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By I. N. Knapp

Introduction.—The spccial object of these notes is to describe the mixing, testing, and use of mud-ladened water for rotary drilling in such a way as to make them helpful to the driller, the operator, or the engineer in solving his own special drilling problems. The structures, apparatus and tools used are indicated in a general way. No attempt is made to describe the art of rotary drilling; only such descriptions as are necessary to make plain the use of mud are given. The information is the result of actual experience in drilling in Coastal Plain formations. The materials encountered in the wells drilled were unconsolidated sands, gravels, and clays, in which thin layers of sandstones, shell conglomerates, and shales began to appear at about 1,200 ft, in depth, although one well was drilled to 3,018 ft. without encountering any cemented or indurated materials. Unusual Conditions.—-The general surface of the ground where the drilling was done being hardly a foot above mean tide, and the daily tidal variation being about 15 in., it was found necessary to plank over the sod surface with 3-in. plank to work from. A 30 by 30 ft. planked area was sufficient to carry the derrick with equipment and 2,500 ft. of 4-in. drill pipe stacked in it. The derrick was set up 3 ft. on cribbed blocking arranged to spread the load over the planking. The engine, bailers, and pipe yard were also carried on 3-in. planking. Drilling 0utfit.—This consisted of a derrick, 20 by 20 ft. and 84 ft. high, two 35-h.p., "oil country" boilers, one double 8 1/4 by 10 in. reversible engine, two 10 by 6 by 12 in. duplex mud pumps, one 15-in. rotary, "hoisting works" with chain drive, hoisting block with line, crown block with pulleys, rotary jetting swivels, hose, complement of tools, pipes and connections, and a mud mixer, with engine. Hydraulic Rotary Drilling Method.—This method of drilling is an adaptation of Fauvelle'sl invention made in France in 1833 for drilling

Jan 1, 1915

By C. H. Mathewson

CONSIDERABLE progress has been made during the last few years in analyzing the action of plastic deformation in metallic crystals. This is due largely to the development of X-ray spectrographic methods for studying changes in the orientation of single crystals, or of conglomerates, as they occur during the process of plastic deformation, but partly to the widespread knowledge of suitable technique for preparing large (single or variously combined) crystals for direct crystallographic observation under stress or in various conditions of strain. These two methods of studying changes in the crystalline structure of metals may of course be used in conjunction with features of mutual support, but unfortunately the advantage of direct crystallographic observation is lost when we proceed to the study of severely cold-worked structures, owing to the occurrence of real or apparent crystalline discontinuities which become more and more complicated as the amount of plastic action increases. Furthermore, the X-ray methods do not appear to be adequate, at least in their present stage of development, to fix definitely the character of structural alteration in the parent crystal lattice by plastic deformation. The principal question at issue concerns the nature of the crystalline particles that remain after plastic deformation. These are generally known in our American metallurgical literature as crystalline fragments,1 and they seem, indeed, to diffract as individuals causing the Hull pattern of a, severely cold-worked metal to resemble the pattern of a fine powder,2 with certain features of preferred orientation among the particles determined by the manner and intensity of cold working.

