Search Documents

By H. A. Kendall, W. C. Goins

Several investigations in recent years have shown that drilling rates are increased significantly with increased hydraulic horsepower. But, there has been no over-all method of designing jet-bit programs that efficiently uses the surface power. A study of present practices indicates that frequently as little as 50 per cent of the possible effects at the bit are used. Some observers have indicated that the best utilization of hydraulic horsepower (maximum effect on drilling rate) occurs when the bit hydraulic horsepower is maximum; others have stated that jet impact force is more important, and others have believed that maximum jet velocity is required. Limited efforts to date have shown some optimum conditions for bit hydraulic horsepower and impact, but these conditions cannot exist during drilling of a large part of the hole and do not provide a basis for designing a complete jet-bit program. This paper shows the maximum obtainable bit horsepower, impact force and jet velocity at all depths, taking into account the limitations of the pump, piping, hole and minimum circulating rate for adequate cuttings removal. Ranges of operation are developed; and flow rates, surface pressure and bit pressures are specified for each range to provide a maximum of any one of the desired effects. It also is shown that, by proper selection of nozzle sizes and by following the rules presented, the maximum obtainable quantities can be effectively utilized from surface to total depth. Finally, a simple graphical method of selecting nozzle sizes and flow rates is presented which can be used with familiar bit-company hydraulic tables and calculators to design jet-bit programs for maximum bit hydraulic horsepower, impact or jet velocity, as desired. These programs make most effective use of the pumps. Heretofore, there was no method available for designing field tests which adequately separated the effects of bit horsepower, impact and jet velocity. The programs and procedures developed in the paper are dissimilar and, when used in future field testing, should demonstrate which program is the most important in obtaining the fastest drilling rate. INTRODUCTION During the past decade, rig hydraulics has come into increasing prominence. There has been a definite trend toward providing higher horsepower pumps, jet-type bits have had increased use, numerous investigators"" have reported increased drilling rates as a result of increased hydraulics, and bit manufacturers have provided tablesa-" and calculators that are now commonly used 10 design jet-bit programs. Opinion has varied as to the hydraulic quantity which has the great- est effect on drilling rate. Papers and data have been presented that show pump horsepower,'9 it hydraulic horsepower and jet impact force,' each to be the most significant factor affecting drilling rate. Examinatibn of jet-bit programs of the bit companies indicates emphasis on jet velocity. Only pump horsepower can be eliminated because it can be used to produce any one of the bit effects which, a priori, must be more relevant factors. This contradictory state of opinion and practice regarding the bit effects is unfortunate, but several published references have been concerned with making one or another of the factors maximum; and, because these in each case have given results applicable to only intervals of the hole drilled, there seems to be ample reason to complete the previous efforts. It also is believed that the differences in programs for each effect, where they exist, should be delineated so that future use may determine which hydraulic effect is the more relevant. It is the purpose of this paper to: (1) show the theoretical maximum bit hydraulic horsepower, jet impact force and jet velocity available at all depths, taking into consideration all necessary restrictions on operating conditions; (2) illustrate procedures by which the maximum available horsepower, impact force or veIocity may be obtained; and (3) present a graphical method for rapid selection of jet-nozzle sizes and flow rates to be used with conventional procedures to design jet-bit programs for maximum bit horsepower, impact force or velocity as desired.

