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By P. A. Mingione

AEROPHINE® 3418A is a unique sulfide mineral promoter produced by Cyanamid, based on phosphine (PH3) chemistry. It has proven effective as a collector for the sulfide minerals of copper and particularly lead (galena), as well as for secondary gold and silver values. AEROPHINE 3418A has widest application as a Cu and/or Pb collector for complex ores of Cu-Zn and Pb-Zn, which frequently have significant quantities of associated precious metal values. Advantages shown in the use of AEROPHINE 3418A are improved selectivities against Zn-and Fe-sulfides, increased precious metals recoveries, reduced total collector consumptions for Cu and/or Pb flotation, and increased flotation kinetics leading to higher recoveries of these values. Operating plant, pilot plant and laboratory test data from treat-ing different ores are presented, demonstrating the advantages in use and preferred application of AEROPHINE 3418A.

Jan 1, 1991

By William F. Stowasser

The organization and operations of the information gathering system, and examples of the products prepared for the commodity phosphate rock by the Division of Nonmetallic Minerals, U.S. Bureau of Mines, are used to describe the Bureau's commodity program. Selected examples from publications about phosphate rock are used to illustrate the program. The Commodity Divisions reporting to the Office of the Assistant Director-¬Metals, Minerals and Materials, have the responsibility in the Bureau of Mines to maintain commodity records, understand the present supply and demand status of the commodity, and forecast future supply, demand, and problems. Within the Divisions, commodity specialists have the broad charter of acquiring as much information about a commodity as is necessary to characterize its history, current status, and future. This information and understanding are the base for the development of mineral policies. To accomplish these objectives, the commodity specialists acquire data and information about each commodity and produce a number of standard publications each year. In addition, as circumstances dictate, each specialist will prepare or participate in the preparation of special documents for specific purposes or problems associated with his commodity. In the preparation of reports and publi¬cations, he may communicate with industrial organizations and other Government agencies.

Jan 1, 1975

By K. V. Raj, M. McNinch, A. L. Miller, J. Wilson, D. A. Parks

Diesel particulate matter (DPM) has been shown to contribute to various adverse health effects on underground miners. In order to reduce worker exposures, it is critical to measure the levels of DPM in the active work settings and in real time. However, the 5040 method, developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), which quantifies the mass of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) in the samples, is based on full-shift samples, and can take days or even weeks for results. Use of real-time monitors could significantly reduce the risk of DPM exposure to miners, and available monitors have been shown to quantify DPM, mainly using the EC and other surrogates. The NIOSH Spokane Mining Research Division is conducting research aimed at developing a field-portable DPM monitor that is able to quantify both EC and OC. One part of this work is to understand the effect of OC on currently available real-time DPM monitors. This paper will present the results from experiments that were designed to observe the effect of OC on real time monitors and compare the results with the NIOSH 5040 method. BACKGROUND Diesel engines remain ubiquitous in mining environments and, as such, are one of the primary sources of ultrafine- and nano-aerosols in the mining environment in the form of diesel particulate matter (DPM). As a result of their small size, DPM has longer residence times in a mine atmosphere than the typically larger mechanically generated dust [1]. In addition, the small size enables DPM to penetrate deeply into the respiratory system [1], and exposure to DPM has been shown to contribute to various adverse health outcomes of the pulmonary system [2] and cardiovascular system [3]. Diesel exhaust has been classified as a carcinogen to humans (Group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [4]. Due to mounting concern about adverse health outcomes, extensive efforts are being made to reduce workers’ exposure to DPM, with the high exposures that often occur in underground mines being of particular concern [5]. New technologies are being developed to reduce engine emissions and thereby airborne DPM levels, including advanced engine technologies, a host of aftertreatment systems [6], and a variety of alternative fuels. The latter have been shown to markedly decrease respirable DPM and other hazardous components of diesel emissions from mining vehicles [7], yet high exposures persist, especially in underground mines [8]. In order to reduce worker exposures, it is critical to measure the levels of DPM in active work settings. In mine settings, exposures to DPM are measured by collecting air samples on filters (usually full-shift samples) and sending them to a lab for analysis using the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) P13 method, a variant of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 5040 method. The 5040 method is designed to quantify the mass of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) on the samples [9], which is then used to determine the concentration in the sampled air. MSHA has set a limit for exposure, which is based on the concentration of total carbon (TC), or the sum of both EC and OC. The allowable TC in the air (time-weighted average over the shift) is 160 μg/m3 of TC [10].