Jan 1, 1927

By I. H. Silberberg, R. L. Reed, O. K. Kimbler

interfacial films have frequently been observed at interfaces between certain crude oils and water. Several investigators have postulated that the presence of these films should influence the efficiency of oil recovery in water drive or waterflood operations. They may also influence the stability of emulsions which are sometimes a problem in petroleum production, and may be a factor in the fonation of paraffin deposits in oil well tubing and flow lines. This paper presents a technique with which a modified Langmuir film balance may be used to study the compressibility and collapse pressure of these natural interfacial films. Experimental data are presented for several nude oil-water systems. Data developed are used to infer the phase state of the film as a function of such variables as rate of reduction of interfacial area, ionic composition of the subtrate and pH of the subtrate. A film of known physical characteristics is shown to have a sinnificant effect on oil recovery from an unconsolidated sand pack. Possible applications of these results to petroleum production are discussed. INTRODUCTION The use of water to displace petroleum from reservoir rocks is of major importance both as a primary and a secondary recovery process. As water invades the rock, oil is completely displaced from some pores and left as a discontinuous phase in other pores. The manner in which water moves from pore to pore is strongly influenced by capillary forces. In view of the complexity of reservoir fluid systems, there can be little doubt that complicated interactions take place at both the liquid-solid and oil-water interfaces. One of the more interesting, and least understood, of the phenomena which take place at the oil-water interface is the formation of interfacial films. These films are believed to result from the adsorption of high molecular weight polar molecules at the interface.l.2 Presence of such molecules may cause a striking alteration in interfacial tension. When the oil-water interfacial area of certain crudes is rapidly reduced, a thin region (film) about the interface assumes the appearance of a solid membrane, and striations, wrinkles and gross distortions may occur. If such a film is solid, it should greatly alter the interfacial tension normally assumed to exist between the oil and water phases. If the membrane is continuous, a solid phase would separate the oil and water. Interfacial films between crude oil and water were observed in 1949 by Bartell and Niederhausers who commented upon the apparent rigidity of the films and their possible importance in the petroleum industry. Morrell and Egloff4 had earlier attributed the extreme stability of emulsions of sea water in fuel oil to very stable asphaltic films. Numerous investigators have observed rigid films in the course of crude oil-water interfacial tension determinations by the pendent drop method. Several investigators5,6,2 have separated inter-facially active materials from crudes and attempted to characterize them chemically. Reisberg and Doscher,2 using Ventura crude, showed the interfacial tension against water (as measured by the pendent drop method) to be affected by aging, contraction and expansion of the interface, and the pH of the water. These investigators attributed the adhesion of oil to a water-wetted surface and the distortions of flow paths in glass capillaries to the presence of rigid films. Dodd7 has studied the interfacial viscosity of adsorbed films and found them to be non-Newtonian in behavior. Craighead and Harvey8 reported a series of displacements in tubes packed with 60 mesh glass beads. They interpreted the results as indicating an effect of stearic acid films on waterflood recovery and imply that natural films may produce similar results.

Jan 1, 1967

By T. D. Yensen

IN the investigation of the magnetic properties of iron-nickel alloys,1 it was found necessary in order to make the alloys forgeable, or malleable, to add small quantities of some other element. Iron-nickel alloys have been known for nearly a century, but have been made in commercial quantities only since 1885. Their remarkable mechanical properties were disclosed by Riley in 1889 and from that time on a large amount of research work has been done both to discover new properties and to correlate the results obtained.2 Lately the Bureau of Standards has collected the published data in a special circular3 giving in compact form an account of the properties of the iron-nickel alloys. It also contains a clear historical sketch of the development as well as a selected bibliography. The chief difficulty with the development of iron-nickel alloys was that the "pure" alloys do not forge readily. The addition of small amounts of manganese, however, made the alloys forgeable, and manganese has therefore come to be regarded as a necessary constituent of nickel steels. The present paper shows to what extent manganese is needed for various nickel contents and also what is the effect of other alloying elements on the forgeability. It also touches upon the cause of forgeability but refers to other sources for more exhaustive treatises, on the subject. The alloys were prepared by melting electrolytic iron and electrolytic nickel with of without other alloying elements in the desired proportions in a magnesia crucible in a vacuum furnace under a. pressure of 1 mm. mercury. The ingots weighing about 2 kg. were allowed to cool in vacuo. If pipes or blowholes were present, the ingots were cut in such

Jan 1, 1920

By Charles G. Yale

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) A FEW years ago somebody connected with one of those self-constituted bodies of unofficial character, like a Chamber of Commerce, Board of Trade, or State Development Board, started a catch-phrase referring to California as " The Land of Sunshine, Fruit, and Flowers," and the railroad magazines and folders keep it steadily in use, working day and night. Yet it altogether ignores the substance which brought the State into the Union, which peopled it, and which made it famous through-out the world. You ladies and gentlemen who have come from what we here call "the East," have in your own States, no matter which one, sunshine, fruit, and flowers. But your Eastern States, having these things as we do, have not the gold that we do. Therefore, the old designation of "The Golden State," applied to California, should be revived, as being the most distinctive term. It is worthy of remembrance, too, that during the dark days of the civil war this State handed over $172,000,000 in yellow gold, and saved the credit of the nation. Gold-mining has been carried on in California since " The days of old, The days of gold, The days of 49," and it still continues. Since that historic year, and up to the end of 1910, the State has produced, in gold alone, $1,530,214,468. Since 1792 the entire United States production of gold has been $8,261,573,500, so that the single State of California has, in that period, produced within $201,144,564 of one-half of all the gold from Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and the Southern and scattering States. In other words, all the other 25 gold-producing States of the United States combined

