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By Kerry Spickelmier

The only nickel smelter and the only active nickel mine in the United States is Glenbrook Nickel Co., a joint venture (50% each) of Cominco Resources International Ltd. and Cominco Ltd. In 1989, with the nickel price riding high between $2.30 and $2.70/kg ($5 and $6/lb), Glenbrook seized the opportunity to purchase and recommission a southwestern Oregon ferronickel smelter and the adjacent nickel-ore mine. This Douglas County site is only about 97 km (60 miles) due east of the Pacific Ocean, and California's border lies a similar distance to the south. Hanna Mining Co. had closed the operation in 1987. And the following year, the equipment had been largely stripped for salvage value. From November 1990 through August 1992, the mine supplied an average 5 kt/d (5500 wet stpd) of ore. Currently, with import ore supplying 40% of the smelter feed, the mine's daily tonnage averages 4.2 kt (4600 wet st). From November 1990 through August 1993, the mine has delivered 2.1 Mt (2.3 million st) of ore grading 1.22% nickel with an average moisture content of 26%. Buffaloed nickel? A nickel is not worth what it was in 1989 and neither is ferronickel, with recent prices hovering around $1.13/kg ($2.50/lb). To survive, Glenbrook has focused on increasing smelter production to lower its operating costs. And this strategy has triggered several bold moves: • a new, $30 million, port facility and • a 10-year importation contract for ore from New Caledonia, an island approximately 1000 km (625 miles) east of Australia. For a Glenbrook update, a May 25, 1993 visit was made to the company's Oregon operations - the mine and smelter near Riddle plus its new Coos Bay port facility. Unfortunately, as the rain came down that day, so did news of another temporary shutdown. The previous suspension had lasted from Dec. 20, 1992 until Feb. 22, 1993. Barely three months back to work on a wet May afternoon, more than 250 of Glenbrook's approximately 300 employees contemplated yet another shutdown, effective July 31, 1993.

Jan 1, 1993

By Dennis J. Callaghan

This report is the result of information obtained from a review of related literature, personal inquiry and on-site examination of active surface coal mining operations. Four improved surface coal mine systems are described in detail and evaluated for feasibility, implementation requirements, environmental benefit and costs. Engineering feasibility emphasizes equipment availability, compliance to design requirements, practicality and industry rating. Implementation potential emphasizes immediacy, ease, acceptability and constraints. Special attention was given to environmental responsiveness, both with regard to the solutions to mined-land reclamation problems and to the concurrency of reclamation. Each system description includes a hypothetical model mine with a depreciation schedule, capital summary, estimated annual production costs, sales price computation, production and operating cost summary, and a sensitivity analysis of mine price to stripping ratio. A program plan and time schedule for demonstrating a selected mining system covers site selection criteria, mine data collection, criteria for controlling and budgeting costs and reporting findings. Ten additional mining methods and techniques are briefly described and evaluated. Common reclamation problems are listed and described. Sixteen state reclamation laws and regulations are abstracted. Sixty-nine references are listed in the bibliography.

Jan 1, 1976

By Ken Dyck, Chuck Edwards

"Cameco's McArthur River is the world's largest high grade uranium mine. Production started in late 1999. Cameco carried out the engineering design and construction management for the McArthur River project, including all aspects of mining, ore handling and ore transportation. The ore composition was expected to vary dramatically (0 to 30% U3O8; 0 to 25% clay; etc). To cope with the composition swings, sizing screens were selected to provide classification in the grinding circuit. The grinding circuit started up close to the design to provide minus 500 micron slurry. The 50% solids (wt) ground ore slurry proved to be difficult to transport to and process at the Key Lake Mill. Slurry containing high concentrations of high density pitchblende (about spgr 8.0) and low concentration of stabilizing clays, would settle in containers. Ore transport efficiency to Key Lake was found to be unacceptable.A test classification cyclone was installed in the grinding circuit at McArthur River early in 2002. The cyclone operating parameters were not typical, but the cyclone was made to work very successfully. Transportation efficiency to Key Lake increased due to more stable slurry. Preferentially ground (fine) pitchblende particles were easier to leach at Key Lake. The radiation exposure for operators and maintenance personnel to handle the more stable slurry was also reduced.The classification sizing screens were removed from the McArthur River grinding circuit and replaced by permanent classification cyclones late in 2002.INTRODUCTIONThe McArthur River mine and Key Lake mill operations are located in northern Saskatchewan, approximately 650 and 720 kilometres from Saskatoon, respectively. Figure 1 is a location map. McArthur River is the world's largest, high-grade uranium mine, with a production capacity of 18.7 million pounds U3O8 annually. (Rosner and Edwards 1998, Dyck 2000, Jamrozek 2000, Rodgers 2001) Proven and probable reserves are more than 473 million pounds U3O8. McArthur River ore, grading on average 21% U3O8, is milled at Cameco's Key Lake operation, 80 kilometres southwest by road. McArthur River production began in December 1999."

