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By J. P. Kerr, W. N. Logan

Lack of reliable and detailed information on many of the older fields in Indiana has necessitated the use of x and y in many instances. Even in the younger fields many data were lacking. It was thought that even though much was to be desired regarding the amount and accuracy of the information on the old Trenton field, it was too important to be left out. We trust that we are not perpetuating any of the inaccuracies that are to be found in the data for Indiana.

Jan 1, 1935

By K. J. Gill, P. Chiotti, J. T. Mason

Thermal, metallographic, and vapor pressure data were obtained to establish the pkase boundaries and the standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of formation for the compounds in the Y-Zn system. Three coinpounds with stoichiometric formulas of YZn, YZn2, and Y2Zn17 melt congruently at 1105", 1080°, and 890°C, respectively. Four compounds with stoiclziometric formulas of YZn3, YZn4, YZn5, and YZn,, undergo perztectic reactions at 905", 895", 870º, and 685ºC, respectively. Three eutec-tics exisl in this system with the .following eutectic temperatures and zinc contents in wtpct: 875ºC, 23.2 Zn; 1015ºC, 51 Zn; 865ºC, 82 Zn. The YZn, pkase undergoes an allotropic transformation. In the two phase YZn2 -YZn alloys the trans.formation gives a weak thermal arrest at 750°C, whereas in the two phase YZn2-YZn3 alloys no thermal arrest is observed and the transformation occurs over a temperature range below 750°C. At 500°C the free mzergies of formation per lnole vavy from —18,090 for YZn to —53,430 fov YZr11 and corresponding enthalpies vary from -24,050 to -92,080. The free energies and enthalpies per g atom as a function of composition show a maximum for the YZn2 phase; the 500°C values are -9580 and -13,180, vespectively. 1 HE only information found in the literature on Y-Zn alloys was the observation reported by Carlson, Schmidt. and speddingl that Y-20 wt pct Zn forms a low melting alloy. The alloy was produced by the bomb-reduction of YF3 and ZnF2 with calcium in an investigation of methods for producing yttrium metal. The solubility of yttrium in zinc has been determined by P. F. woerner2 and reported by Chiotti, Woerner, and Parry.3 In the temperature range 495" to 685°C the solubility may be represented by the relation In these equations N represents atom fraction of yttrium and T is the temperature in degrees Kelvin. The purpose of the present investigation was to establish the phase diagram for the Y-Zn system and to determine the standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of formation for the compounds formed. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES The metals used in the preparation of alloys were Bunker Hill slab zinc, 99.99 pct pure, and Ames Laboratory yttrium sponge. Arc-melted yttrium buttons contained the following impurities in parts per million: C-129, N-12, 0-307, Fe-209, Ni-126, Mg-13, Ca < 10, F-105, and Ti < 50. Some of the alloys containing 70 wt pct or more of Zn were prepared from yttrium containing 5000 ppm Ti as a major impurity. Tantalum containers were found to be suitable for all alloys studied and were used throughout the investigation. The pure metals, total weight about 30 g, were sealed in 1 in. diam tantalum crucibles by welding on preformed tantalum covers. A 1/8 in. diam tantalum tube was welded in the base of each crucible for use as a thermocouple well. Welding was done with a heli-arc in a glove box which was initially evacuated and filled with argon. The sealed crucibles were enclosed in stainless steel jackets and heated in an oscillating furnace at temperatures up to 1150°C. Homogeneous liquid alloys were obtained within a half hr at these temperatures except for alloys containing less than 20 pct zinc. The latter alloys were held at 1000º to 1100°C for 2 to 3 days in order to obtain equilibrium. After the initial equilibrations the tantalum crucibles containing the alloys were removed from the steel containers and used directly for differential thermal analyses. Further annealing heat treatments for alloys in which peritectic reactions were involved were carried out in the thermal analyses furnace. After thermal analyses the tantalum crucibles were opened and the alloys sectioned and polished for metallographic examination. In the following discussion alloys referred to as "quenched" were obtained by quenching the sealed stainless steel jacket containing the tantalum crucible and alloy in water. The differential thermal analyses apparatus used was a modified version of the one described in an earlier paper., The graphite crucible was replaced by an inconel crucible, the nickel standard and sampie container were separated by a 1/8 in. MgO plate, no getter was used, and provisions were made to