Mar 1, 1912

By Stanford O. Grodd

The Sanford Lake district encompasses an area covering 24 square miles in the central Adirondack Mountains of northern New York State. Discovery of the titaniferous magnetite deposits dates back to 1826. Several attempts to exploit the ores for iron prior to 1942 proved uneconomical because of difficulties with the associated titanium, lack of transportation facilities, and the isolated location. Since 1942, the National Lead Company has produced ilmenite concentrates for the titanium pigment industry, and a magnetite by-product used in the steel and refractory industries. Rocks of the area are Precambrian in age and of igneous origin. The area has a history of erosion, deformation, and metamorphism, subsidence, and finally uplift and glaciation. The resulting topography is extremely rough with drainage patterns controlled by a combination of fault patterns and glacial modifications. The district is within the large anorthosite massif making up the central high peak area of the Adirondacks. All of the various lowsilica rock types associated with the massif are found within the boundaries of the district. These consist of both the Marcy and Whiteface types of anorthosite and of gabbroic anorthosite, gabbro, and different grades of titaniferous magnetite ores. All of the rocks contain the same minerals and differ only in their percentages of these consitituents. Gabbro, and ore associated with it, demonstrate flow structure as both have foliation and lineation. Anorthosite and its associated ores are massive and show very little primary structure. Minor pegmatites and diabase dikes provide evidence of remobilization in selected areas and of late intrusion as well. Faulting is prevalent and follows a regional pattern of major faults trending northeastsouthwest and of minor faults at nearly right angles to them. There are four mineralized areas where an economic grade of ore has been found. Three of these have both gabbroic-type ore and anorthositic-type ore. The fourth has only gabbroic ore. Ores are graded according to their TiO, content, and these range from 9.5 per cent to over 30.0 per cent TiO,. Ore bodies of both types are related to gabbro and conform to the configuration of the gabbro bodies within the anorthosite. At least three distinct theories of ore genesis have been expounded by different investigators. Others propose some variations of one or more of these. Although complete agreement probably never will be reached, it is certain that no one process of ore emplacement can explain the complicated picture as seen today. Further understanding of the ores and their origin will require detailed mapping, sampling, and mineralogical studies of the entire district, and then it may never be understood without qualification.