Jan 1, 2004

By N. Romani, R. Provost

"Commissioning of a circulating dry scrubber (CDS) plant was recently completed at an existing facility in Québec, Canada. The CDS plant treats the sulphur dioxide off-gas emitted from rotary kilns in order to meet increasingly stringent environmental requirements. This installation enables the existing facility to reduce their sulphur emissions by over 90%.Proper planning of the different commissioning stages and staffing an integrated team are the most important factors required for a successful plant start-up. A strong Operational Readiness plan must be in place as early as the start of construction in order to ensure a smooth transition from commissioning to operations. Plant performance can meet or exceed performance criteria within the required timeframe if the proper group dynamic and good communication is established between construction, commissioning and operations teams.The road blocks encountered are often from systems that one assumes will operate without trouble such as air-conditioning, or design assumptions that were taken years earlier in feasibility process stages, namely the capacity of existing systems that will connect the new plant to the existing facilities. The challenges associated with rectifying these issues in addition to the requirements to properly start-up and operate a new plant without impacting production are great, and it is imperative to have the necessary resources to react quickly to any problems.IntroductionCommissioning of a circulating dry scrubber (CDS) plant was recently completed at an existing facility in Québec, Canada. The CDS plant treats the sulphur dioxide off-gas emitted from rotary kilns in order to meet increasingly stringent environmental requirements. This installation enables the existing facility to reduce their sulphur emissions by over 90%.The CDS ProcessA general overview of the CDS process is presented in Figure 1 below. The combined, de-dusted off-gas from multiple kilns is sent to the CDS, which acts as an entrained fluid bed, where the gas is contacted with a water mist, re-circulated solids and hydrated lime. The SO2 from the gas stream and the available calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) from the hydrated lime dissolve in the water and react to ultimately form calcium sulphites and gypsum. The solid residue (referred to as CDS residue), is the primary by-product of the process."

Jan 1, 2016

By P. A. Mahanwar

Flyash were melt mixed with nylon 6 at a 30wt% concentration. TYZOR® TPT, a coupling agent, was used to facilitate the link between filler and matrix. The morphological characterization, using SEM, revealed sufficient matrix residue on the filler surfaces thus confirming the strong interfacial bonding between the filler and the matrix on treating. Tensile, impact and the flexural properties of the composites were also improved with the incorporation of coupling agent. As flyash particles tend to impart a grayish color to the plastic, TiO2 pigment was employed to make the formulations aesthetic. The pigment was added to the filled system in 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 wt/wt ratios. Scattering of incident light and spectral reflectance was higher for smaller particle size flyash. Moreover an increase in the scattering with increase in pigment concentration indicates better dispersion of the pigment, which again is due to the presence of coupling agent.

Jan 1, 2006

By J. R. Nettle

The development of a process for upgrading offgrade titanium metal by electrorefining in molten salt led to an investigation of the electrotransfer characteristics of selected metals when alloyed with the titanium to be refined. Previous tests on seven binary titanium alloys showed that the degree of transfer of the alloying constituent depends on the constituent and on the operating procedurese.5 This report describes tests on electrorefining ternary mixtures of titanium with selected metallic elements. Ten alloys were prepared from high purity titanium and 2-1/2 percent of each of the metal pairs selected from the same elements used in the binary study; manganese, vanadium, chromium, zirconium, tin, molybdenum, aluminum. Operating variables were similar to those investigated in the binary alloy study that gave minimum alloy metal transfer. The data presented indicate the transfer characteristics of the various metals and combinations tested relative to each other.