Jan 1, 2019

By J. L. Ellenberger, G. S. Esterhuizen, T. Miller, M. M. Murphy

A limestone mine in Ohio has had roof instability problems that have led to massive roof falls extending to the surface. This paper describes a collaborative study of these events undertaken by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the mine owners. The study focuses on the roles that weak, moisture-sensitive floor and weak bands in pillars play in a general instability that led to roof falls at this mine. The NIOSH Stone Mine Pillar Design software (S-Pillar) does not include analysis for weak floor or weak bands and recommends that when such issues arise they should be investigated further using a more advanced analysis. It is important to recognize that without the impact of the floor or weak bands, the calculated inherent stability factor for these pillars is within the recommended design range. Therefore, to further investigate the observed instability occurring on a large scale at the Ohio mine, FLAC3D numerical models were employed to help determine the failure mechanism. Roof-to-floor convergence monitors were also installed in the areas predicted to have further instability. This case study will provide important information to limestone mine operators regarding the impact of weak floor causing the potential for roof collapse, pillar failure, and subsequent subsidence of the ground surface. This recent case demonstrates that weak floor can be a significant factor in pillar stability and should be assessed during the design stage of the mine.

Jan 1, 2015

By Yanli Huang, Qiang Sun, Jixiong Zhang, Yuzhuo Jiang, Dan Ma

Mining accidents due to inrushing water are caused by sudden changes in seepage owing to structural damage to key strata of the aquiclude. The backfill mining method can be used to control the movement of the strata, weaken the evolution of fractures owing to damage by key aquiclude strata (KAS), and control the channel for inrushing water. This study develops a mechanical model of a composite beam on a non-uniform elastic foundation of the KAS by analyzing the coupling relationship between the filling body and the key water-resisting layer of the aquiclude. Equations of the deflection-induced deformation, bending moment, and maximum tensile stress of the KAS are analyzed, formulae to calculate the allowable tensile stress and backfill materials’ compaction ratio (BMCR) to ensure structural stability are derived, and are used to provide the critical BMCR for their structural instability. The results of field measurements show that the subsidence of the roof was 600–700 mm with an average BMCR of 80.63%. Damage to the overlying strata was controlled to ensure safe mining and the disposal of solid waste from the aquifer. The research here is useful for ensuring safety during mining while protecting water resources.

Jul 12, 2022

Rendering a solid hydrophobic and solid-fluid particle* attachment in flotation are recognized as not necessarily related (1,2). The attachment is governed by forces of attraction and repulsion which need to be considered. The induction time required for attachment after solid and fluid particle are brought into proximity (3-8) illustrates the point. Laskowski(8) showed that a reduced induction time favoured flotation but detected no change in contact angle, a standard indication of solid surface hydrophobicity. Induction .time is observed in fluid-fluid particle coalescence, there being called a rest time (9-11) The induction time phenomenon is related to the presence of a metastable liquid film (disjoining film (2)) of the continuous phase (water in flotation) which must thin and rupture to permit attachment. The lifetime of this film, which is governed by the rate of thinning and the probability of rupture with thicknesss, depends on a complex interaction of forces. Investigating these forces should help clarify the attachment process. Practical benefits would be improved understanding of slimes flotation (12,13) This paper is concerned with the role of the mobile fluid particle-water interface on the film lifetime, in particular, the role of time-dependent or dynamic interfacial properties resulting from deformation of this interface.

Jan 1, 1975

By Xiaobo Zhang, Panshi Xie, Xiaobo Wu, Ding Lang, Jiandong Yu, Yongping Wu, Kun Feng

In a fully mechanized top coal caving mining process, the mechanical properties of the top coal deteriorate constantly, and the stability of the support is determined by the boundary position of the top coal entering the limit equilibrium state. Top coal flaking occurs more easily along the advancing direction owing to an increase in the distance of the boundary from the wall. Moreover, the strength of the coal seam is an important factor that determines the boundary position. The equation of the top coal limit equilibrium zone boundary, used in fully mechanized top coal caving mining, was determined based on the limit equilibrium theory, continuum damage mechanics, and the Hoek–Brown rock empirical strength criterion. Using the RFPA3D and UDEC numerical analysis methods, the effect of top coal strength on the mechanical behavior during the mining process was determined; and the space–time relationship between the top coal deformation failure, damage evolution, and boundary of the limit equilibrium zone was established. The results revealed that when the coal mass entered the limit equilibrium zone, accelerated crack development, accelerated damage, and axial unloading occurred. Moreover, an increase in the coal seam strength caused the boundary of the top coal limit equilibrium zone to be closer to the wall. By comparing the numerical results with the theoretical results, the overall trend was found to be consistent, allowing the verification of the rationality and reliability of the determination equation of the boundary position of the limit equilibrium zone.