Jan 1, 1968

By Richard H. Olson, Lawrence A. Roe

Talc, when it can be isolated as a pure mineral, has a composition of 63.36% Si02, 31.89% MgO, and 4.75% H20. However, as an industrial commodity, talc rarely approaches theoretical purity. Nevertheless, the impure talc products of commerce find a multitude of uses and few substitutes in many industrial applications. Minerals commonly associated with and sold together in talcose mixtures are tremolite, chlorite, dolomite, mica, and magnesite. Steatite was originally a mineralogical name applied to pure talc. In today's commerce steatite generally refers to the massive variety of talc suitable for electrical insulator manufacture. Block steatite ore can be machined into various shapes. Impure varieties of massive or block talc are still commonly referred to as soapstone. Soft massive talc, suitable for crayon manufacture, has been referred to as French chalk. It has been common practice to discuss talc, soapstone, and pyrophyllite under the same general heading. In the case of soapstone and talc, this is a natural thing since many different types of platy, soft minerals exhibiting a high degree of lubricity (commonly referred to as "slip") have been grouped together and called soapstone or talc. Further, there is a mineralogical relationship of pyrophyllite to montmorillonite and talc to hectorite. Thus, talc and pyrophyllite are sometimes referred to as clay minerals. When finely divided talc or pyrophyllite are combined with water in proportions to make a slurry, the end product does have the appearance of a clay-water mixture. Soapstone for utensils and ornaments was mined by prehistoric Indians on Santa Catalina Island, CA. In the mid-1800s, soapstone from deposits along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains was used by white settlers for building and ornamental stone and in the linings and foundations of furnaces (Anon. 1956). Previous to 1916, the annual recorded production in California did not exceed 2000 tons. In the period 1912 to 1918, output rose sharply when the Talc City, Western, and Silver Lake mines were put into operation. From 1916 to 1935, the state's annual output of talc was in the range of 9,000 to 20,000 tons. In the mid-1930s, the use of talc in wall tile grew rapidly. In California, the production of talc grew to 63,000 stpy in 1943. The post-war building boom helped California production to grow to 120,000 tons in 1951. In 1968, production was 165,000 tons, 1969 was 145,000 tons, 1970 was 185,000 tons, and 1972 was 155,000 tons. Talc mining in New York state dates to about 1878 when a Colonel Palmer and associates opened the first commercial talc mine on the Nelson Freeman farm near Talcville, New York. In 1893, this operation was sold to the International Pulp Co. which changed its name to the International Talc Co. in 1944. The company was acquired by R.T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc. in 1974. A new talc operation, the Gouverneur Talc Co. owned by the R.T. Vanderbilt Co., began operations near Balmat, NY, in 1948. The initial capacity of the processing plant was 200 stpd (Gillingham, 1950). Subsequent expansions have increased capacity to over 600 stpd. The Vermont talc industry began just after the start of the 20th century. Talc was discovered in the area of the present Johnson, VT, talc mine in 1902. The American Minerals Co. initiated plant operations at Johnson in 1904. The Magnesia Talc Co. opened a plant at Waterbury, VT, in 1913 (Burmeister, 1963; Trauffer, 1964) and acquired American Minerals Co. in 1923. The Waterbury mine has a long history as a producer of talc crayons. The Eastern Magnesia Talc Co. was formed in 1924 by a merger of the Eastern Talc, Co.

Jan 1, 1983

By -1ng. B. Stampa

Introduction The author investigates the technology available for mine flow reversibility by reversing the operation of the main fans. Air bypassing, reversed sense of impeller rotation, and blade angle overturning are indentified as the most important means of achieving the flow reversibility. The axial flow fan is studied in some detail and the important variables of fan capacity, pressure, and efficiency are compared. Although some references to rotor velocity vectors are made (Fig. 1) the subject is not presented in detail in order to stay within the paper's intent. Background Where applicable, the requirements of mine air reversibility are an important part of the overall mining operation and should be given proper attention during mine ventilation design. The need for preventing mine fires in intake shafts is the reason that, for a long time, it has been a requirement in the Eastern European countries to have the feature of flow reversibility built into all main mine ventilators. In West German coal mines, this requirement does not apply since higher priority is given to safety precautions. Some metal and mineral mines in the United States are required to have ventilation currents readily reversible in order to fight underground fires as stipulated by the Title 30, Mineral Resources, and by the mining laws of some states. From an equipment performance standpoint, assuming the validity of other flow technical data, the question of the ventilator flow reversibility is of ten related to the actual scenario of the begining of an emergency. Most of the time, the system operates within half of the design capacity only and assuming that the equivalent mine orifice is stable only a quarter of the design pressure must be produced by the fan in any event. For such an operating point, the effective gradient and energy losses can be disregarded since fire emergencies usually last for only a short period of time. Equipment Comparison Fig. 2 depicts a ventilation arrangement wherein the flow can be reversed through changing the functional position of the dampers (slideplate or blade type). Both axial or radial fans can be applied in this case. For the mine exhaust operation, slide plates (guillotines) I and I11 are opened while plates I1 and IV are closed. The flow thus encounters two reroutings, which due to the reverse ventilation flow cannot be equipped with proper sheet metal deflectors, and therefore large pressure losses result during the air reroute operation. When the intake operation is considered, the dampers I and I11 are closed and the pair I1 and IV is opened. For this arrangement, almost the same flow conditions exist as for the foregoing exhaust mode; however, one additional corner must be applied. Even if a highly efficient ventilator is used in one of the previously described systems, the additional pressure losses resulting from air rerouting plus those encountered between the planes "0" and "00" significantly affect the overall energy requirements. Illustrated in Table 1 are the relative component losses of even flows for evaluation of various detour arrangements. From the aerodynamics standpoint, when these components are being designed, serious consideration must be given to the individual levels of the pressure loss coefficient, 5. Should there be an increase in the sum of the loss coefficients due to the particular component selection such that, for example, the net change is 1.2; the resulting pressure to be produced by the fan can be calculated from:

Jan 1, 1981

ALABAMA. Aldrich, Aldrich, W. F. Anniston, Noble, A. E. Auburn, Brown, R. L. Bessemer, Abbott, C. E., Ferguson, V. Birmingham, Aldrich, T. H., Aldrich, T. H., Jr., Allen, A. W., Bowron, J., Burbidge, T. A., Crawford, G. G., Crockard, F. H., Davis, F. H, Dimmick, F: D., Ellis, E. E., Geismer, H. S., Hiller, E., Johnson, G. R, Ludwig, C. P., McCormack, G. B., McCrery, Peters, R, Jr., Phillips, W. B., Pill, J. R., RamSay, E. Coal City, Pattberg, 0. F. E-msley, Wil¬liams, E. P. Helena, Squire, J. Holt, Shook, J. W. Huntsmlle, Moss. Ironton, Hudson, J., B. Lehigh, Toulmin. Bock Bun, Garvin, J. M. Woodward, Wood¬ward, A. H.

Jan 1, 1910

ALABAMA. Aldrich, Aldrich, W. F. Anniston, Noble, A. E. Auburn,' Brown, R. L. Bessemer Abbott, C. E., Ferguson, V., Williams, E. P. Birmingham, Aldrich, T. H., Aldrich, T. H., Jr., Allen, A. W., Bowron, J., Burbidge, T. A., Crawford, G. G, Crockard, F. H., Dimmick, F. D., Ellis, E.,E., Hiller, E., Johnson, G. R., Ludwig, C. P., McCormack, G B., McCrery, Moffett, C. A., Morris, B.H, Peters, R., Jr., Pill, J. R., Ramsay, E. Gadsden, Hudson, J. B. Helena, Squire, J. Holt, Shook, J. W. Huntsville, Moss. Lehigh, Toulmin. Rock Run, Garvin, J. M. Thomas, Kluttz, W. L., Johnson, J. E., Jr. University, Litchman, H. B., Smith, E. A. Woodward, Woodward, A. H.

Jan 1, 1910

By Thomas Elliott

It is now clearly evident that 1963 is witnessing a record year for prospecting and exploration in British Columbia and Yukon Territory, as substantiated by the following facts: ? About 60 large mining companies and many smaller ones are active in the search for new ore deposits. ? More than 500 prospectors and exploration geologists have been in the field this season. ? It is estimated that $10 million has been spent this year on the search for new ore deposits. ? Claim staking in B. C. to July 31, totalling 14,250, is up 2000 over 1962. ? Helicopter companies report a record total of 25 aircraft chartered to mining groups, with additional numbers used in oil-gas exploration. ? Leading assayers state that business with the industry is double that of the previous year. ? Diamond drillers report an increase of approximately 25% in the amount of contracts now on hand. The question is often asked, "Why is mining so active in Canada's Pacific Northwest?"

Jan 12, 1963

By H. Gisser

Recent experimental work has demonstrated (1)2 that ammonia and oxides of nitrogen are formed during the aging of smokeless powder. This is significant in connection with the problem of "season cracking," or stress corrosion of brass cartridge cases in view of other work(1) indicating that stressed and "stress- relieved" cases stored with small quantities of added ammonium nitrate crack on firing. The deterioration of stressed brass by ammonia has been known for some time(z) and it appears therefore that stress- corrosion cracking of brass cartridge cases is intimately associated with the so-called "powder volatiles," ammonia and oxides of nitrogen, both of which are decomposition products of smokeless powder. Working on the hypothesis that any barrier which prevents the powder volatiles from reaching the brass surface will reduce the incidence of stress-corrosion cracking, it was considered desirable to investigate the use of organic resin films to accomplish this purpose. The possibility of formation of ammonia within the nitrocellulose powder charge and by reduction of nitrogen oxides on the surface of the brass case requires that the barrier film be resistant both to ammonia and oxides of nitrogen. The film must also be impermeable to ammonium salts, either solid or in solution, since these salts and water necessarily appear within the powder charge. The usefulness of the

