillwater Mining Company is mining the only significant primary source of PGMs outside of South Africa. The J-M Reef is an extensive mineralized zone containing PGMs that has been traced over a strike length of about 43 km (27 miles) in the southwest region of Montana. Stillwater controls the entire PGM mineralized zone.Johns-Manville geologists discovered palladium and platinum in the early 1970’s. In 1979, a Manville subsidiary entered into a partnership with Chevron, USA to develop the project. In 1 987, operations at the Stillwater property near Nye, Montana commenced."

Jan 1, 2000

By Y. Shiraishi, Y. Sakurai

A new method, the gliding cylinder method, was proposed as a wide range viscometer for the measurements of molten salts, slags, and glasses. The method consists of two coaxial cylinders, cylindrical bob and a vessel containing a liquid sample. There is a narrow gap between bob and vessel. When the vessel moves against the bob, the generated force on the bob consists of three types of resistance: (1) Stokes’s resistance on the bob, (2) a capillary flow resistance though an annular gap between vessel and bob, and (3) lubricating resistance in a gap. The last two can be calculated on a theoretical basis but the first cannot be estimated by a simple calculation since a wall effect did not calculate easily. However, it can be assumed that the generated force depends on both the viscosity of a liquid and velocity of the vessel. Thus, the relation between viscosity and a force at desired velocity of the vessel was measured using several standard reference materials including glycerol aqueous solutions and standard reference oils. The results depended on the magnitude of the gap between the bob and the vessel. For the wider gap, it was shown that the viscosity is a linear function of a gradient of force with respect to a vessel velocity. In contrast, if the gap is small, the viscosity depends on the gradient (of force with respect to velocity). This implies that the non-linear phenomena would occur in Stokes resistance. Though detailed analysis is in a further investigation, a calibration method can be applied to determine the viscosity by this method, because good correlation was obtained among these quantities. Viscosity of molten salts, such as NaNO3and ZnCl2was measured by this method as high temperature demonstration. Keywords: viscometer, viscosity, sphere pull-up method, fused salts, molten slags, glass melts

Jan 1, 2004

By R P. Langford, T A. Moore

Indonesia over the last 15 years has experienced a surge in coal exploration, which has led to the development of a major export industry. This coal exploration has improved the understanding of the geology of the Indonesian coal deposits. The main economic coal deposits are of Eocene and Miocene to Pliocene age, which mainly occur in Kalimantan and Sumatra and were formed from peat deposits in an equatorial paleoclimate similar to that prevailing today. Some of these peats were domed peats, which grew above the normal water tables, under a climate of year-round rainfall; these peats grew above the level at which waterborne mineral matter can enter the system, resulting in low ash and sulphur, and locally very thick coal. It is believed that such peats have formed the unusually thick, low ash, and low sulphur Miocene coals of Indonesia. Coal deposits of Eocene age are typically characterised by thinner seams, with relatively higher contents of ash and sulphur. The Miocene coals and Eocene coals both appear to have formed in lacustrine, coastal plain or deltaic depositional environments, similar to the modern peat-forming environments of eastern Sumatra and parts of Kalimantan. The Eocene coals formed mainly in extensional tectonic settings. Miocene - Pliocene coal deposits formed in a range of tectonic settings; the most significant, for large economic coal deposits, are the foreland basin setting of the large Neogene coal deposits of South Sumatra.

Jan 1, 1999

By K. Zenger, J. Kaartinen, J. Huuskonen, S. Torttila, S. Lähteenmäki, J. Pietilä

"Pyhäsalmi Mine in Finland has a long history of continuous process development. The concentrator processes Cu-Zn-sulphide ore with high recoveries. An on-line flotation simulator has been developed to maintain and further improve the flotation performance. Consisting of a flotation kinetic dynamic model, and interconnected with process control software, the simulator can be used for training new control room operators in various scenarios. For daily operation, the model parameters are continuously adapted to take into account the changing process conditions. On-line simulator tracking the process can provide the process operator new information in several ways: a) values of unmeasured process variables are obtained by displaying the corresponding simulator values, b) predictions of future process states and outputs are calculated and displayed, c) information of changing process parameters can be used as an indicator of e.g. change in the processed ore type. This paper describes the adaptive simulation system and its usage at the Pyhäsalmi concentrator.IntroductionPyhäsalmi massive sulphide orebody is located in central Finland. Operation of the mine started in 1962 and it is currently producing copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and sulphur (S) concentrates. The concentrator control and optimization system has a long history of successful continuous development during the past decades (see e.g. Huuskonen & Moilanen, 2010). An on-stream analyzer has been a part of the automatic process control since 1968 (Lähteenmäki, Miettunen & Saloheimo, 1999). First control algorithms based on a flotation mathematical model were developed in 1971 (Koivistoinen & Miettunen, 1985). In 1990’s the development of a froth machine vision systems started (Kaartinen, 2009; Kaartinen, Roine & Hätönen, 2009). More recently Pyhäsalmi Mine Oy has been involved with several national development projects dealing with particle size distribution measurements (Kaartinen & Tolonen, 2008), spectral analysis of flotation slurries (Haavisto, Kaartinen & Hyötyniemi, 2008), and dynamic simulation of flotation processes. The latter topic is further elaborated in this paper."