Sep 21, 2021

By SANDEEP KUMAR JENA

This paper reviews the recovery of potassium from different rocks and mineral sources. Global demand for potassium is rising steadily due to the growth of agricultural production. Fertilizer manufacture consumes the majority of the world’s potassium production, with other uses including those in the pharmaceutical, glass, ceramic, food and detergent industries. The availability of soluble potash (K2O) minerals, such as sylvite, kainite and carnalite, in countries like Canada, the United States, Israel and Russia makes them major potash producers, whereas agriculture-based countries like Liberia, Somalia, Central African Republic, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and India meet their potassium requirements through imports only. In these countries, the huge availability of potassium-bearing rocks/minerals like nepheline syenite, feldspar, mica and glauconitic sandstone, containing around 4 to 17 percent K2O, brings up the prospect of commercial production of potassium. Potassium recovery from minerals/rocks is complicated due to the uniform distribution of potassium throughout the crystal structure. Different physico-chemical separation methods like bioleaching, chemical leaching, flotation and roast-leaching have been discussed for the successful recovery of potash values from these rocks/minerals. Although seawater is vastly available, the recovery of potassium from seawater using chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, membrane separation and ion-exchange methods is not cost-effective due to low concentration of potassium.

By Ranajit Kumar Sahoo, Shatrughan Soren, Surendra Kumar Biswal, Soumya Sahoo, Sachida Nanda Sahu

The presence of appreciable quantity of clay mineral in Indian hematite ore needs an attrition technique using screw scrubber in the beneficiation circuit to remove the ultrafine clays and avoid downstream operational problems. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that iron ore samples obtained from the Barbil region of Odisha contain a high amount of silica and alumina in the form of clay minerals (e.g., kaolinite) contributed as a loss on ignition (LOI) in the iron-making process. Iron ore fines of below 10 mm size were subjected to a laboratory-scale screw scrubber, and the effectiveness of scrubbing as well as the pelletization of the scrubbed product was investigated. The screw scrubber in the beneficiation circuit helps to remove the clay minerals, causes an increase in iron values from 63.65% Fe(T) to 66.18%Fe(T), with improved physical (CCS of 325 kg/pellet) and metallurgical (RDI of 2.24%) pellet properties.

Aug 31, 2020

The 28th annual American Mining Hall of Fame Awards Banquet and fundraiser sponsored by the Mining Foundation of the Southwest will be held at the Marriott University Park Hotel, Tucson, AZ on Saturday, Dec. 4, 2010. The Mining Foundation of the Southwest is a nonprofit organization whose objectives are public education about the mineral industries, and recognition of outstanding accomplishments in and contributions to the fields of mineral and fuel resources. Funds are being raised to the support the foundation?s educational programs. Among these is the Educational Outreach Program operated jointly by the foundation and the Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources.

Jan 1, 2010

By Tsunenori Shibata, Kazunori Jimbo, Kaoru Toya, Masafumi Matsumoto, Jinya Mitsui, Toshinori Tsuji

"The Toyama Line is under construction as a natural gas pipeline with a length of 102 km from Itoigawa City to Toyama City. A 2 km-long tunnel section of the pipeline that we are reporting here is being excavated in a mountain area away from an urban area. The geology under which the tunnel is constructed is collapsible fractured breccia slate and Holocene sandy soil. Other tunnels of the Hokuriku Expressway and Hokuriku Shinkansen are in service above the tunnel route. From the starting shaft on Toyama side, conventional tunneling was adopted to facilitate excavating the base rock layer and maintain enough distance from the Hokuriku Expressway tunnel. From the starting shaft on the Itoigawa side, TBM tunneling was adopted to cope with the unconsolidated soft ground for a 200 m-long section from the shaft. We will discuss the issues and countermeasures concerning the selection of a tunnel route and excavation methods, performance of both conventional and TBM tunneling, and underground connecting of these tunnels excavated by conventional (NATM) and TBM methods under a high groundwater pressure up to 1.2 MPa. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The International Petroleum Exploration Teiseki Co., Ltd. (INPEX) is constructing a high-pressure main pipeline network in the Toyama Prefecture area to promote the use and reliable supply of natural gas as shown in Figure 1. As part of the Toyama line project that has a total length of 102 km, A-1 construction, the nearest section to the tunneling starting point in Itoigawa City, where various tunnel excavation methods have been adopted to install the high-pressure pipeline 20 inches in diameter, a 2 km tunnel in the A-1 construction section discussed here is to be excavated by conventional and TBM methods in a mountain area. Based on environmental studies such as traffic jams due to frequent traffic of heavy vehicles disposing of soil, and the effects of dust, noise and vibration during construction, we selected the route to install the gas pipeline in a mountain area as shown in Figure 2, where the impact on the surrounding environment could be minimized."