Jan 1, 1963

By Mäkinen, Eero

OUTOKUMPU, a large copper mine in eastern Finland, has the distinction of being one of the few important mines in the world discovered by a geologist the late Otto Triistedt, of the Geological Sur- vey of Finland, having found the out- clop in 1910 by tracing glacial ore boulders, some of which had been carried as far as fifty kilometres. As the mine had no connection with either railways or waterways and the possibilities of transport were poor, the owners first tried the Hybinette hydrometallurgical process to extract the copper. The raw ore was finely crushed, treated by a sulphatizing roast. and then leached. The resulting solution was electrolyzed, using lead anodes. This experimental plant, having a capacity of 10,000 tons (all Ions are metric tons in this paper) of raw ore and producing 300 to LEO0 tons of electrolytic copper annually, was built in 1913 and run until dis-

Jan 1, 1938

By LUIS EAIYLNN SALAS

IF the ordinary wet method be attempted for silver-bullion containing tin, much trouble is experienced, varying with the amount of tin present. Even with a percentage as low as 0.05, the end-point is masked by a persistent turbidity, while with amounts ranging from 0.5 per cent. upward, the determination of the exact end-point is impossible, owing to the finely divided or colloidal metastannic acid resisting all efforts to cause it to settle, or to give a clear supernatant liquid. The object of the following experiments was to seek a remedy for these difficulties, and to find the conditions whereby the Gay Lussac method might be applied directly to these bullions. Material containing tin is met with frequently in bullion from Mexico or Bolivia; and tin is carried (sometimes in large quantities) in jewelers&apos; sweeps. 1. A bullion was prepared containing Ag, 74; Cu, 25; and Sn, 1 per cent. A weighed amount was treated by the humid assay-method as if it were an ordinary bullion free from tin. Ten cc. of HNO3 (1.21) was added, and the bottle was heated until all traces of red fumes had been expelled. Before heating, the solutions were moderately turbid; and after heating, the turbidity greatly increased. One hundred cc. of normal NaCl solution was added and the bottle was shaken vigorously at intervals during 30 min. The turbidity persisted. The bottle was allowed to stand over

Mar 1, 1912

By G. A. Vissac

MOISTURE in coal must be considered as an impurity, just the same as ash, from the standpoint of utilization of the coal. Being incombustible, it reduces directly the heating value of the coal, and in addition absorbs heat for its evaporation. Its presence means useless expenditures in handling and transportation. In coke plants, extra moisture reduces capacity and may cause damage to brick work and equipment. Accordingly, the removal of extra moisture can be considered just as important as the removal of other impurities, such as ashes, in the modern coal preparation plant. Moisture, which can be removed by heating the coal up to a temperature of 100°C, may be retained in various forms: 1. As a film, on the surface of each coal particle, and in the interstices between particles, retained by capillary forces. 2. Or "occluded" inside the coal particles. This occluded moisture may be either free moisture (as in a sponge), or hygroscopic moisture which varies with atmospheric conditions, (also called "regain").

Jan 1, 1949

By J. R. Thoenen

IN five years mineral wool has grown to a thirty-million-dollar industry from one whose output was valued, in 1933, at $1,700,000. Ten years ago, in 1928, there were only seven producing companies, with an annual output of but 50,000 tons. By 1936 fifty or more companies were producing half a million tons. The industry is still growing vigorously and will profit from the expected activity in building in 1339, for two-thirds of this material is used for building insulation and to assist in fire-retarding, in both new and old homes. It is as useful in the South, to protect against heat, as in the North, to keep out the cold, if one may speak nontechnically. It is a concomitant of air conditioning, that new addition to the American standard of living that began in theatres, department stores, and railroad dining cars, and is rapidly progressing down to small homes. Here, then, is an industry that is only beginning to have a present, and one with an almost certain important future; one that depends upon mining and the by-products of mining for all of its raw materials; one that every progressive mining man should know something about.

