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By R. N. Edwards

The Magnetometsic Resistivity (MMR) method is based on the measurement of the low-level, low-frequency magnetic fields associated with non-inductive current flow in the earth. The traditional resistivity method maps the electrical properties of the earth by measuring the electric field caused by galvanic current flow between a pair of current electrodes. The MMR method differs from it in that the potential electrodes are replaced by a sensitive coil or magnetometer and a component of the magnetic field due to the current flow is recorded. The presence of an inhomogeneity redistributes the current flow which results in a perturbation of the electric field and, usually, of the magnetic field. The electric field immediately above a relatively conductive inhomogeneity must, by Ohm's Law, be smaller than that expected for a uniform earth. The current density in this region is also reduced but the current density within the inhomogeneity itself is enhanced so that the horizontal component of the magnetic field measured above the inhomogeneity is usually larger than that expected for a uniform earth. A method of interpretation using the magnetic anomaly was patented by Jakoskyl in 1933 but it met with little success at that time. Part of the problem was undoubtedly with the instrumentation, and only recently have robust instruments of sufficient sensitivity been developed2 and field data of good quality obtained. There are many common configurations of the potential and current electrodes in the resistivity method. Similarly, in the MMR method one or both current electrodes may be moved with the magnetometer, either horizontally or vertically ( in a bore-hole), or the current electrodes may be maintained in fixed positions and the magnetometer alone moved. The MMR anomaly is defined as the difference between the

Jan 1, 1975

By Raymond K. Will

Computers are becoming increasingly valuable tools in the mining industry as a greater variety of appropriate hardware and software becomes available, combined with greater acceptance by management, Within a given time period an engineering staff can evaluate or design a project to much greater detail and higher accuracy by utilizing computers once suitable programs have been developed. We are all aware that throughout the world the decreasing grade of minerals coupled with increasing waste to ore ratios necessitate larger capacity, longer term mining operations and attendant higher capital costs. Computers can be of assistance in all stages of mineral exploitation, from geologic exploration through mine feasibility studies and design, to marketing and transportation. Because of the high speed with which data can be digested and manipulated by computers, preliminary information from any stage of investigation can be analyzed to assist in further guidance of that stage. By use of preliminary mine feasibility studies, financial forecasts and sensitivity analysis, even information from a far-removed phase such as marine transportation of the product, can help guide the exploration phase to a realistic target.

Jan 1, 1973

By Douglas R. Shaw

The results are discussed herein of laboratory and pilot scale research which has demonstrated some exciting prospects for the exploitation of refractory gold resources by heap leaching. The research examined practical and cost effective methods of chemical; i.e., non-biological, oxidation pretreatment of refrac­ tory old ores to enable successful conventional cyanide heap leachmg. The work has focused on regenerable chemicals, in order to minimize process consumable costs. A nitric acid method has emerged which offers rapid oxidation rates (eg, 0.5 to 6 hours) on ore samples crushed typically to% to ¾-inch. Gold recoveries in simulated heap leaching tests, after nitric acid oxidation of crushed ores, were as high as approximately 80 to over 90%, in contrast, typically, to negligible gold solu­bilities without oxidation. Nitric acid oxidation was effective when applied to several sulfide-bearing refractory gold ores which required either partial or essentially complete sulfide sul­fur conversion for high gold solubilities in cyanide. Ores rich in organic preg-robbing matter also were treated successfully, as were ores which contain significant quantities of acid-consum­ing constituents. Base metals also were recovered with nitric acid oxidation from some of the ores which contain these ele­ments. The work related oxidation and solution diffusion behav­iors and the important physical, textural, and mineralogical characteristics of the different ore types. Conceptual-level feasi­bility studies have defined the principal capital and operating cost components of the nitric acid method, sufficient to allow reliable comparisons with other oxidative technologies.