By A. Lubinski, C. R. Stewart, K. A. Blenkarn

Storage porosity has been considered one of the important pore geometry characteristics of heterogeneous-porosity limestones. Storage pores are only containers for fluids, in contrast to flow channel pores which both contain fluids and provide continuity for fluid flow. The concept of another geometry characteristic, "poro-striction", is presented as a second pertinent variable in describing limestone pore space. In simple terms, poro-striction is a measure of the flow resistance between storage and flow channel pores. Alternating-flow core-testing theory provides flow relationships which can be used to divide the pore space of heterogeneous-porosity media into flow channel and storage pores and to measure the "porostriction" of the latter. Experimental application of this theory to naturally occurring heterogeneous limestones shows that "porostriction" and the ratio of storage to flow channel pores can be estimated. Porostriction and porosity ratio are microscopic characteristics which should influence oil-recovery efficiencies during certain types of displacement processes. A knowledge of pore geometry should be valuable in designing or selecting the most effective oil-recovery process for heterogeneous limestones containing storage porosity. INTRODUCTION The primary and secondary recovery of oil from limestone (carbonate) reservoirs has been and will continue to be a major source of the world's supply of petroleum. Oil recovery from this type of formation is strongly influenced by the size, shape and arrangement of the pore spaces which hold the formation fluids. Therefore, it is expected that better knowledge of pore geometry would lead to design of more effective recovery processes. The concept of storage and flow channel pores has been presented as an important characteristic of limestone porosity.1 In this concept, storage pores are only containers for fluids, whereas flow channel pores are those pores which both contain and transmit the fluids. The work reported herein involves the concept of an additional pore characteristic called "porostriction". This characteristic can be visualized as the flow resistance between the storage and flow channel pores. This resistance is an important pore geometry characteristic because it determines how easily gas and oil can replenish fluids removed from the flow channel pores. Fatt and co-workers at the U. of California have studied the effect of storage porosity and a factor similar to porostriction on transient-flow response of models of porous media during a pressure build-up or drawdown test.55 These models consisted of porous sandstone cores with artificially simulated storage pores. It is the purpose of this paper to describe tests which permit the storage porosity and porostriction of actual reservoir core samples to be estimated. The tests used for this purpose involved not transient tests but, rather, an alternating-flow technique in which pressure and flow are varied according to a sine-wave relationship. This technique may offer advantages over transient methods. THE POROSTRICTION CONCEPT Before discussing alternating-flow (A.F.) tests in core samples, it is necessary to define the porostriction parameter. For this purpose attention is focused upon an elemental volume v representative of a porous medium having both flow channel pores and restricted-access storage pores. For such an elemental volume, it is considered that the storage porosity is combined to form a single pore and that the access into the storage porosity may be represented by a single capillary tube connecting the single pore to the flow channels of the elemental volume. Let the radius of the capillary tube be designated as Rc and its length as L,. When fluid flows into or out of the pore, the following equation (Poiseuille's law) relates flow rate q to pressure drop p, and the physical characteristics of the tube and the fluid of viscosity jx.

By Charles E. Locke

SHARP CONTRAST exists in the reports so helpfully contributed by the individual members of the Milling Committee for this review. Those engaged in the milling of gold and silver ores report great activity, of which some details will be given later. Those engaged in milling ores of base metals report continued depression and little progress. Copper production in the United States is running at about fifteen per cent of capacity. Some Arizona copper mills are closed. Anaconda is milling about 45.000 tons of copper ore per month, and the Utah Copper Co. 35,000 monthly. However, in Canada the International and Falconhridge copper-nickel mills and the Noranda copper-gold mill have increased production. Also the Climax molybdenum mill in Colorado is milling 4000 tons per day. Water shortage from the drought has caused curtailment or complete shutdown of mills in some parts of the West.

Jan 1, 1935

By Franz Posepny

CONTENTS. Introduction. Part I. General Facts And Theories. [ ]

Jan 1, 1902

By AIME AIME

THOUGH the dust-control systems in the crushing plants and other buildings at Morenci do not differ materially from similar installations in other large copper reduction works, it is probable that in few other plants has as much attention been paid to the dust problem. Possibly the most striking feature of the Morenci installation is the manner in which the necessary equipment has been built into the various structures, and the absence of unsightly pipes, ducts, and fan houses. That this result has been attained is due, in no small part, to the basic conception that the control of the dust in a milling plant should be an essential part of the process itself and not something to be tacked on later after the plant is in operation. The control systems were designed and developed along with the general plant construction program and when the first car of ore was dumped into the crusher the dust-control equipment was ready.

Jan 1, 1942

Charles R. Eeyes, Des Moines, Ia. (con~munication to the Secretary*):—It is not in a spirit of criticism that I offer a supplemental suggestion or two on the subjects covered by this valuable and highly instructive memoir. There are two points which, in my opinion, should have received greater emphasis in Mr. Emmons's excellent paper. One is the fundamental r6le played by the chlorides under certain conditions in ore-formation. The other is the possible establishment of geographic relationships among the four pheilomena of (1) excessive chlo-ridic content of mine-waters; (2) the abundance of chloridic compounds of the precious metals; (3) the presence of man-gancse oxides; and (4) the diminishing importance, in ore-genesis, of the metallic sulphates. Although Mr. Emmons's notes refer to gold alone, it may be pertinently asked whether the same principles do not hold good for silver and copper also, since these metals form, together with gold, a distinct and well-known chemical group. That the reactions involved apply equally well to the other two metals mentioned, is sbown by a number of recent observations and discussions. Chloridic ores of silver are, as I have lately endeavored to show, mainly worked in arid or desert regions only; and the great deposits of disseminated copper-ores are similarly characteristic of such regions, in which both classes doubtless owe their formation to the abundance of saline materials derived from desert dusts, and to the plentiful and almost universal presence of manganese oxide. Under these climatic conditions, silver is somewhat more abundantly deposited than copper and gold, because its chloride is so much less soluble. During volcanic emanations, the metallic chlorides perform at all times distinct functions; when these are