Jan 1, 1939

By Frederick Laist

Introduction IN a leaching process, having obtained the copper in solution, the choice of the precipitation method is influenced y the following factors: 1. Availability of precipitant. 2. Adaptability to the leaching process. 3. Final product desired. 4. Regeneration of leaching solutions. 5. Fouling of solutions. There are three general classes of precipitation methods: 1. The use of iron, scrap or sponge. 2. Electrolytic deposition. 3. The use of some gas or reagent y which the copper is obtained, usually in the form of an intermediate precipitate which requires further treatment. For example, the precipitation of the copper as Cu2Cl2 from chloride solutions, with SO2 gas. The use of iron is adapted to almost any process. It has the great advantage of extreme simplicity, and the recovery of the copper and any values present in a highly concentrated, easily treatable form. The disadvantages are the cost in isolated places, the uncertainty of the scrap-iron market, and the fouling of the leaching solutions. The latter is a serious factor, When a reagent such as salt is used in them, which makes necessary their re-use. Where applicable, electrolytic deposition is very attractive. The copper is obtained in a form directly marketable, there is a regeneration of acid amid no fouling of solutions. Unfortunately, chloride solutions do not lend themselves to electrolysis. An entirely satisfactory anode material has not yet been discovered, although magnetite, apart from being rather brittle, seems to answer the requirements fairly Well.

Jan 7, 1914

By Sir Albert E. Kitson

The manganese ore deposits of the Gold Coast, British West Africa, occur in very ancient rocks, of both sedimentary and metamorphic types. In certain respects they have a strong resemblance to those of India and Brazil, as contrasted with those of Tertiary age in Georgia, but in this paper no careful comparison with them can be made. Viewed from the present condition of the manganiferous rocks, the oldest deposits are in the sediments. Later than these are the progressively metamorphosed representatives of these sediments. Youngest are the products of decay and degradation with the concentration of manganese oxide in the rocks of both groups. The oldest occurrences are in argillaceous and siliceous phyllites and slates, which show only a moderate degree of metamorphism. They belong to a series which also includes mudstones, sandstones, grits, conglomerates and subordinate limestones, with tuffs and lava-flows, largely of basic types. This has been named the Birrim System. Its age is unknown, for no definite fossils have been discovered in it. Since these non-fossiliferous strata at many plaees are of a character which in many parts of the world are suitable for the preservation of fossils, and which contain them, it is assumed that the Gold Coast deposits are pre-Cambrian. These rocks of the Birrim System have normally a northeast-southwest strike, and are folded, but not to any very great degree except in certain belts. From the Eastern Province of the Gold Coast they may be traversed diagonally across their strike for upwards of 600 miles, to the extreme northwestern corner of the Northern Territories. Thence they probably extend much farther into French territory.