Jan 1, 2016

By W. Missildine, J. K. Hrica, I. Benbourenane, T. J. Orr, J. L. Bellanca

Each year, haul truck accidents account for a large portion of mining injuries and fatalities. To better understand why these accidents continue to occur, researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) utilized a cognitive task analysis methodology to identify the user requirements of surface haul truck operators and assess differences in perceptions between operators, managers, health and safety professionals, trainers, and maintenance personnel. Additionally, researchers used the critical decision method to focus on better understanding the cognitive demands, decision-making, and problem solving during nonroutine incidents. The preliminary results of this study identify and explore themes within the broad categories of hazards, skills & expertise, and training and provide detailed accounts of nonroutine incidents such as near-misses, loss of control, and collisions. These accounts reveal insights into operator decision making and event progressions that can then be used to build more realistic training scenarios and address hidden hazards and root causes of these incidents. These results, along with potential solutions offered by study participants, can inform future research and help identify creative interventions that can be used by mine operators to address haul truck safety issues

Mar 2, 2022

By Kim Appleby

Epithermal gold-silver (lead-zinc-copper-manganese) mineralization on Misima Island is confined to steep and reactivated flat-lying normal faults in the upper plate of a major, shallowly dipping detachment fault. The hangingwall comprises an Eocene metavolcano-sedimentary sequence that has been extensively intruded byMiocene calc-alkaline granodiorite. It is unconformably overlain by Pliocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks. High-pressure amphibolite facies rocks dominate the footwall and have many characteristics of a metamorphic core complex. Mafic-alkalic lamprophyre dike swarms intrude the hangingwall and footwall sequences. Previous workers attributed the gold-silver mineralization on Misima to the intrusion of the porphyritic granodiorite (Williamson, 1984). This has been proposed for many tertiary gold deposits of the southwest Pacific(Sillitoe, 1989; Leach and Corbett, 1994).