Jan 1, 1996

By A. C. Lyons

Foreword Sir William Halcrow and Partners are responsible for the design of the Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel as Sub-contractor to the Contractor, Osmac, a joint venture formed by the Arab Contractors, Osman Ahmed Osman and Company of Cairo, and Tarmac International of London. Throughout the paper the term "Client" refers to the Employer, the Ministry of Housing and Reconstruction, which latterly became the Ministry of Development and New Communities of the Arab Republic of Egypt. At the time of writing of this paper only a few hundred metres of the tunnel have been driven, but the design is substantially complete. Introduction The Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel, which is at present under construction, will be a two-lane tunnel crossing beneath the Suez Canal approximately 15 km north of the town of Suez at El Shallufa. It will become the first permanent connection across the Canal since 1967 and is visualised by the Egyptian Government as an early step in the development of the Sinai Desert along the eastern bank. The tunnel will carry pipelines for treated water and electric power cables to assist in this development. The tunnel, which will be 1640 m in length, is being driven through hard clay and mudstone using a tunnel shield fitted with hydraulic excavators. The primary lining is being constructed with precast, bolted reinforced concrete segments with an internal diameter of 10.4 m. The road deck structure and the walls of the air supply ducts beneath it are formed with precast, reinforced concrete units erected immediately behind the shield.

Jan 1, 1979

By Jerry Motz, Gary Beerkircher

Through a joint development program between Bougainville Copper Ltd. and Nordberg, the MP1000 cone crusher was developed and tested during the period between 1982 and 1987. Following the successful prototype work, Bougainville Copper purchased an additional three units. A second prototype was installed at Codelco's El Teniente three-stage crushing installation in 1987. This unit has also completed its test period successfully. Three additional units have been sold, making a total of eight, to date. Two will be installed as secondary crushers in two separate large aggregate plants. The first unit installed in the United States was placed in operation at Vulcan Materials Company's plant in Manassas, Virginia in early May 1990. Another unit is being installed in Asarco's Ray Mines expansion. The Asarco installation will be a SAG MILL pebble crusher producing approximately 600 STPH of nominal 1/2" product. Application Objective The objective was to design a crusher that would fit on an existing 7' foundation with minimum modification and yet be capable of twice the production of a 7' cone crusher. In meeting this objective, the power rating was increased to 1000 HP, the maximum design crushing force was increased and the crusher was designed to operate at higher speeds than an equivalent size Symons cone crusher. The MP1000 was also designed to operate with a head throw that can be greater than the equivalent Symons design. Design The crusher design criteria involved the recognition of the crushing force increase required for the finer crushed products than

Jan 1, 1992

By T. BoBo

"In the 1990’s metal prices were trending in a long term decline and the usual cost cutting exercises were adopted. Cuts to research and development made innovation difficult and the outlook was grim. But necessity is a strong motivator, and these conditions spurred the Mine-to-Mill movement which optimised across organisational “silos” and utilising new technology tools, innovative software and increased computing power. Many applications of Mine-to-Mill exploited the fact that comminution is usually the site processing bottleneck, and that blasting is more efficient at breaking rock than grinding. This approach sought to: • Understand and characterise rock breakage from mining to the mill • Develop models and simulators for blast design, fragmentation, crusher and mill circuits • Develop tools to measure in real time the particle size distribution of rocks on conveyors and Run of Mine (ROM) muckpiles • Ensure effective communication across the silos between geologists, blast design engineers, mining engineers and metallurgists These methods and the technology tools available in the 1990s were widely adopted at numerous sites around the world with significant benefits. SAG mill throughput increases of 10-20% were common. This was the advance the industry desperately needed. It was low capital cost; it was obvious. It was here to stay. Except, in too many cases, it didn’t. In the minerals price boom of the 2000’s Mine-to-Mill was no longer necessary to “survive”, even though it was still good business. Some operations, including some of the early success stories, slipped back to old habits of optimising within organisation silos instead of across them. Fortunately, other operators still embraced Mine-to-Mill and developed new techniques. Mine to Mill was still successful, but it not as widely adopted as we had expected it to be.Now the boom has ended and operations are again under cost pressure. Since these are the same circumstances that created Mine-to-Mill, it seems time to achieve the wider adoption. Since the 1990s many new or advanced technology tools are available for Mine-to-Mill projects: blast-hole sensors, new explosives formulations, new blasting techniques and modelling, ore tracking devices, improved image analysis to determine size, texture and colour of coarse ore, grade sensors, whole-stream simulation tools, even more powerful computing hardware and data analysis software. If we could achieve so much in the 1990’s, how much more can we achieve today when we have the same imperative, the same potential and a larger number of high technology tools?"

Jan 1, 2017

By J. W. Leonard

By using physical and chemical method to increase the bulk density of newly mined coal, the productivity of a mine can be significantly increased. Greater amounts of coal can be placed in fixed volume shuttle car by increasing bulk density. This can increase mine productivity by about 15%. Small, easy to achieve changes in mining operations are required to obtain the increased productivity. This article deals with chemical methods used to increase coal bulk density, the results and discussion are based on experiments performed in the laboratory.