Jan 1, 1927

By R. E. Carter, F. D. Richardson

Self-diffusion coefficients have been measured for iron in wustite (700° to 1000°C) and for cobalt in cobaltous oxide (800&apos; to 1350°C) by means of radio-isotopes. Both sectioning and decrease of surface-activity methods have been used and a particular shortcoming of the latter method has been disclosed for wustite. The effects of oxygen pressure on the composition of cobaltous oxide and on the diffusion coefficient of cobalt in the oxide have been established. The effect of the preparation conditions of the cobalt-oxide specimens on the diffusion measurements has been determined. It has been concluded that diffusion of cobalt occurs via vacant cation sites and that a cobaltous-oxide disk reaches equilibrium with its environment in a time which is very short compared with that needed for diffusion of the radio-isotope. THE availability of radioactive isotopes in recent years has permitted the measurement of many self-diffusion coefficients which were hitherto impossible to determine. With the advent of radioactivity, the method of measuring diffusion coefficients has also changed. The earlier sectioning method by which the concentration profile of the diffusing species was determined in the diffusion specimen has often been rejected in favor of the decrease of surface-activity method first developed by Von Hevesy,&apos; and extended by Steigman, Shockley, and Nix,&apos; and Raynor, Thomassen, and Rouse." With the experimental arrangement where an infinitely thin deposit of tracer is diffused into a semi-infinite cylinder, the decrease in activity of the active face due to diffusion of the tracer into the specimen is measured by counting the active face before and after diffusion. Under these conditions, the appropriate solution of the diffusion equation is R = e*(l-<K/Z) [1] where R is the ratio of the counting rates after-to-before diffusion, $& is the Gaussian error integral of \/Z, and Z is defined as Z = p2Dt, p being the linear-absorption coefficient of the detected radiation in the diffusion specimen, D the self-diffusion coefficient, and t the diffusion time. In the older sectioning method the concentration distribution of the tracer is found after diffusion by analysing thin parallel sections cut from the active face of the diffusion specimen. As seen from the solution of Fick&apos;s second law for the distribution of an infinitely thin source after diffusion into a semi-infinite cylinder the log of the concentration plotted against x&apos; will be a straight line of slope log e/4 Dt. The diffusion coefficient thus can be calculated directly. The units of the tracer concentration are completely arbitrary, since any change in units does not change the slope of the log c vs x2 lot. Although both of the above methods have been widely used, a thorough experimental comparison does not appear to have been made. Birchenall and Mehl,&apos; during an investigation of the self-diffusion rate of a and r iron by the surface method using Fe" tracer, diffused and sectioned one welded couple. The diffusion coefficient from this run agreed with those by the surface method. Buffington, Bakalar, and Cohen," during an investigation on a and y iron

Jan 1, 1955

By R. F. Mehl, C. S. Barrett, A. H. Geisler

THE mechanism by which the super-saturated solid solution of 20 per cent silver in aluminum decomposes has been reported in two previous publications. 1,2 The analysis of streaks in Laue photograms showed that thin platelike particles (the so-called Guinier-Preston aggregates) form upon {111} matrix planes in the early state of decomposition.1 The size of these particles is larger, the higher the temperature at which they form in accordance with nucleation theory;3 at all temperatures they increase in size with aging.2 When they have grown thick enough to afford three-dimensional diffraction, powder X-ray photograms show that the structure is not that of the equilibrium precipitate y but that of a transition lattice ?&apos;. Since this is also platelike in shape and also lies upon the {111} matrix planes with the {110} direction in the matrix parallel to the {11.0} direction in ?&apos;, it seems likely that the original platelet particles are merely ?&apos; in an early stage of formation, and thus finely dispersed. The atomic spacing and pattern on the {00.0} plane in ?&apos; are identical with those on the {111} matrix plane to which it lies parallel, and since comparable directions in the two planes are parallel, the lattices are thus coherent at the interface; an analogous coherence has been found in aluminum-copper alloys.3 The structures ?&apos; and y are both close-packed hexagonal and are oriented alike; they differ only in interatomic distances. Consequently, ? &apos; is regarded as y strained from its ordinary dimensions by the lattice coherency between it and the matrix.2 The lattice movements that transform the matrix to the equilibrium precipitate appear to be very simple.2 The mechanism of precipitation in this system is simpler and is more precisely known than that in any other system,2,4 hence the system should be a profitable one for the difficult task of correlating property changes with structural alterations. The present report provides additional studies on powder X-ray diffraction from alloys of 10 per cent, 20 per cent and 30 per cent Ag, and presents the correlation of crystallographic changes with changes in microstructure, Brinell hardness and electrical resistivity of the three alloys. PREPARATION OF SAMPLES AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The preparation of the 20.2 per cent Ag alloy has been described.2 Alloys containing 9.9 and 29.7 per cent Ag were prepared from 99.97 per cent Al and 99.99+ per cent Ag using a similar procedure. Rolled