Jan 1, 1945

By W. E. Keck, Paul Jasberg

THERE is a considerable tonnage of iron ore in the Menominee Range of Michigan that is unsalable only because it has too large a content of sulphur. Beneficiation of such ore is economically desirable, as a relatively large quantity of finished concentrate would be obtained (deleterious sulphur mineral content being generally less than 5 per cent) and because large blocks of such ore have been developed incidentally during search for low-sulphur ore. Research on the flotation beiieficiation of these high-sulphur ores consisted of: (1) a study of the flotative properties of the principal minerals in a nearly pure state, (2) flotation of synthetic mixtures of these pure minerals and (3) application of this experimental information to samples of the ores. Gypsum in iron ores is extremely deleterious; but when sufficiently free from impurities it is a valuable commodity. In 1934, the United States produced 1,500,000 tons of calcined and uncalcined gypsum valued at $13,700,0001. Of this quantity and value, Michigan produced approximately 19 per cent4. Thus this investigation may also prove to be of interest in connection with the gypsum industry if minerals separation, such as flotation, becomes necessary in the future processing of gypsum. Data on the flotative properties of gypsum would also be of interest to the science of flotation because such information has been extremely limited. The technical literature reveals one reference to the flotation of gypsum, in which was discussed the use of the mineral, with several others, to determine the relation between the floatability of minerals and the pH of the flotation solution2. This investigation necessarily was not comprehensive in regard to gypsum, but it did show that the mineral could be floated with oleic acid under varying pH conditions.

Jan 1, 1937

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. DAVID H. BROWNE, Chairman: PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-Chairman. A. D. BEERS, Secretary, 55. Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN, Treasurer. JOHN V. N. DORR, LEWIS W. FRANCIS. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. W. E. C. EUSTIS, Chairman. R. L. AGASSIZ, Vice-Chairman. E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston, Mass. ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. W. H. LINNEY, Chairman. OSCAR LACHMUND, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane; Wash. STANLY A. EASTON, S. SHEDD.

Jan 1, 1917

By Clyde E. Williams

IN planning a postwar program for manufactured products, it is essential that the bases for the plans be wisely chosen. First we must make certain assumptions as to the war's ending. Let us assume: (1) complete victory by the United Nations, (2) peace terms that will ensure the direction of the economy of all nations of the world toward peaceful pursuits, and (3) an early ending of the war, that is, before the nations of the world, excluding the enemy, are near the point of physical and spiritual exhaustion. Thus, our manufacturing plants and transportation facilities will still be in good shape. The plants and transportation facilities, as well as the cities of a large part of Europe, however, will be badly crippled. The rich mineral and other raw material resources of the world, little of which was under control. of the Axis powers before the war or will be after the war, will not be used up. Control of these raw materials, or at least an important part of them, will remain in the hands of the strong peaceful nations.

Jan 1, 1943

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. DAVID H. BROWNS, Chairman. PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-Chairman A. D. BEERS, Secretary, 55 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN, Treasurer. JOHN V. N. DORR, LEWIS W. FRANCIS. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. W. E. C. EUSTIS, Chairman. R. L. AGASSIZ, Vice-Chairman: E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston, Mass. ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. W. H. LINNEY, Chairman. OSCAR LACHMUND, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. STANLY A. EASTON, S. SHEDD.