Jan 1, 1992

By Jerome A. Westphal

The Middle Mississippi River extends from the mouth of the Ohio River to the mouth of the Missouri River, a distance of about 310 kilometers (km) measured along the river. From its founding in 1764 to the first steamboat arrival in 1817, the City of St. Louis was little more than a trading post. However, with the advent of the shallow-draft steamboat, the Middle Mississippi River rapidly became a major thoroughfare of commerce. In this regard, its importance has been reflected by the development of port facilities at St. Louis and by Federal activity relating to channel maintenance and improvement. First Federal work on the Middle Mississippi River was autho¬rized by Congress in 1824. This work was for snag removal and bank clearing and was directed at reducing the hazards to steamboat traffic, particularly during low-flow periods. During the 1820's and early 1830's, the main channel threatened to move toward the Illinois shore and abandon the St. Louis port facilities. In 1836 and 1837, Congress authorized construction of permanent improvements to keep-the river next to St. Louis (Missouri shore). By 1880, it was recognized that bank clearing activities had resulted in a wider and shallower river which exacerbated navigation

Jan 1, 1977

By T. Good

Twin roll sizers are neither compactly designed machines nor are they configured to accommodate underground mobility; in fact, twin roll sizers leave room for improvement in many aspects of the design. The DRC1200 capitalizes on the weaknesses of these machines to make a more productive, easily maintained, and compact twin roll sizer than current market offerings. These strides were made through the inception of the Hard Rock Extraction System (HRXS), which requires a mobile sizer as part of the system. After use of a third party sizer on the HRXS, potential improvements were evident. These improvements include improved structural design to reduce overall footprint and an optimized design to reduce operating cost.

Feb 23, 2014

By J. Kang

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has became an attractive alternative technology to be a new process to recover metal, of which can be substitute the existing Leaching/Solvent extraction processes. Solvent extraction of metallic ions is a technically important and also well-established process that is used in the chemical and hydrometallurgical industries.1 Solvent extraction techniques use the chelation of metallic ions dissolved in liquid solution with organic ligands. Conventional solvent-extraction technique needs large amount of organic solvents and often creates environmental problems.2 More environment-friendly technology is needed nowadays, and there have been increasing attentions to extract metal ions by SFE. CO2 becomes one of the most notable alternative organic solvents due to its nonflammable, nontoxic, nonpolluting, and relatively inexpensive properties with its moderate critical point (73.8 bar, 31.06 °C). Many works have been reported in metal extraction under the supercritical CO2 (scCO2) solvent.3-5 In this study, to recover cobalt from wastes especially from spent lithium ion battery scrap, we selected two ligands ? Cyanex 272 and DEA (diethylamine) for the metal extraction in scCO2. Cyanex 272 is a commercially available extractant along with its series, Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302. Smart and coauthors measured the metal extracting abilities of these three extractants, and found that Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 extracted metal ions much better than Cyanex 272 in the scCO2 solvent.10 The pH of water contacted with high pressure CO2 (70-200 bar, 25-70 oC) is about 2.8-2.95 based on the calculation and the measurement.6-7 Cyanex 272 is known to be less effective as a metal extractant in this low pH environment compared with other Cyanex series. However, when DEA is added to metal extraction reaction with Cyanex-272, DEA works as a strong base to Cyanex 272 converting Cyanex 272 to a deprotonated form (Figure 1), which results in an easy formation of metal complex and the enhanced extraction rate of metal ion.8 Therefore, the purpose of this paper is the metal extraction from spent lithium ion battery waste using scCO2 with Cyanex 272 and DEA.

Jan 1, 2010

By L. S. McNickle

[Commonly accepted maintenance methods are being outdated by the rapid acceptance and use of more complicated hydraulic circuitry on modern mining equipment. It is no longer adequate to use the maintenance program to merely repair or sustain equipment operation. Ever increasing operating costs place a huge premium on lost production time. It has, therefore, placed the maintenance programs in the position of being required to alleviate equipment malfunctions on production shifts and still attain the maximum unit life from each component part.]