Jan 1, 1943

By Gordon G. Bentle, W. P. Fishel

GREINER, Marsh, and Stoughton1 have reviewed the literature in a monograph on the iron-silicon system. The lack of agreement among the various studies may be due to the difference in the purity of materials in some cases. The results of the X-ray method indicate only a general rather than a specific limit of the y loop. The iron-titanium system was investigated by Roe and Fishel,&apos; whose results are used in determining the iron-silicon-titanium y loop. The literature indicates that no study has been made thus far of the iron-silicon-titanium system in the y loop region. Experimental Procedure The alloys were made from Armco iron, 99.86 pct Si, and 98.5 pct Ti. The titanium contains 1.07 pct Fe. The Armco iron contains 0.01 pct C, 0.005 pct Si, 0.02 pct Mn, 0.006 pct P, 0.01 pct S, and 0.04 pct Cu. A dilatation sample of Armco iron was prepared in the same manner as were the other samples. Several dilatation runs indicated that Ac3 begins at 905°C and ends at 910°C, which compares favorably with the study of Wells, Ackley, and Mehl&apos; employing specially purified iron. All alloys were melted in an induction furnace in Alundum crucibles and were top poured into baked core sand molds. The ingots weighed about 600 g as cast. Dilatation samples of 4 in. by % in. diam were taken from the bottom end of the ingot, from which turnings for analysis were taken. Turnings from each end of two of the samples indicated that the alloys possessed uniform silicon content. A hole was drilled halfway through each end of a 4 in, dilatation sample. A chromel-alumel thermocouple was inserted in each hole and the surrounding metal peened in to hold the thermocouple in place. Fig. 1 represents the dilatation apparatus. The heating unit is an Alundum tube wound with resistance wire; the dilatation tube is a McDanel combustion tube; the push rod is zircon; the dial gage is graduated in 0.0001 in. and was vibrated to prevent sticking. A blank run over the temperature range of interest gave no significant dilatation. The thermocouples were attached to a multiple recording micromax which indicated the temperature at each end of the sample at 35 sec intervals. A Lindberg control unit governed the rate of heating of the furnace, and lowering or raising the

Jan 1, 1957

By H. Cecil Spicer

The results described in this article are based on field work conducted during the periods APril-May, 1939, and MaY-JulY, 1940. The United States Potash CO. is mining potash on Government land under a permit from the Department of the Interior and the geophysical investigation mas completed under a cooperative arrangemerit made between that company and the Conservation Branch of the Geological Survey. The writer, a member of the Section of Chemistry and Physics of the Geologic Branch, was assigned to this investigation. Four definite objectives were in mind for the geophysical work in the studies over the salt deposits. The first was to determine the measure of success that could be attained in this type of work with the resistivity methods that were to be employed. These methods had been introduced into the work of the Conservation Branch by Benjamin E. Jones for the investigation of dam sites, and have been used under his direction by the author for such work. If the method proved to be applicable, an l was to be made to contour the top of the salt beds and also the other formation boundaries known to be present in this area. Salt-water aquifers were to be studied in an effort to determine their boundaries, and an attempt was to be made to delineate the potash-bearing beds. Others have made, and reported, resistivity studies over saliferous deposits in different areas. Friedell and Messrs. Schlumberger2 reported geophysical work performed in the disrovery of the salt domes of Alsace; Carrette and Kelly3 described the geology of the same area. Leonardon and Kelly4 published a resistivity curve obtained over the Hettenschlag dome, and a further discussion of this same area was given by the Messrs. Schlum-berger5 in a communication. Messrs. Alty6 described studies 0" salt deposits in which the sing[e-probe method was used. Sinerez7 mentions that electrical methods were tried over salt deposits in Spain. Geoffrey and Charrin8 show a resistivity curve obtained over marl, gypsiferous marl and salt which is similar to that obtained over the New Mexico salt deposits. Kelly9 reported resistivity work performetl with the ground comparator of Zuschlag over the salt deposits near Syracuse, N. Y., where the Salina formation is at a depth of 700 to 800 ft. Some structural studies on the potash basin of Alsace are described by Poldini.10 Another single-probe resistivity study, made over salt deposits in New Mexico, is briefly described by Heiland,ll through the courtesy of Harry Aurand, of the Midwest Refining CO.