Jan 1, 1962

By Brian Fulcher, Michael Bell, Shimi Tzobery, Werner Burger, John Bednarski

The Arrowhead Tunnels Project represents the final portion of a 70 km (44-mile) long water conveyance facility that will bring up to 28 m3/sec (1,000 ft3/sec) of water into Southern California. The 13 km (8-mile) tunneling project is well underway and consists of two, 5.8 m (19-foot) diameter TBM bores through extremely variable geological conditions. The tunnels lie near the base of the San Bernardino Mountains and several significant faults including the San Andreas Fault run within one kilometer (0.6 miles) of the tunnel alignment. Numerous other significant faults cross the tunnel alignment and water pressures in the tunnel have been recorded as high as 20 bar (300 psi). This paper describes some of the problems and challenges encountered and the solutions implemented to advance the two hybrid TBMs under conditions that ranged from hard rock with no water inflows to full-face granular material under 10-bar pressure and in excess of 32 l/sec (500 gpm) inflows. Due to the range and severity of ground and water conditions actually encountered, the Owner-Contractor-Designer team eventually found that adjusting the means and methods to be more responsive—virtually on a day-by-day basis—was needed to suit the conditions

Jan 1, 2007

By E Villaescusa, C Drover

Fully resin encapsulated threaded bar and cement grouted cable bolts are common forms of reinforcement for underground mining excavations constructed at great depth. These elements are frequently installed to dissipate the dynamic loads caused by violent rock mass failure mechanisms. Failure of the ground support scheme without rupture of the reinforcement elements implies that the maximum energy dissipation capacity of the scheme was not utilised. The ground support damage mechanisms are useful to identify in this context as they reveal vulnerabilities which limit the scheme performance. This paper presents a number of field observations of reinforcement performance following a range of dynamic loading conditions. It was observed that fully resin encapsulated threaded bars exhibit variable behaviour. In particular, inconsistent resin encapsulation was frequently observed in combination with surface support failure, indicating that the retention function of these elements may allow preferential loading of the surface support system. Observations of cement grouted, twin-strand plain cable bolts reveal a common mode of damage involving differential displacement across the steel-grout interface and slip of the cable within the borehole. This is common where strands are not mutually tensioned with barrel and wedge assemblies. Surface fixtures that exceed the strength capacity of the cable strand are required in order to minimise the occurrence of this response. Improved load transfer from the rock mass and surface support to the cable can thus be achieved, particularly where small block size failure occurs.CITATION:Drover, C and Villaescusa, E, 2016. Field performance of fully encapsulated reinforcement during violent failure events, in Proceedings Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining (MassMin 2016), pp 659–668 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2016

By James Noll, Sam Janisko

Underground miners are exposed to some of the highest levels of diesel particulate matter (DPM) in the United States. Therefore, it is important to monitor the exposure of miners to DPM, but it can be difficult because of the complex composition of DPM and the number of interferences. Currently, elemental carbon (EC) is used as a surrogate because it makes up a significant fraction of the DPM and is not affected by interferences. Standard measurement methods for EC can be time consuming and only record end of shift results. In this research, a laser absorption technique that enables one to measure EC concentration in near real time was shown to be a beneficial tool. The real time data showed that the fresh air being drawn into a stone mine was not properly reaching the working area and needed to be redirected to decrease DPM concentrations. The real time data also provided a more accurate efficiency ofan environmental cab compared to just using the standard method by detecting the opening of the cab's window and door. The EC optical monitor was also worn by researchers in a mine to show how it can give not only the average concentration for the shift but also reveal when and where a miner is exposed to DPM. Keywords: Laser absorption, diesel, elemental carbon, mining, exposure

