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Coal cleat and faulting influence failure, gas release, and choice of preferred mining directions, locations, and sequences. Unfortunately soil and younger rock cover restrict direct mapping of these structures ahead of mining operations. Aerial photographs of cover contain indirect indications of concealed structures in arrays of linear photostructures. These arrays are commonly too complex for interpretation by simple visual inspection.Analytical techniques applicable to complex arrays are illustrated for a covered part of the Galilee Coal Basin, Queensland. These techniques are: optical determination of sets in arrays of photostructures; correlation of these sets with sub-surface structures; filtering of m-rays for particular sets; detection of anomalies associated with concealed structures in the density distributions of particular sets; fitting filtered arrays to trajectories; correlation of trajectories with the regional directional variations of concealed structures; contouring of ratios of sets to discriminate anomalies associated with concealed fractures and variations in the total and bed thicknesses of cover; kinematic and dynamic inference on the basis of fracture-trace angular and spatial relationships.

Jan 1, 1979

The polymerisation of silica is found to interfere with thickening of leach pulps at Risdon. Hydroxyl ion and fluoride ion are catalysts for this reaction. Stability may be obtained by the presence of aluminium or ferric iron.INTRODUCTIONAt Risdon it has been a matter for satisfaction that, although the concentration, of silica in leach solutions is appreciable, it has ,given relatively little cause for anxiety.However the margin of safety is small and some intermittent difficulty in thickening leach residues during the last few years has prompted a further investigation, certain parts of which are described here since they may be of general interest.Leaching and ClassificationThe method of leaching which is practised at Risdon has been described in, two previous articles, by W. C. Snow (1936) and S. W. Ross (1949) to whiCh the reader is referred for detail. Continuous leaching is practised, the circuit solution flowing through five air agitated pachucas in series, to tlie first of which calcine is added. The circuit solution, which also enters the first pachuca, consists of spent electrolyte from, the electrolytic cells and contains 90 -gm. of free sulphuric acid per litre. About 80 per cent of the solublezinc oxide is extracted from the calcine in the first pachuca, at a pH value of 1-1 (7 gm.H2S04/1 at 55 to 60°C. In the later pachucas the leaching rate decreases sharply. The leach pulp which leaves the 'last pachuca contains an average of 17 gm. of free acid per litre, corresponding to a pH of 1.7; but, owing to variations in extraction, the end point fluctuates between 2.5 and 0·3 gm. free acid per litre (pH:> 1·5 to 2.5). The average flow through the plant is 1,250,000 gallons per day, which corresponds to a production of 300...

Jan 1, 1958

By Luiz Alberto Pereira Campbell

No processo de laminação a quente um dos fatores que afetam sua produtividade são os arrebentamentos de tira que ocorre no trem acabador, provocando paradas de longa duração, desvios de material e exposição do homem ao risco de acidentes. Dentro das causas responsáveis pelo arrebentamento de tira está o lascamento de cilindros de trabalho que é causado por trinca geradas na superfície do cilindro durante o processo de laminação. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as possíveis causas dos lascamentos de cilindros de trabalho, propondo ações para reduzir as ocorrências utilizando o método solução de problemas. Após análise dos dados foi identificado que as ocorrências de falhas superficiais tinham forte correlação com as tensões de contato entre os cilindros de trabalho e o cilindro de encosto, foi realizado então um estudo com objetivo de verificar se as tensões de contato entre os dois cilindros poderiam estar relacionadas com os lascamentos. O método do estudo consistiu em simular diferentes perfis no cilindro de encosto (cilindro flat e com coroamento positivo) e diferentes caimentos (comprimento e altura) para obter os menores carregamentos possível. A condição de perfil e caimento com o menor carregamento foi testada no laminador para verificar na prática se houve a redução dos lascamentos. Os perfis e os caimentos testado permitiram uma redução significativa de ocorrência de lascamento de cilindros. A metodologia empregada para analise mostrou-se eficaz, podendo ser aplicada em outros laminadores para identificação de causas de falhas.