Jan 1, 1942

By H. Cecil Spicer

The results described in this article are based on field work conducted during the periods APril-May, 1939, and MaY-JulY, 1940. The United States Potash CO. is mining potash on Government land under a permit from the Department of the Interior and the geophysical investigation mas completed under a cooperative arrangemerit made between that company and the Conservation Branch of the Geological Survey. The writer, a member of the Section of Chemistry and Physics of the Geologic Branch, was assigned to this investigation. Four definite objectives were in mind for the geophysical work in the studies over the salt deposits. The first was to determine the measure of success that could be attained in this type of work with the resistivity methods that were to be employed. These methods had been introduced into the work of the Conservation Branch by Benjamin E. Jones for the investigation of dam sites, and have been used under his direction by the author for such work. If the method proved to be applicable, an l was to be made to contour the top of the salt beds and also the other formation boundaries known to be present in this area. Salt-water aquifers were to be studied in an effort to determine their boundaries, and an attempt was to be made to delineate the potash-bearing beds. Others have made, and reported, resistivity studies over saliferous deposits in different areas. Friedell and Messrs. Schlumberger2 reported geophysical work performed in the disrovery of the salt domes of Alsace; Carrette and Kelly3 described the geology of the same area. Leonardon and Kelly4 published a resistivity curve obtained over the Hettenschlag dome, and a further discussion of this same area was given by the Messrs. Schlum-berger5 in a communication. Messrs. Alty6 described studies 0" salt deposits in which the sing[e-probe method was used. Sinerez7 mentions that electrical methods were tried over salt deposits in Spain. Geoffrey and Charrin8 show a resistivity curve obtained over marl, gypsiferous marl and salt which is similar to that obtained over the New Mexico salt deposits. Kelly9 reported resistivity work performetl with the ground comparator of Zuschlag over the salt deposits near Syracuse, N. Y., where the Salina formation is at a depth of 700 to 800 ft. Some structural studies on the potash basin of Alsace are described by Poldini.10 Another single-probe resistivity study, made over salt deposits in New Mexico, is briefly described by Heiland,ll through the courtesy of Harry Aurand, of the Midwest Refining CO.

Jan 1, 1942

By R. V. Norris

IRving Ariel Stearns died at his home, 60 South River St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa., on Tuesday morning, Oct. 5, 1920, of pneumonia, after an illness of about a month. In his death, the Wyoming Valley loses one oflits most eminent and best loved citizens, and the loss of so strong a participant in the activities of the Valley will leave a gap most difficult to fill. Despite his more than three score and fifteen years, Mr. Stearns, at the time of his death, was president of the Wilkes-Barre City Hospital, Wyoming National Bank, and the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, chairman of the Board of the Vulcan Iron Works, and a director of the Spring Brook Water Supply Co., and of the Wilkes-Barre Lace Manufacturing Co. Mr. Stearns came of New England stock, a descendant in the eighth generation of Charles Stearns who was admitted freeman in Watertown in 1646. Irving Ariel Stearns was born Sept. 12, 1845, in Rushville, N. Y., a son of George W. and Miranda (Tufts) Stearns. He was graduated from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy, N. Y., in the celebrated Class of 1868. After graduation, he was assistant professor of chemistry in charge of the analytical laboratory for a year, then went to Wilkes-Barre in 1869, as engineer in the office of R. P. Rothwell, at that time the leading mining engineer of the region. From 1871 to 1872, he was superintendent of the McNeal Coal & Iron Co. of Schuylkill County, Pa. and in 1872 succeeded to Mr. Rothwell&apos;s business when the latter became editor of the Engineering & Mining Journal of New York. From 1872 to 1885, Mr. stearns was in private practice as a mining engineer, handling a great amount of business in the anthracite region, including the building of the bridges at Shickshinny and Pittston, and the surveying and mapping of many of the individually operated mines. His practice extended throughout the country, with numerous examinations and reports upon mining properties in Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Arkansas, Colorado, California, Wyoming, Idaho and Utah; he was responsible for the design and execution of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co.&apos;s great Tifft Farm improvements at Buffalo, N. Y. including canals, docks, coal stocking plant, etc. He was commissioned Quartermaster of the Ninth Regiment, N. G. P., March 29, 1880, was promoted to Major on May 15, 1884, and resigned Apr. 1, 1885. He always retained his interest in the National Guard and was trustee and president of the Ninth Regiment Armory Association.