Jan 1, 1961

By F. Dakubo

"Solvent extraction of copper pregnant solution (PLS) obtained from ammonium peroxodisulfate assisted leach was modeled using response surface methodology. Mixing speed, pH, reagent concentration and organic to aqueous (O/A) ratio were selected for testing. A pitched blade mixer was used in the experiment. Mixer speed contributed significantly to copper extraction significant, while pH had minimal effect on copper extraction. The response model developed has an R2 = 0.97 and Adeq precision of 28.3. A parallel kinetic comparing study using a straight blade Rushton turbine in a turbulent regime of mixing showed no difference (p-value =0.308) between peroxodisulfate assisted leach PLS and conventional ferric/sulfuric acid leach PLS- the power draw data support this conclusion. INTRODUCTION High arsenic chalcopyrite concentrates are a problem to the smelters all over the world due to high arsenic gas emissions during smelting. Therefore leaching is often the alternative for extracting the copper in these concentrates if dilution with low arsenic concentrate is not possible. High-pressure autoclave leaching is used. Alternatively, the use of stronger oxidants such as peroxodisulfate has been proposed [16, 18]. There is a concern brought up by the hydrometallurgy community about the faith of the organic extracting reagent coming into contact with stronger oxidant residue in the pregnant leach solution (PLS) and hence the efficiency of such extraction process. This work, therefore, looks to answer such concerns. PLS generated from leaching of chalcopyrite concentrate with the peroxodisulfate ion was used in this solvent extraction experiment. As a liquid-liquid extraction, solvent extraction involves contacting the aqueous PLS with organic extractant via mixing. Mixing is known to increase the interfacial area for mass transfer by decreasing the diffusion path length (Jussi et al.1997). EXPERIMENT Instruments and Reagents Reagent grade Acorga 5910 reagent was used in the experiment was supplied by Cytec (Current name Solvay), Ammonium peroxodisulfate and sulfuric acid were reagent grade obtained from Amazon. Apparatus The solvent extraction tests were carried in a 2000 ml plastic cylindrical reactor equipped with four 0.5” baffles. In the hypothesis test, the reactor was a 4000 ml cylindrical reactor with four 1” thick baffles arranged evening in the reactor. Comparison between peroxodisulfate and ferric leach PLS via hypothesis test"

Jan 1, 2018

By Aditya Rana, A. K. Mishra, M. M. Singh, N. K. Bhagat

Many cases of derailments, train accidents and traffic interruptions due to the slope failure and rockfall have been reported in the past on Konkan Railway trackline because of unstable rock slopes. The authorities installed stability enhancement measures such as wire netting, rock bolting and shotcreting which were found insufficient. The failed geotechnical measures prompted authorities to excavate the unstable slopes. Rock blasting is generally not preferred for the excavation of slopes along the transportation route. Stabilisation and widening of slopes by blasting need closure of the route for a considerable time. Discontinuing traffic on Konkan Railway route was undesirable as it connects two important port cities Mumbai and Mangalore. The paper presents an innovative directional controlled blasting (DCB) technique for excavating three unstable slopes (i.e. cuttings) in hilly terrain without disturbing the traffic. New empirical formulae for small geometry blasting to estimate burden and throw have been developed. A unique sequence of firing and excavation with powder factor varying between 0.04 and 0.39 kg/m3 irrespective of the actual free face was used for rock blasting. The process controlled the throw of blasted material over the track and resulted in a smooth and stable wall. The slope angle has been changed from 80 to 82° to 45–47° and probability of wedge, planar and toppling failures was eliminated. About 100 such accident-prone slopes (52 km cumulative length, 7% of total route) situated at discrete locations along Konkan Railway route were stabilised using the technique. No incident of rockfall and slope failures along these slopes has been observed after the stabilisation.

By M. Rotz

In the minerals industry today, the ?low hanging fruit? that once existed to debottleneck production and improve recovery, while meeting market needs for quality in mineral processing operations, are more and more difficult to find. Systematic methods for establishing plant mass flow, recovery, operational efficiency and control strategy in context with customer specifications provides the necessary insight and confidence for plant operators to prioritize improvement projects in order to maximize return on investment (ROI) for the site. The evaluation of aggregate and industrial mineral processing plants requires the following steps when projecting cost saving opportunities: collecting background data, conducting a base-line evaluation, analyzing specific unit-operation performance, defining investment options, prioritizing the selected improvement opportunities and the implementing process changes. The following paper describes the approach and challenges of developing an improvement plan for a dry and wet mineral processing operation.