Aug 17, 2017

The sphere of operations of dry crushing has been so much enlarged of late years that the following notes with reference to its advantages and limitations, and also some practical results in connection with the crushing of gold ores will probably be of service to the members of the Institute. Until recently, with one notable exception that of the Mt. Morgan Gold Mine, dry crushing has only been practiced to a very limited extent in Australasia, and elsewhere it might be said to belong to industries other than mining Its sphere of usefulness depends on the fact that the' product is delivered in a dry state without the separation of the finer particles from the coarser to any appreciable extent, thus enabling the following advantages to be achieved with different ores.

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Jan 1, 2008

By Ruth F. Brinkley

This circular describes the activities and publications of the Bureau of Mines, Explosives Research Laboratory4 for the fiscal year 1960 (July 1, 1959 -June 30, 1960). Part 1 describes briefly the principal projects that were active during the report period, and presents some data not scheduled for publication elsewhere in the near future. Certain of the results are only preliminary and should be regarded as tentative, pending the findings of the completed investigation. Publications that appeared during the report period are listed and described briefly in part 2. In general, the research activities reported in these publications antedate fiscal year 1960. The published material relating to activities that are still current is indicated by references in part 1.

Jan 1, 1962

By Weslei Viana Gabriel

O fluxo simétrico e distribuição de temperatura uniforme são de grande importância no processo de Lingotamento Contínuo de Beam Blank, porém a utilização de duas válvulas para alimentação do molde traz dificuldades operacionais relacionadas ao posicionamento das válvulas e controle de vazão. Neste sentido é interessante trabalhar com apenas uma válvula. Neste trabalho técnicas de modelagem física e matemática foram utilizadas para avaliar o fluxo de fluido no molde, comparando-se o caso em que se empregam duas válvulas tubulares, com aquele em que se utiliza apenas uma válvula. Verificou-se que esta última configuração resultou em uma mudança no comportamento do fluxo, aumento na profundidade de impacto, porém a velocidade na região do menisco não teve variação significativa em comparação com a utilização de duas válvulas tubulares.

Aug 16, 2017

By A. F. van Weele

In general cast-in place piles will have an irregular pile shape. However, it is possible that these irregularities are so large that they may lead to pile deficiencies. It is very rarely possible to examine the pile foundations visually. Also the performance of a static or dynamic load test on each individual pile is not practical and much too expensive. This is the reason why pile integrity tests have been developed: to reduce the risk of inadequate pile foundations by performing a simple test. Pile integrity tests are non destructive tests which are carried out after a pile has been installed. Over the years a number of techniques have been developed of which the most important techniques are briefly described in this paper. Of all pile integrity testing methods, Sonic Integrity Testing is the most widely used method in western Europe. This method has been developed by TNO some 15 years ago. Since then the method has been improved, largely due to advances in micro-processing. A major improvement was made by the introduction of digital signal processing techniques. This made the Sonic Integrity Testing method more accurate (smaller defects can be detected), faster (more than 200 piles can be tested on a single working-day) and more reliable (the results are easier to interprete). A few cases will be presented which will show the usefulness of the Sonic Integrity Testing method. In one of these cases, a helpful tool for interpretation of the results is explained: the Sonic Integrity Testing Simulation program TNOWAVE. Notwithstanding the fact that Sonic Integrity Testing is a powerful method, it has also some strict limitations. These will be discussed at the end of the paper.

Jan 1, 1987

By P. H. Davenport, L. W. Nolan

Paper presented at the 28th International Geological Congress held in Washington DC, July 1989 (International geochemical mapping sessions). Geochemical mapping provides a direct approach to delineating areas of epigenetic mineralisation and for relating the regional distribution of this mineralisation to an overall tectonostratigraphic and structural framework, as well as to extensive areas of hydrothermal alteration. Organic lake sediment is a widely available and effective sampling medium for regional geochemical mapping in Newfoundland, that has proved to be valuable in Au, Sb and W exploration

Jul 1, 1991

By Guilherme Bougleux Michelin Assunção

O projeto visa o estudo da reatividade e da resistência do coque, combustível tradicionalmente utilizado na siderurgia, relacionando às diversas condições presentes no alto-forno. Para a realização da pesquisa, foram utilizadas amostras de coque de uma empresa siderúrgica nacional. O coque foi analisado através dos ensaios Coke Reactivity Index (CRI) e Coke Strength After Reaction (CSR) no Laboratório de Processos Metalúrgicos da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Os testes foram realizados em tempos e temperaturas pré-determinados para simular as diversas zonas percorridas durante a descida do termo-redutor nos altos-fornos. Os resultados mostraram a viabilidade termodinâmica da gaseificação do coque a partir de 900°C, sendo possível calcular a energia de ativação da reação de Boudouard a 1100°C, e a correlação entre CRI e CSR coque.