Jan 1, 1922

By R. V. Norris

IRving Ariel Stearns died at his home, 60 South River St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa., on Tuesday morning, Oct. 5, 1920, of pneumonia, after an illness of about a month. In his death, the Wyoming Valley loses one oflits most eminent and best loved citizens, and the loss of so strong a participant in the activities of the Valley will leave a gap most difficult to fill. Despite his more than three score and fifteen years, Mr. Stearns, at the time of his death, was president of the Wilkes-Barre City Hospital, Wyoming National Bank, and the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, chairman of the Board of the Vulcan Iron Works, and a director of the Spring Brook Water Supply Co., and of the Wilkes-Barre Lace Manufacturing Co. Mr. Stearns came of New England stock, a descendant in the eighth generation of Charles Stearns who was admitted freeman in Watertown in 1646. Irving Ariel Stearns was born Sept. 12, 1845, in Rushville, N. Y., a son of George W. and Miranda (Tufts) Stearns. He was graduated from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy, N. Y., in the celebrated Class of 1868. After graduation, he was assistant professor of chemistry in charge of the analytical laboratory for a year, then went to Wilkes-Barre in 1869, as engineer in the office of R. P. Rothwell, at that time the leading mining engineer of the region. From 1871 to 1872, he was superintendent of the McNeal Coal & Iron Co. of Schuylkill County, Pa. and in 1872 succeeded to Mr. Rothwell&apos;s business when the latter became editor of the Engineering & Mining Journal of New York. From 1872 to 1885, Mr. stearns was in private practice as a mining engineer, handling a great amount of business in the anthracite region, including the building of the bridges at Shickshinny and Pittston, and the surveying and mapping of many of the individually operated mines. His practice extended throughout the country, with numerous examinations and reports upon mining properties in Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Arkansas, Colorado, California, Wyoming, Idaho and Utah; he was responsible for the design and execution of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co.&apos;s great Tifft Farm improvements at Buffalo, N. Y. including canals, docks, coal stocking plant, etc. He was commissioned Quartermaster of the Ninth Regiment, N. G. P., March 29, 1880, was promoted to Major on May 15, 1884, and resigned Apr. 1, 1885. He always retained his interest in the National Guard and was trustee and president of the Ninth Regiment Armory Association.

Jan 1, 1922

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period June 10, 1918 to July 10, 1918. F. C. Alsdorf, Tucson, Ariz. Emory M. Marshall, Camp Raritan, N. J. Juan F. Brandes, Santa Barbara, Cal. Jacques S. Negru, Camp Niagara, Ont. .H. Smith Clark, Kansas City, Mo. Arvid E. Nissen, High Bridge, N. J. J. S. Cunningham, Charleston, W. Va. Richard G. Place, So. Strafford, Vt. W. G. Eberhardt, Tucson, Ariz. Frank H. Probert, Berkeley, Cal. M. Eldredge, Bombay,. India. Martin A. Roudabush, Osterburg, Pa. A. D. R. Galloway, Accra, W. Africa;. P. H. Royster, Minneapolis, Minn. F. Hanst, Harrisburg, Pa. J. L. Schueler, Peoria, Ill. B. B. Hood, Chrome, N.. J. Henry B. Smith, New Britain, Conn. Paul S. King, Wilmington, Del. W. G. Sommer, Peoria, Ill. E. D. Kinney, Anaconda, Mont. A. L. Toenges, Roanoke, Va. E. W. Kohl, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. G. D. B. Turner, Butte, Mont. James W. Love, Knoxville, Tenn. A. T. Ward, Bellefonte, Pa. Edwin A. Austin, formerly with the Yukon Gold Co., is superintendent of the Elkoro mine at Jarbidge, Nev. John W. Beard is now with the Cia Minera de Penoles, Ojuela, Dgo., Mexico, via Mapimi. R. S. Bonsib has accepted a position with the United States Emergency Fleet Corporation as District Safety Engineer, San Francisco, Cal. Albert Burch has been appointed by the Bureau of Mines to encourage the mining of chrome. F. B. Caldwell is working for the U. S. Bureau of Mines, under Albert Burch, in the investigation of chromite deposits. W. A. Carlyle has taken over the duties (in addition to his own) formerly assigned to E. P. Mathewson with the British America Nickel Corporation, at Sudbury, Canada. R. M. Catlin received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science at the recent commencement of Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. S. K. Dahl is giving up his position as mill superintendent with the Messina Mines, which have been suspended, and is returning to this country. Algernon Del Mar has become manager of the Techatticup mines, El Dorado Canyon, Nev. Robert Dye has succeeded D. L. Forbes as manager of the Teck-Hughes at Kirkland Lake, Ont., Canada. J. O. Elton, superintendent of the Anaconda company&apos;s electrolytic zinc plant at Great Falls, Mont., is doing special work with the U. S. Bureau of Mines. R. B. Caples takes charge of the plant in his absence. George H. Gibbs has resigned his position as engineer at Messrs. T. & 1. Bradley & Sons, Ltd., Darlaston blast furnaces, Darlaston, and is now located at "Belmont." Litchfield Road, Rushall, Walsall, England. William D. Gordon, for the past 7 years manager of The Mine & Smelter Supply Co. at El Paso, has been elected president of Camphuis, Rives & Gordon,. Inc., and has opened American headquarters for the company at 81 New Street, New York, N. Y. E. Harms, for the past 16 years inn charge of metallurgical operations of the Torreon, Mexico; lead and copper smelter, has resigned and is now located at El Paso, Tex.