By Gerald Verbeek, Erick Baziw

Downhole Seismic Testing (DST) is a very popular applied seismology site characterizing tool within geotechnical engineering. A challenging aspect of DST is to characterize the acquired seismic data sets to determine the analysis method that will result in the most accurate interval velocity values. BCE has invested considerable resources into developing Seismic Trace Characterization (STC), which uses various independent parameters of the acquired data at a particular depth. Initial work in this area resulted in the selection of the linearity estimate from the polarization analysis, the cross correlation coefficient of the full waveforms at the particular depth and the preceding depth and a uniquely developed parameter referred to as the signal shape parameter for this characterization. Subsequent analysis in STC identified two other parameters: the Signal-Noise-Ratio (SNR) and the Peak Symmetry Differential (PSD). The paper briefly describes these parameters and then outlines how they can guide the data analysis to derive more accurate results, especially near surface, which is especially important to assess the liquefaction potential in areas prone to earthquakes, such as California. The process will be illustrated with actual data from another area prone to earthquakes, namely New Zealand. 1. INTRODUCTION The near surface characterization of low strain in-situ shear wave velocities (VS) has proven critical for liquefaction assessment. Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which dynamic loading of saturated soil results in the material properties to change suddenly from a solid state to a liquefied state. VS is an important parameter for evaluating liquefaction potential due to fact that it is influenced by many of the variables that influence liquefaction (e.g., void ratio, soil density, confining stress, stress history, and geologic age (Andrus et al., 1997)). Aki and Richards (2002) also outline that the amplitude of ground motion should depend on the density and shear wave velocity of near surface soils and rocks according to the theory of wave propagation. Since the change in density with the increase in depth is relative minor compared to that of the shear wave velocity, the latter is a very useful parameter to represent site conditions (Stewart et al., 1997). Bray (2014) and his colleagues carried out an extensive geotechnical analysis of the catastrophic liquefaction that occurred in Christchurch, New Zealand in 2010 and 2011 and found that near surface rather than deep liquefaction resulted in extensive foundation damage.

Jan 1, 2018

By A. K. Majumder

The multi-gravity separator (MGS) is a novel piece of equipment for the separation of fine and ultra-fine minerals. However, the published literature does not demonstrate its use in the separation of coal fines. Therefore, an attempt was made to study the effects of different process variables on the performance of an MGS for the beneficiation of coal fines. The results obtained from this study revealed that among the parameters studied, drum rotation and feed solids concentration play dominating roles in controlling the yield and ash content of the clean coal. Mathematical modeling equations that correlate the variables studied and the yield and ash contents of the clean coal were developed to predict the performance of an MGS under different operating and design conditions. The entire exercise revealed that the MGS could produce a clean coal with an ash content of 14.67% and a yield of 71.23% from a feed coal having an ash content of 24.61%.

Jan 1, 2007

By H. Tudeshki, A. Tayebi

"The large extent of global production and consumption of aggregates from quarries, grabs one´s attention and makes its substantial and essential standpoint in the world today pretty clear. A great amount of aggregates is utilized in civil engineering applications such as road construction, railway industry, concrete production, etc. Considering this fact that igneous rocks display a higher strength and abrasion resistance, this type of rock is preferred in the field of civil engineering. For all these applications, rock quality assurance is a key factor and certainly unavoidable, and it has great influence on the quality of constructions in civil engineering. One of the major problems encountered by both the producers and users of igneous rock is the fact that, with the passage of time, some specific rocks lose their strength, up to a complete loss of structure or in other words, their disintegration and degradation. In the last decades, different methods and procedures such as Glycol test, methylene blue dye test, as well as the Los Angeles test have been introduced to distinguish these rock properties, and to identify these problems. However, as these methods are time consuming, hard to perform, only to be applied to hand-piece samples, requiring special laboratory equipments, and only possible to be accomplished under laboratory conditions, their application has always been limited to some specific cases, and they are neither recommendable nor advantageous. In addition, these methods provide partially different results for the same rock. To address this widespread quality management problem of the quarry industry, a relatively quick, easy and user-friendly approach is necessary. It calls for a systematic solution with a device that can simply be used day to day in a mine for quality control of the quarry´s daily production. This scientific research is concentrated on developing a systematic method for early recognition and diagnosis of rock quality, in order to control and manage the quality of the quarry production in advance. This method was developed, based on the procedure of the magnetic susceptibility measurement. The obtained values can lead to valuable information regarding the quality of the rock and allows the quality control process to be accomplished and performed at the borehole location. This approach has been assessed through extensive field and laboratory studies. A detailed and comprehensive discussion will be made on the results of the experiments. The advantages and impacts of the application of this method, on increasing the reserves and environmental protection are also discussed."