Aug 17, 2017

By B. P. Faulkner, M. Weinecke

Svedala started a development program in 1997 to develop a process to convert waste tires into valuable commodities. A review of numerous approaches revealed short-comings in the various approaches either process, mechanical, combination of factors, or trying to emphasis the production of low value products. A market study revealed that a process that could produce a good grade of carbon black would be economically feasible. This paper discusses the laboratory and pilot plant development and commercial plant design.

Jan 1, 2001

By B Mobilio, M Secheny, J Rachocki, G B. Sharrock, A Jäger, J L. Lett, I Brunton, G W. Capes

Establishment of the Cadia East Panel Cave Stage One (PC1S1) commenced with the firing of the first bell in early 2011. Production began with the completion of the undercut in May 2014. PC1S1 used a post-undercut composed of 114 drawbells covering a footprint area of 73 438 m². The extraction level is located at a depth of 1200 m below the surface and is based on a 32 × 20 m El Teniente layout. Cave establishment required the construction of multiple conveyor drifts, a large-capacity jaw-gyratory crusher and ancillary ventilation and pumping infrastructure. Preconditioning via hydraulic fracturing and blasting was implemented at various locations of the cave block height. This paper presents an overview of the key learnings from the commencement of undercutting to surface breakthrough, including rock mass classification and modelling, stress measurements, preconditioning, numerical modelling and cave monitoring.CITATION:Lett, J L, Brunton, I, Capes, G W, Jäger, A, Mobilio, B, Rachocki, J, Sharrock, G B and Secheny, M, 2016. Undercutting to surface breakthrough – Cadia East panel cave (stage 1), in Proceedings Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining (MassMin 2016), pp 65–82 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2016

By Kamilla Giló Santiago

Nesse trabalho para caracterização metalúrgica dos revestimentos compostos pela mistura das ligas AWS ERNiCrMo - 3 E AWS ERNiCrMo - 4 soldados pelo processo MIG/MAG duplo arame foram realizadas análises micrográficas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Observou-se semelhança entre os precipitados do topo e da interface do metal de solda com o substrato e que a microestrutura obtida com a soldagem das duas ligas, simultaneamente, resultou na mistura das microestruturas, obtidas a partir das soldagens com cada uma das ligas de forma isolada. O ensaio para avaliação do desempenho da mistura quanto à resistência a corrosão foi realizado conforme a norma ASTM - G 48, método C para determinação da temperatura crítica de pite da mistura das ligas. Foram utilizadas amostras dos revestimentos com maior e menor diluição. O resultado do ensaio apontou que os revestimentos soldados apresentaram temperatura crítica de pite superior ao da liga AWS ERNiCrMo-3 e semelhante ao da liga AWS ERNiCrMo-4.

Aug 7, 2018

By Franciéli Mantovani

Apesar da primeira preocupação com relação à gestão de resíduos ser a busca pela minimização da geração dos mesmos, há muitos casos de processos produtivos que geram resíduos inevitáveis. A investigação e o desenvolvimento de processos tecnológicos capazes de transformar os resíduos no sentido de reutilizá-los são plenamente justificados e passaram a ser uma realidade. Dentro deste panorama, a reciclagem de resíduos potencialmente perigosos, como o pó de aciaria elétrica - PAE, é uma importante questão ambiental. A indústria de pigmentação, na busca de matérias primas alternativas e de menor custo, vem apresentando potencial para absorver resíduos que contenham elevados teores de ferro sob a forma de óxidos. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a viabilidade do uso de PAE para pigmentação da fração argamassa do concreto. Para tanto, foram moldados três traços diferentes, com teores de adição de PAE e de pigmento comercial de 0% e 5%, mantendo-se uma relação água/aglomerante de 0,4. Para cada traço moldaram-se corpos de prova destinados aos ensaios de resistência à compressão e de medições colorimétricas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que o PAE apresenta potencial para pigmentação de argamassas. Entretanto, verificou-se retardo na pega do material, o que pode vir a prejudicar a desforma.