Jan 8, 1918

By T. F. Witherbee

It is proposed to give, first, a description of the works; second, a report of the first six months of the present blast; and third, such improvements as have been suggested by the practical working. The site selected for this furnace was, at the time of commencing work, October, 1872, entirely covered by the navigable waters of Lake Champlain. A coffer-dam was first built of cribs of round timber filled with stone, forming three sides, while the shore answered for the fourth. Considerable excavating was done with a steam-dredge, a hole being left for it to pass out. The opening was then built up, and the cribbing banked up with blue clay from the bottom of the lake, to render it water-tight and the dam pumped out; the remainder of the excavating being done by hand. All of the foundations, with the exception of the elevator-tower, and fifteen feet of the east side of hot blast, rest on the Potsdam sandstone, which forms the shore line, dipping into the lake at an angle of fifteen degrees. Owing to jogs in the formation, a much greater depth was found necessary than was at first anticipated, the foundation under the stack

F A. THOMSON, president of the Montana School of Mines, gave an interesting talk on mining schools of the past, present and his ideas of the future before a recent meeting of the Montana Section of the A. I. M. E. He covered the history .of the various mining schools and com- pared the three main types of schools; those attached to or forming part of an endowed college or university such, for example, as&apos; the Columbia School of Mines, the Mining Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Mining Department of Stanford University. These resemble in a general way the second class, those attached to the state universities and colleges. The schools of this general type have had varied success.

Jan 1, 1928

By Andrew Fletcher

AS good health is the most important asset in life, the development of healthful conditions should be the one common meeting ground of agreement between management and labor. Health should not be a subject to be pulled apart, shoved around, or bargained about. Differences of opinion may exist in the procedure and techniques employed in approaching the goal of maintaining the health of workmen, and in the method of increasing the ultimate profit of the employer by improved working and living conditions. Such matters are doubtless appropriate subjects for discussions between the interested parties, but techniques are only tools. If an employer fails to remedy a hazard or a menace which contributes to poor working condlions, this constitutes a legitimate grievance. It should not be necessary, however, nor is it desirable that fundamentals of health maintenance become matters of collective bargaining, any more than should the principles of management and engineering. I have been especially concerned during the last few months with the propaganda in collective bargaining negotiations throughout the country for including in union contracts a given number of days of sick leave with pay. We all

Jan 1, 1946

By AIME AIME

ACCORDING to M. Perogordo y Lasso, professor in the School of Mines, College of Engineering, National University of Mexico, what is known a. the "co- operative system" was started there on Feb. 1, 1929. On Jan. 1, 1792, the Real Seminario de Mineria was opened in Mexico City and had much success. Later, the name was changed to Colegio de Mineria. When other branches of engineering were introduced it was known as the Escuela Nacional de Ingenieros, and finally, with the reorganization of the University the

Jan 1, 1929