Jan 1, 2011

By I. Gombköto, J. Bohm

"In Europe, and therefore in Hungary opening a new mine is harder and harder. Depletion of mines, unfavourable legal and economic changes, and growing public concerns are the main reasons. Social and economic interests require total utilization of mineral raw materials of the operating mines, and furthermore utilization of waste heaps of the former mines. There are 5-6000 waste heaps of the operating and the closed mines in Hungary. 2000 of these waste heaps have already been estimated, and researches show that total amount of waste heaps can be calculated to 1 billion tones. These researches left out of consideration waste heaps exploited and placed in deep lignite mining. In several projects and researches we analysed processing of waste heap and possibilities to use its components. A processing technology for utilizing waste heaps has been developed based on laboratory and pilot plant tests. Great amount of useful materials of quarrying waste heaps can be utilized with this technology. Tests were also done for processing waste heap of a former ferrous metals mining. The developed processing technology contributes to use these waste heaps as aggregate for cement industry, as dielectric and aggregate for construction. The essay presents in details main characteristics of waste heaps, technologies already used for processing waste heaps of quarrying and ferrous metals mining, mass balances and qualitative parameters of the end products."

Jan 1, 2011

By Mikko Ruonala, Pertti Lamberg, Olli Hyvärinen

The smelting of copper sulphide concentrate is the dominant route in copper production (Figure 1). Heap leaching of oxidized copper ores with weak sulphuric acid together with copper solvent extraction and electrowinning has gained popularity during recent decades, and it accounts for close to 20 % of primary copper production. Heap leaching offers advantages such as lower costs and consequently the construction of a production plant at a mine site is made possible. Limited resources of oxidized copper ores, the long leaching time of chalcopyrite and inability to recover gold inhibit this growth. The HydroCopperTM process developed by Outokumpu Technology at the laboratories of Outokumpu Research, Pori, Finland, is a new chloride leaching technology /1,2/, which offers an alternative to smelting and heap leaching (Figure 1). In the HydroCopperTM process sulphidic concentrates with various mineralogy and grade can be treated at the mine site to produce high-quality copper. Instead of copper cathodes the HydroCopperTM end products are copper wire rod, copper bars or copper billets. One of the advantages of HydroCopperTM technology is that gold can also be recovered in the process simultaneously /3/. To confirm the functioning of the new process and to dimension equipment Outokumpu Technology built the HydroCopperTM demonstration plant in Pori, Finland /4/. It has a capacity of 1 metric ton of copper per day. After testing with Pyhäsalmi copper concentrate in 2003, the first commercial demonstration run with Erdenet copper concentrate took place in 2004.

Jan 1, 2005

By Ware AR, Doyle BJ, Hoogvliet H

The Ladolam deposit lies within the altered volcanic rocks of the caldera floor, part of which now forms Luise Harbour. It was discovered in 1982 in the course of a reconnaissance drainage sediment sampling programme. This was designed to follow up indications of surface hydrothermal activity noted by Government geologists during an earlier survey of the Tabar-Feni island chain. Diamond drilling began in September 1983 and by the end of 1989 a payable and proved mineable reserve containing 19 million ounces of gold had been established. Rock types and structures are masked at the surface by intense alteration and weathering. An extensive drilling programme has enabled the identification of these features and the relationships between them necessary for an understanding of the factors controlling gold mineralisation. It has also led to the recognition of two distinct phases of alteration. The first phase of porphyry-style potassic alteration was followed by violent caldera formation, producing extensive brecciation and veining. The second alteration phase partly over- printed the first phase and was an epithermal one, evidenced by argillic, advanced argillic and phyllic assemblages. During this event, a large volume of fluids circulated under the favourable structural conditions; these fluids included a sulphur- rich, neutral chloride brine believed to have transported the gold. Boiling and mixing of circulating fluids in the open breccias is thought to have resulted in deposition of the gold. There is evidence that this process is continuing at the present day.

Jan 1, 1991

By Christian Flores

El proceso que se enfrentó en Tambomayo tuvo su principal complejidad en llevar un proyecto en etapa de exploración hacia la construcción de una a unidad productiva la cual permita obtener resultados económicos y trabajar con altos estándares operacionales en el que prime la seguridad y un buen clima laboral, acompañado al hecho de que la empresa cuenta con una cultura operativa tradicional, lo que género que las principales dificultades para la toma de decisiones es que se tengan que ir derrumbando paradigmas operacionales y de esta manera ser un agente de cambio para el logro de los objetivos.