Jan 2, 1917

Elected Died 1895 *ABBOTT, AI ATTHUR 1908 1882 *ABBOTT, ARTHUR V 1906 1905 * ABE, MASAYOSHI 1909 1903 * ADAMS, CHARLES C. 1905 1905 * ADAMS, WILLAMS 1909 1903 * ADAMS, W. EDWARDS 1910 1884 *ADDY, MATTHEW 1896 1906 * AFFLECK, WILLIAM A. 1911 1889 * AKERS, WILLIAMS 1906 1905 * ALABASTER, RUPPERT C. 1911 1899 * ALBERGER, LOUIS R. 1911 1894 *ALLEN R B 1896 1905 * ALLEN, R. SCOTT 1906 1874 * AMIOT, H. 1892 1886 *AMSLER, CARL 1894 1898 ** ANFERSON, JOHN w. 1905 1895 *ÅNGSTROM, CARL 1901 1887 * ARCHBALD, JAMES 1910 1900 * ARLETT, GEORGE H 1906 1895 *ARMSTRONG, JOHN F 1898 1882 *ARNOLDS, HUGO 1886 1875 *ASHBURNER, CHARLES A 1889 1872 *ASIIBURNER, WILLIAM 1887 1883 *ATKINS, C M , JR 1885 1905 * AUSTEN, PETER T 1907

Jan 1, 1917

By J. F. Myers, R. J. Tower

"THERE is nothing new under the sun." All over the world, mineral-dressing engineers are working at their problems, no two of which are alike. Each encounters equipment and process problems. Many devise simple ways and means of overcoming their difficulties. Many of these problems are quite common in the industry, yet, since no one human being seems capable of thinking of everything, these problems at some plants often are looked upon as necessary evils. The purpose of this symposium is to gather together, from competent engineers, devices and practices that have been useful to them. Most of the ideas contributed are not new, yet there is no plant operator, old timer or youngster, who will not find some idea herein that will give him a suggestion for improving his operation. Space does not permit a complete elaboration on all of the contributions offered. Each item is summarized, but this will be ample for those skilled in the art of mineral dressing. A list of contributors appears at the end of the paper, and the superior number at the end of each item identifies its source. GENERAL EQUIPMENT A signal light to show that a steel bin, containing relatively fine, moist ore, is full, can be made by suspending a copper rod in the bin to a sufficient depth to ensure ample contact with the ore. One wire of a 32-volt circuit should be attached to the rod and one to the side of the bin. Sufficient current will flow to make the signal light burn. A 110-volt circuit could be used, but 32 volts ensures safety.10 Fig I shows a circular bin for crushed ore. It is a concrete structure footed on the ground, using no supporting columns. Tailing from the sink-float was used for aggregate. Cross conveyors for discharging ore are not required, nor is a tripper for filling. Segregation is minimized by drawing from different gates. An exhaust fan on top of the bin eliminates condensation due to temperature of the ore.21 A beam with an adjustable point of suspension near the center permits rigging rolls for removal in a very few minutes. This makes unnecessary the lacing of the cable through the hub bolts on one side, around the shaft on the other, and the trouble of balancing the load.8 The ratchet handle on a Symons crusher may be replaced by a drum with a cable wound on it. When the cable is pulled by a crane or hoist it causes the drum to revolve and thus screws or unscrews the bowl. This reduces handwork and materially shortens the time required for the job.3 To spread ore feed from an apron feeder over a belt conveyor, place a heavy steel bar about midway between the top

Jan 1, 1947

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. DAVID H. BROWNE, Chairman. PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-Chairman A. D. BEERS, Secretary, 55 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN, Treasurer. JOHN V. N. DORR, LEWIS W. FRANCIS. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. W. E. C. EUSTIS, Chairman. R. L. AGASSIZ, Vice-Chairman. E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston, Mass. ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. W. H. LINNEY, Chairman. OSCAR LACHMUND, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. STANLY A. EASTON, S. SHEDD.

Jan 3, 1917

New York Meats first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. DAVID H. BROWNE, Chairman. PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-Chairman. A. D. BEERS, Secretary, 55 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BORN, Treasurer. JOHN V. N. DORR. LEWIS W. FRANCIS. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. W. E. C. EUSTIS, Chairman. R. L. AGASSIZ, Vice-Chairman.. E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston, Mass. ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting n September or October. W. H. LINNEY, Chairman. OSCAR LACHMUND, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. STANLY A. EASTON, S. SHEDD.

Jan 4, 1917