Jan 1, 1912

By N. B. Davis

I. Introduction. II. Definition of Plasticity. III. Theories of Plasticity. A. Structure of the clay particles. (1) Fineness of grain. (2) Plate structure. (3) Interlocking particles. (4) Sponge structure of particles. B. Presence of hydrous aluminum silicates. C. Molecular attraction between particles. D. Presence of colloidal gelatinous matter. (1) Review of theory of colloids. (a) Suspension colloids. (b) Emulsion colloids. (2) Experiments. IV. The Formation of Clays. A. Residual clays. B. Transported clays. V. Summary. VI. Conclusion. I. IntRodUction While working with a number of very sticky cracking clays from western Canada the writer became interested in a study of the cause of the excessive plasticity. This led to a review of the rather bulky literature on the subject and the finding that plasticity still remains to be satisfactorily explained. Most of these investigations seem to have been carried on solely from the chemical viewpoint, the geologic aspects having been ignored. In nearly every case, the investigators have worked with the higher-grade clays of low to medium plasticity, such as the kaolins, the excessively plastic ones having generally been neglected, partly because of their limited application, yet the author believes that these are

Jan 1, 1915

By J. J. Marcus

Mineral industry decision-makers are frequently required to select between competing equipment. Various criteria and methods are currently being used, and this writer would like to suggest a method recently tested on two large power shovels in an open pit mine. An initial examination of both shovel A and shovel B indicated that the latter should give the best overall results. since: 1) It swings 13% faster; 2) it carries a dipper with 23%: greater capacity; 3) purchase price is 8.6% lower; 4) shovel weight is 12.5% greater; 5) it has considerably greater bail pull under most operating conditions; 6) the electric controls are of a more modern design. However, shovel B has half the service life. With these points in mind, shovel A was selected by The Buckingham Method, an operations research technique.

Jan 9, 1965

Jan 1, 1938

[ZAY JEFFRRIES, Vice-chairman PAUL D, MERICA, Chairman W, M, CORSE, Secretary Executive Committee J. It, FREEMAN, JR., Local Section S. SKOWRONSKI, Papers Committee R. S, ARCHER, Non-ferrous Data Sheets H, C, JENNISON, Membership Committee E, C, BAIN, Journal Committee L, W. SPRING Local Section Committee J. R, FREEMAN, JR,, Chairman R. J, ANDERSON, Cincinnati R. L. DOWDELL, Minneapolis R. S. WILLIAMS, Boston G, H, CLAMER, Philadelphia W. A. SCHEUCH, Chicago R, F, WOOD, New York]

Jan 1, 1928

By C. Kremer Bain

DURING the past several years of diamond drilling in Washington County, Mo., the St. Joseph Lead Co. has discovered a concentration of commercial lead-zinc ore at four different points within an area of 36 square miles. The largest and to date the most promising group of these orebodies is located in the Indian Creek area. It was considered to be of sufficient value to warrant development.

Jan 9, 1953

By L. C. Graton

I. INTRODUCTION. The Relations of Scale in Geologic Work. MANY features of human accomplishment rest upon the possibility of representing natural objects on a scale of different magnitude from the actual one. Most drawings, for example, are of very different scale from that of the object depicted, and indeed are useful mainly on this account. More important than the question of mere convenience, however, is that of meeting the physical limitations of vision.1 Thus, a mural

Jan 5, 1913

ROBERT PEELE, * New York, N. Y.-I should like to ask Mr. Neale how the members of the production committees at the individual mines, who came from the mine workers themselves, were chosen or appointed; also from what classes of employees they usually came? J. B. NEALE.-In the union fields, they were chosen by a local. In the non-union fields, they were chosen either by the men in mass meeting or by the company officials. The last way was very unsatisfactory because it gave the men an opportunity to say that they were going to be passed upon as to whether they were slackers or not, by men chosen by the company. When they were chosen by the locals or at mass meetings of the workers, the appointments have been very much more satisfactory. R. D. HALL, ? New York, N. Y.-The matter of inefficiency on the part of the operator is one that I think we may well take into account, because there is a very large inefficiency on the part of the coal operator; it has arisen from reasons almost beyond his control and will continue for these same reasons. It is no use arguing a moral responsibility on the part of the operator, when you make efficiency very largely a loss to the operator who puts it in force. If you ask a man working on a clay wage to work with more efficiency. he says, "Well, I may do it or I may not," it all depends how he feels, but he does not lose anything financially by not working hard. If you ask the man who is working by the ton to put out more tons, he makes a profit by putting out more tons. How is it with the operator? If he gives a man all the cars he needs and all the power he needs, if he runs after his working men and waits on them, he does not get his coal out any cheaper than before.. He gives the man a better chance and there is more efficiency, but at the same time he has increased his expenses all along the line. At the end of the year he finds that his profits have been less than if he had had less efficiency. The efficiency is really against him in many ways. Because he gets a larger tonnage, he reduces the overhead to a certain extent; but hiss tonnage may not be any greater because he may work fewer days. As Mr. Taylor remarked some tine ago, supposing he puts in a machine that is very much more effective than any he had before, he has the same scale; the miner gets out more coal, but he himself does not get any benefit out of it because he has a scale fixed, so much per ton.