Jan 1, 2015

By G. G. le Roux

The purpose of the investigation was to assess various options for increasing the efficiency of the conveyor belt transporting system used at 4 Belt Shaft at Lonmin?s Marikana operations. The reason for the investigation was to prevent the occurrence of a ?bottleneck? at the main ore passes delivering ore to the conveyor belt system, thus creating more fluent operational conditions. The options assessed for increasing the efficiency of the conveyor belt transporting system were: ?Variation of the conveyor speed ?Concurrent tipping from two ore passes on the belt ?Increase the available drive unit power ?Increasing the feed rate from vibratory feeders ?Change in belt width/belt specifications The report shows that the most preferable option to the current situation at 4 Belt, Lonmin, would be the option of concurrent tipping from two ore passes to the belt.

Jan 1, 2008

By P. J. Closmann

Steam zone growth as a function of time has been calculated for the case of constant rate steam injection into a preheated reservoir. To simplify the calculation a linear temperature profile has been assumed in the cap and base rock at the start of steam injection. The results indicate that at early times augmentation of steam zone growth due to preheating should be greatest. At longer times the steam zone development becomes close to that calculated with no preheating. INTRODUCTION With the increasing application of thermal recovery processes to recover viscous oil, cyclic steam injection has become important in many large-scale projects. In this process, the cycle of steam injection followed by oil production is repeated a number of times. At the beginning of the second and later cycles, steam is injected into a reservoir that has already been heated but that has lost part of its heat both in produced fluids and by conductive heat loss away from the injection zone. In such a case, the temperature level of the injection zone and the temperature distribution of the surrounding rock will affect the growth of the steam zone developed during the subsequent steam injection. Knowledge of the size of steam zone developed is important in determining the amount of oil displaced and the extent of heating in the reservoir. It is also useful to be able to compute the size of the steam zone for cases where thief zones take most of the injected steam. This paper presents a fairly straightforward method of estimating the steam zone developed in a preheated formation, based on certain simplifying assumptions. Some cases of steam injection into a reservoir at its original temperature have already been considered elsewhere.1-3 Because it is difficult or impossible to obtain an accurate representation of the temperature distribution in the reservoir some time after initial heating has taken place, in this work, a linear temperature profile in the cap and base rock is assumed (Figs. 1A and 1B). The linear profile has the advantage of yielding heat flow equations that

Jan 1, 1969

By Robert J. Timko, Charles D. Taylor, Edward D. Thimons, Tom Mal

A test system was developed for measuring airflow in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) ventilation gallery using a three-axis ultrasonic anemometer. The gallery was used to simulate face airflow conditions in underground mines having a blowing curtain. Airflow data collected at multiple sampling locations between the face and the end of the curtain were used to draw airflow profiles for different curtain setback distances, intake flow quantities and entry widths. In addition, methane was released at the face, measured at the sampling locations, and displayed as methane distribution in the area between the curtain and the face. Entry geometry had a significant effect on airflow patterns, and the flow patterns affected the distribution of methane in the entry. Flow measured at and parallel to the face was a good predictor of methane dilution and removal within two feet of the face.

Jan 1, 2005

By T. G. Carter

Support system design for tunnels and underground excavations has for many years relied heavily on the use of rock mass classification systems and the Hoek-Brown failure criterion as a means for characterizing rock mass behaviour. Because of their development, both the GSI system and the Hoek-Brown criterion admirably characterize most ?normal? rockmasses from the viewpoint of their behaviour for rock excavations. They, however, run into difficulties when applied at the two ends of the rock competence scale. This is largely because block size and incipient strength are such that rockmass behaviour in these domains tends not to be controlled by interblock shear strength but rather by material strength. At the low end of the rock competence scale (UCSi <<15 MPa and GSI generally <30) discontinuities play less of a role and rock mass strength tends to matrix strength. Similarly, at the high end of the scale (GSI >>65, mi>>15), because discontinuities are now widely spaced, block size becomes so significant that again, intact material behaviour rather than the fracturing becomes the dominant factor controlling rock mass strength. In this paper several case examples are presented to illustrate the application of the high-end (spalling) and low-end (weak ground) transition Hoek-Brown relationships proposed by Carter, Diederichs and Carvalho (2007) as a basis for better defining rockmass behaviour at the extreme ends of the rock competence scale.