Feb 23, 2014

By Tony Dunn

FMC Corp. achieved a significant cost reduction at its Green River, WY soda ash operations using a new proprietary solution-mining and processing technology. In phase one of the program, trona ore is dissolved, recovered and processed with the new technology. It is then fed into an existing refining plant, replacing dry mined and calcined trona ore. Phase two produces a final high-purity product. It also increases capacity by 635 kt/a (700,000 stpy). Both phases were completed under budget and ahead of schedule. This $120-million expansion project uses a new process and a new team to derive soda ash in a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner. The team successfully introduced solution-mining technology - with a liquid solution injected into previously mined sections of the mine. This shift in techniques signified a new era for soda ash production. The project is an example of teamwork at its best. For it to be successful, FMC had to work within several different areas inside and outside of the company. Engineers, contractors, mechanical operators and technical people were needed who could blend in with FMC's existing in-house team.

Jan 1, 1999

By R. Jacobson

This paper presents comparison of proposed future solution and in-situ mining methods for in-situ leaching and recovery of uranium, gold, silver, and copper. We propose to show that in the future new extraction methods for each metal will eventually evolve for each hydrometallurgical process step, i.e. in-situ leaching, recovery, and concentration; precipitation and reduction; and drying, when required--without generating waste or bleed streams. In the future, to be highly profitable, these forms of mining will develop into an integrated system to eliminate waste streams using safe, powerful lixiviants. This integration will include, with some exceptions, improvements in the following areas of process development: 1. Lixiviant selection and in-situ leaching technique, 2. Target metal recovery and concentration (at a surface hydrometallurgical facility) from the circulating pregnant lixiviant stream, 3. Target metal precipitation or reduction, where decant water from the precipitate dewatering step is reusable for resin or solvent strip liquor (eluant), 4. Final preparation of target metal for sales, i.e. drying, purification, casting, packaging, 5. Restoration where most of the groundwater restoration process is performed at the same rate as multi-wellfield mining.

Jan 1, 1987

The Longwall Strata Control and Maintenance System (LoSCoMS) is designed to monitor shield pressures in real-time from longwall faces and to provide on-line information related to underground strata behavior and longwall mining operation. The information includes shield pressure data with statistical analysis of setting, developing and final pressures, prediction of shield pressures for the following shift or day, etc. and maintenance data on the shields. The LoSCoMS has been installed and tested at Shoal Creek Mine operated by Drummond Company, Inc. The system is providing valuable information to mine operators for better understanding of underground behaviors. As a result, it has become an effective tool for minimizing ground control hazards and reducing out of seam material.

Jan 1, 1997

By T. B. Linde

The Morenci In-pit Crusher and Conveyor System has been designed with safe production and cost savings in mind. Large open pit mines around the world have been installing semi-mobile crushers and linking them with a pit conveyor system to lower unit cost. At Morenci two 60/89 in. gyratory crushers are incorporated into the semi-mobile crushing plants. The ore is reduced to -8 in. and transported out of the mine on a 60 in. steel cable belt. This paper includes an overview of the Morenci In-pit Crusher and Conveyor System from the drawing board to open pit installation and finally a discussion on operating and repair considerations.

Jan 1, 1990

By D. W. Park

Artificial intelligence has emerged over the past two decades as an important problem-solving tool including techniques such as expert systems, neural networks, tree classification, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, etc. These methods can be employed to solve rock mechanics and ground control problems associated with the highly complex nature of rock masses and ground conditions. A current study at the University of Alabama focuses on development of an artificial intelligence system for real-time interpretation of the data collected from longwall monitoring stations, and development of an early warning system for prediction of undesired conditions and prevention of longwall-mine instability problems. This paper describes a ground control management system using UALSAS (The University of Alabama Longwall Stability Analysis System), which is being developed to facilitate maintenance, on-line analysis, prediction, and includes an early warning system. A detailed framework of computer algorithms and their applications are also discussed. The successful application of these artificial intelligence techniques will contribute to a safer and healthier mining environment.

Jan 1, 1995

By JA Vallejos

High stress underground mining poses a significant challenge to rock mechanics and rock engineering. To overcome theses challenges significative improvements in solutions and best practices of the design and operation of mines under high stress have been developed and implemented. This paper presents certain topics related to the management of high stress for sustainable underground mining. The topics include; the effect of preconditioning techniques (destress blasting and hydraulic fracturing) in the seismic rock mass response to underground mining and the dynamic behaviour of rock support systems. The opportunities associated with research in rock mechanics and practical rock engineering are discussed.

Apr 26, 2022