Jan 4, 1919

The Arizona Committee, consisting of GERALD F. G. SHERMAN, Chairman, ARTHUR NOTMAN, Secretary, NORMAN CARMICHAEL, B. BRITTON GOTTSBERGER, W. L. CLARK, J. C. GREENWAY, W. G. MCBRIDE, FOREST RUTHERFORD, has arranged the following program for the Arizona Meeting, which has been approved by the President of the Institute and by the Executive Committee. It is printed herewith for the information of members, and probably will not be changed in any material respect. Sunday, September 17, 1916.-Arrive at El Paso, Texas, 2.40 P.M., leave 10.20 P.M. Monday, September 18, 1916.-Arrive at Deming, N. Mex., .12:47 A.M. Arrive at Santa Rita, N. Mex., 4.00 A.M., where luncheon will be served, after which there will be a visit to the Chino mines. From there the train will proceed to Hurley, N. Mex., where a visit will be made to the mill of the Chino Copper Co.

Jan 7, 1916

By Max Roesler

Page I. Introduction........................... 78 Location.......................... 78 Scope of Work and Acknowledgments.............. 79 History and Mining...................... 80 I1. Topography and its Interpretation................. 80 III. Petrology............................ 82 Sedimentary Rocks...................... 82 Description....................... 82 Age.......................... 84 Igneous Rocks........................ 85 Diabasic Rocks..................... 86 Dioritic Rocks...................... 87 Granitic Rocks...................... 88 Later Dike Rocks.................... 88 IV. Areal Geology.......................... 88 Rock Types Found in the District............... 88 Distribution of the Various Rock Types............. 89 Surface Distribution................... 89 Vertical Distribution................... 90 Causes of Present Areal and Vertical Distribution of the Various Rock Types..................... 91 Faulting...................... 91 Magmatic Differenti~tion............... 91 Tilting........................ 95 Erosion....................... 96 V. General Description of Ore Deposits................ 96 Nature of Ore ........................ 96 Shap~ and Size of Orebodies.................. 96 Geologic Position....................... 97 Mineralogy......................... 98 Distribution....................... 98 Interpretation...................... 99 Superficial Alteration................... 102 VI. Genesis of the Ore Deposits.................... 104 Previous Theories...................... 104 J. P. Kimball...................... 104

Jan 1, 1917

By Cadwallader Jr. Evans

THE Hudson Coal Co. is an anthracite concern with 22 mines, employing, when operating full, something around 18,000 men. We have, there-fore, necessity for a large number of subordinate officials and for a considerable number of major officials, and we carry on two separate courses of training in our endeavor to develop these two groups. The one in which college professors will be most interested is that which we call our two-year course. A man to be eligible for it must have completed a college course at one of several institutions from which we regularly seek our men, but he need not necessarily be a graduate of the course in mining, although we have been giving prefer-ence to graduates of schools of mines. Each year we take a number of men from these col-leges, sometimes five, six or seven, and put them through this two-year course, which is carefully. laid out so as to give them experience in the various details of our business. A schedule of the typical two-year course laid out for a man who started in July, 1925 shows that he was employed in the mining engineering department first for a period of four months, then for six months in inside mine work, three months in the mechanical and electrical departments, two months in "preparation," which with us means the cleaning of our product for market, one month in the study of statistics, one month on transportation and safety, and seven months in loading coal at the face, working with a shovel, making twenty-four months in all. We started this training in 1915 and in the first year we gave six months in the mining engineering depart-ment. We have now cut that to four. We gave six months in inside mine work and have continued that. We gave four months in the mechanical department, which is now cut to three; five months in preparation, now cut to two; two months in statistics, now cut to one; one month on transportation and safety which re-mains, and we have added seven months in loading coal. This last class of work gives them experience with the miner at the mining face.

Jan 7, 1928

Jan 1, 1943

Jan 1, 1939

Jan 1, 1940

Jan 1, 1944