Jan 1, 2008

On the basis of field observation, four principal styles of hydraulic breccia are recognised, and their characteristic features noted. In practice, hybrid styles are most commonly encountered. Numerous examples will be illustrated during the oral presentation, and the potential for definition of a formative environment is emphasised. In one example presented, it is suggested that more than 50 episodes of hydraulic fracturing can be recognised. In all cases at least sane useful conclusions can be drawn in the context of modeling for drill targets.

Jan 1, 1987

By Claude Bazin, Patricia Obiang

"The slurry density (pulp percentage of solids) and the size of the grinding media are often used for the optimization of an operating ball mill. In many cases a change of ball size is made at the slurry density used with the original ball size. But is the optimum slurry density changing with grinding media size? Laboratory grinding tests were conducted to answer that question and results indicate that more than likely there is no need to adjust mill slurry density when adjusting the size of a grinding media in a ball mill. Full scale behaviour could be different because slurry density affects the slurry transportation through the mill and the classifier operation.INTRODUCTIONOre preparation begins with a fragmentation step that liberates valuable minerals or exposes mineral surface to the environment. The size reduction step of a mineral processing operation is energy demanding and the optimisation of this process should always be an objective for the plant metallurgists. Various approaches could be considered for improving the operation of a grinding circuit. For a close grinding circuit an adequate tuning of the classifiers operation may lead to substantial savings (McIvor, 1988). Once a grinding mill is in operation, few variables remain to be considered for process optimization. The ball charge is usually maintained to achieve a target power drawn by the grinding mill motor. The rotation speed is seldom considered (McIvor, 1983; Bazin and Lavoie, 2000) as a change of mill speed usually implies a costly pinion change. If the liner and lifter configuration is critical for SAG and AG mills (Latchireddi et al., 2005), few discussions are available for ball mills (Fuerstenau and Abouzeid, 1985; McIvor, 1983). The mill feed size distribution can also be adjusted but this implies changing the upstream processes, which transposes the optimization process to another level. Modification to grinding media shape is a possible avenue (Cooper et al., 1994), but it remains that slurry density and grinding media size are probably the most frequently considered variables for the optimization of a ball mill."

Jan 1, 2007

The El Pe±on gold-silver deposit comprises four epithermal, low-sulfidation veins, which contain 2.9 million oz Au and 48 million oz Ag. Provisional data on alteration mineralogy, fluid inclusions, and vein textures constrain the chemistry and hydrology of the hydrothermal system responsible for ore mineralisation at El Pe±on. Alteration minerals include quartz, adularia, albite, illite, smectite, calcite, chlorite, and pyrite. Alteration minerals suggest the existence of near neutral pH, low salinity hydrothermal fluids, which circulated over an area greater than 18 km2. Complex mineral zonation patterns result from variations in host rock permeability and composition, overprinting alteration possibly produced by thermal waters from surficial and peripheral parts of the hydrothermal system, and supergene weathering in the hyperarid environment. Upflow zones were focused along N-S and NE trending structures, producing crustiform quartz-adularia+carbonate veins. Fluid inclusion data indicate vein deposition from low salinity (

Jan 1, 2002

A physical modelling study has been carried out to simulate the slag-metal dispersion induced by a high-strength bottom gas injection. Water and kerosene were utilized to simulate metal and slag respectively. A water model of CLU (Creusot-Loire Uddeholm) vessel was used with three different nozzle orientations, namely, off-centre, triangular off-centre and centre. The gas flow rates changed from 0.00599m3/sec to 0.01081m3/sec. Height of heavy and light phases was kept fixed at 0.23 m and 0.02 m respectively. The dispersed phase holdup was determined at various axial and radial distances, gas flow rates, and tuyere configurations. The observations revealed that at a fixed gas injection rate, as the vertical distance increased in the centerline, straight off-centre orientation resulted in greater dispersed phase hold up values than those of the centre configuration and the triangular off-centre orientation. The dispersed phase holdup was found to increase with gas injection rate and decreased with axial distance. The variation of the dispersed phase hold up with the dimensionless axial distance and the gas injection rate was correlated by using the Modified Froude Number. The experimental values of the dispersed phase holdup were found to be in good agreement with the correlated values obtained from the modelling equations. The findings of the present study may be utilized in the ferroalloy refining vessels in terms of designing tuyere locations for optimum processing conditions.

Jan 1, 2004