Sep 1, 2017

By W. G. Pariseau

Equivalent elastic properties of discontinuously jointed rock masses are computed using a non-representative volume element(NRVE) approach within a three dimensional finite element program. Joint persistence, defined as the percentage of a joint plane that is actually occupied by joint material, is used in the NRVE computations as a step towards greater realism in stability analysis of mine openings. Persistence p is also the probability that a segment of a joint plane is occupied by joint material. Computations reveal a threshold phenomenon in jointed rock mass moduli similar to that observed in percolation theory. A rapid decrease in moduli occurs above a critical value pc(about 0.6). A detailed analysis of the well-known solution for stress about a circular opening in isotropic, elastic ground illustrates the effects of joint set orientation, spacing and persistence. Although stable “on average”, joint segment failures reveal a threat to stability and point towards rational design of reinforcement or support of discontinuously jointed rock masses.

Jan 1, 2003

By William J. Purdy

Successful design, operation and completion of a surface waste management facility for a diamond mine located in Canada?s northern environment requires careful planning to minimize short and long term environmental impacts. As part of the mine development application process, best practice standards were applied using conventional engineering to reduce the environmental effects of the mine waste facility at the Snap Lake Diamond Project. This paper presents the design criteria, site conditions, material characteristics and engineering management objectives considered for optimization of the development plan. Insight into the engineering analyses, development alternatives, monitoring program and reclamation strategy plan to be undertaken during mine operations to provide opportunity for adaptive management and to minimize environmental impacts is provided.

May 1, 2004

By James P. Stewart

This case history describes the engineering design and construction for the Contractor of a 35-ft-deep excavation for an 800-square-foot addition to an existing sewage pump station. The site posed unexpected geotechnical complications that included deep gravelly soil, a history of local construction difficulties, groundwater consisting of heavy salt brine, and the need to underpin the existing pump station. The project took an interesting twist when the Owner issued a change order limiting the dewatering discharge to a fraction of that required to lower the water table. This documents the interesting circumstances of this job and documents the unusual subsurface conditions in the Syracuse, NY Lakefront area.

Jan 1, 2003

By Patrick Pelletier, Pierre-Alexandre Bossé, Julie Fournier, Gianni Bartolacci, Jayson Tessier, Ahmed Bouajila, Carl Duchesne

"This paper summarizes research into the study of the control of flotation processes based on froth images. The use of numerical image analysis techniques for the extraction of significant patterns (froth structure and colour) from industrial flotation froths is discussed.First, the froth was analysed by the use of the Multivariate Image Analysis (MIA) method to extract the spectral variation contained in a RBG image. The Partial Least Squares (PLS) was applied to develop the empirical model for the prediction of froth grade. The results of this application are illustrated using one industrial case study.Second, the froth was also analysed by Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Wavelet Transform Analysis (WTA) to extract features related more to morphological aspects. Since there is useful information hidden in froth texture, these methods are used as texture descriptor to classify different types of froths.Third, a control strategy based on a froth structure indicator was developed and implemented on an industrial zinc flotation circuit. The feedback controller uses a reagent flow-rate in order to maintain the froth structure at its set point. Process improvements obtained with the implemented control strategy are highlighted.Finally, the feasibility to implement a hybrid control strategy consisting in a froth structure supervision controller based on the froth concentrate grade estimated by MIA and recovery inferred by image analysis is discussed.INTRODUCTIONThe development of control strategies to achieve satisfactory control performance has always been a great challenge for engineers and the need for improved process diagnosis, control and optimization has become more and more evident for the mineral processing industry in the last decades. That is why new process variables need to be measured particularly in highly multivariable processes such as flotation. This industrial process is subject to a wide variety of disturbances mainly generated by frequent and sometimes abrupt changes in physical and/or chemical ore characteristics and also, due to some irregularities in manual process operating procedures. A flotation circuit scheme is always a complex network of more than two dozens slurry streams. Information about those streams (% solid, metal content analysis and flow rates) is important for process diagnosis performance evaluation and control. Also, because of the grade decrease and increasing complexity of the new processed ores, more instrumentation outputs and more powerful and significant pr"

Jan 1, 2005