Jul 30, 2018

By Segnit E. R

Results are reported of a study of the reactions occurringin the combustion of chaIcopyrite particles underconditions simulating those in the shaft of a flashsmelter.The reactions were studied using kinetic and mineralogicaltechniques. Reactions. rates above 500°C wererapid, most of the reaction taking place in less than 50ms. Final products were copper-iron ferrites with spineltype structures. Probable reaction mechanisms are discussed.

Jan 1, 1977

By David Fernando de Carvalho

Este estudo de caso foi solicitado por uma grande mineradora brasileira à Chemtech Engenharia, com o objetivo de avaliar um projeto de um Transportador de Correia de Longa Distância na fase conceitual, onde se buscava a otimização do consumo energético, mínimo investimento financeiro inicial e redução dos custos operacionais. O resultado deste estudo de caso foi usado como diretriz no projeto básico do equipamento, além de ser usado como referência para outros projetos similares.

Sep 25, 2017

By Bill Linville

During calendar year 1972, the Bureau of Mines was engaged in some 20 major areas of research for the development of new and improved efficient methods of conservation and utilization for petroleum and natural gas, oil shale, and coal. Made up of numerous projects described in this report, the program was carried out through research performed at research centers and laboratories in the field supervised and supported by administrative personnel of this Bureau of the Department of the Interior. Based un this research, 186 technical reports were published by the Bureau or others, and numerous other reports were prepared for Federal agencies, State agencies, and organizations engaged in cooperative research programs with the Bureau.

Jan 1, 1973

Estimating Breakage of Fine Ore Particles by Media in a Small Ball Mill Using DEM

Sep 13, 2010

By José Arango

El presente trabajo describe el modelo de lixiviación en pilas permanentes de la minera Cerro Verde. Para ello, es importante conocer los principales conceptos de lixiviación como: la extracción y recuperación, el cobre obtenido en ciclos anuales para el planeamiento de mina, la transferencia de cobre, distribución granulométrica y otras variables importantes en dicho proceso. Posteriormente, se realiza un análisis estricto del tipo de mineral abastecido a los pads. Luego, se procede a la extracción del cobre en el ratio, se verificó el pronóstico de producción. En consecuencia, la extracción del mineral es proporcional al ratio del mismo y para tener un mayor control de control del modelo de lixiviación es necesario realizar una actualización periódica de los parámetros con los que se está trabajando.

Sep 13, 2001

Arsenic (As) removal behavior from Changgoon mine tailings was investigated using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) in well-controlled batch reactors by varying pulp density (0.5?4%, pH=1.8, temp=30oC), reaction initial pH (1.8?2.2, pulp density=0.5%, temp=30oC), and temperature (25?35oC, pulp density=0.5%, pH=1.8). The initial concentration of As in the mine tailings used for bioleaching tests was about 30000 ppm, and the size range of tailings used in this study was 63?74 µm. The reaction speed and initial cell concentration were fixed to 150 rpm and 107 cells/mL, respectively. To complement leaching experiments, pH, oxidation/reduction potential (ORP), and amount of ferrous/ferric ions in leachate were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analyses were also conducted for the samples before and after leaching to see if any morphological and compositional changes in tailings took place during leaching process. The As leaching efficiency increased with decreasing pulp density, decreasing pH, and increasing temperature in the presence of A. ferrooxidans. Specifically, no significant change in As removal rate was observed when pulp density d 2% while the removal rate dramatically decreased at pulp density of 4%. Regarding pH effect, As removal rate was much more enhanced at lower pHs (i.e., 1.8 and 2.0) compared to pH 2.2. Increasing temperature was observed to tend to enhance As removal rate, showing about 20% enhanced leaching rate under 35oC compared to 25oC and 30oC at the elapsed time of 5 days. The results for As removal behavior at different conditions (i.e., pH, temperature, pulp density) were consistent with the change in pH, ORP, and ferric ion concentration in leachate, showing greater removal rate at the condition with lower pH, and higher ORP and ferric ion concentration in leachate. Furthermore, decreasing removal efficiency was likely in part due to the extent of the formation of by-product (i.e., jarosite) of ferric ions.

Feb 27, 2013