Jan 1, 1996

By Milos Krofta, Donald B. Aulenbach, James P. Van Dyke

INTRODUCTION An innovative Ø.1-MGD (378.5-m3/day) biological and phyicochemical wastewater treatment system at Hancock, Massachusetts, USA, has been treating the domestic sewage generated from the four-season Jiminy Peak timeshare resort since 1985. The influent raw sewage is collected and equalized in an equalization tank, then biologically treated by two rotating biological contactors (RBC). A portion of the RBC effluent is discharged to a secondary sedimentation tank to simulate conventional waste treatment by a conventional RBC system. For parallel treatment the remaining portion of the RBC effluent is discharged to an innovative Sandfloat (SASF-8) clarifier to simulate a two-stage biological and physicochemical treatment by RBC-Sandfloat. Both secondary sedimentation effluent and Saandfloat effluent are later combined together and discharged to a tertiary sand filter and two UV disinfection'units for final polishing. The operation and performance data of Jiminy Peak plant in the period of May 1985 to March 1988 was fully documented in the Lenox Institute technical report No. LIR/Ø3-88/292 (391 pages, March 1988). This report presents only background information and complete plant data in the period of April 1988 to January 1989. Dr. Lawrence K. Wang and Mr. James P. Van Dyke have been the Consulting Engineer and Director of Special Projects, respectively, for the Jiminy Peak Project since 1985. (Key Words) Innovative and Alternative Technology, Rotating Biological Contactor, Sandfloat, Dissolved Air Flotation, Sedimentation, Tertiary Filtration, Ultraviolet, Disinfection. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Jimmy Peak, Inc., Hancock, Massachusetts, has designed and constructed a secondary wastewater treatment system consisting of preliminary/primary treatment facilities, two rotating biological contactors, a dissolved air flotation clarifier, a secondary sedimentation clarifier, a sand filter and two ultraviolet (UV) disinfection units. Total average wastewater flow is approximately Ø.1 ) (378.5 cubic meters per day). In accordance with the Consulting Engineer's preliminary design, the total wastewater stream is initially collected and equalized by an equalization tank, and then biologically treated by rotating biological contactors (RBC). Part of the RBC effluent is diverted to a Krofta Sandfloat (SASF-8) for physicochemical clarification in order to simulate an innovative RBC-Sandfloat two-stage waste treatment system. The remaining part of the RBC effluent is diverted to a sedimentation tank for secondary clarification in order to siumulate a conventional secondary RBC-sedimentation waste treatment system for the purpose of parallel comparison. Both Sandfloat effluent and sedimentation effluent are later combined together and discharged to the subsequent sand filter and UV disinfection unit for final polishing. Figure 1 shows the flow diagram of Jiminy Peak Plant. The Massachusetts Clean Waters Act (M.G.L.c.2l,s.26-53) was amended by Chapter 246 of the Acts of 1973 to authorize the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering (DEQE), Division of water Pollution Control, Boston, Massachusetts, to regulate discharges into all waters of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, including groundwaters. The DEQE regulates discharges through the issuance of discharge permits which impose limitations on the amount of pollutants which may be discharged in the effluent, together with monitoring and reporting requirements and other conditions to insure adequate treatment of all liquid wastes prior to discharge. The DEQE reviewed the application submitted on behalf of Jiminy Peak, Inc. for a permit to discharge sanitary wastes from the Jiminy Peak secondary wastewater treatment system located off Brodie Mountain Road, Hancock, Massachusetts, and subsequently developed the conditions contained in the Groundwater Discharge Permit No. Ø-188. More specifically, Jiminy Peak, Inc. (i.e. the permittee) has been authorized to discharge into the ground from the Jimmy Peak secondary wastewater treatment facilities for which the Permit No. Ø-188 was issued, a treated effluent

Jan 1, 1989

By Joern Katzer

It is vitally important to any tunnel project to have an accurate and reliable survey control network inside the tunnel for layouts, as-built surveys, and to provide guidance to the tunnel boring machine (TBM). However, the concepts and methodology to provide such a survey network are sometimes not well understood. For example, the first anticipated survey task that takes place during the bidding process is often ignored, which is to provide a comprehensive survey network preanalysis for the surface network and tunnel traverse based on survey statistics that will be used to make informed decisions on the survey requirements and methodology. Instead, these steps are often only vaguely based on previous results and prior tunneling experience. But each tunnel is different, and a solution that worked for one tunnel project might be unsuitable for another. The purpose of this paper is to provide tunnel project engineers, managers and surveyors with the general concepts for tunnel survey methodologies and examines several statistical tools for a basic horizontal and vertical tunnel survey preanalysis. These survey statistics tools provide useful estimates of the expected lateral and vertical tunnel traverse accuracies, but are not a replacement for a comprehensive tunnel network preanalysis. The proposed formulas do not take centering errors into account, are using average distances for each traverse leg, and assume that the survey data is free of outliers in the measurements. It is very important that the estimated instrument accuracy is based on true values that are reflective of measurement precisions that are actually achievable inside the tunnel to provide accurate results.

Dec 1, 2022

By D. R. Taylor

The use of clay granules as carriers for pesticides dates from the early 1940's and by the present day represents a business conservatively estimated at between 200 -300 thousand tons / year in the U.S. alone. Aside from economic and specific target pest efficacy advantages, the use of clay granules as pesticide carriers also delivers a number of environmental benefits which will be reviewed. Topics to be discussed will include: I) drift control (versus liquid sprays), 2) mobility (in the environment), 3) worker safety, and 4) transportation (spill) safety.

Jan 1, 1999

By Jafar Safarian, Leiv Kolbeinsen, Stian Seim, Hossein Salehi

The present work aims to investigate the link between the oxidation and reduction of a weathered ilmenite concentrate in terms of phase transitions, microstructural changes, and element distribution. An ilmenite concentrate sample was pelletized and fired at 1000 °C in air, and as a result, the pellets were oxidized. The oxidized pellets were reduced by hydrogen gas at 1000 °C, which yielded almost complete metallization of the iron content of the pellets. The ore and the pellets were characterized in each step by XRD and SEM techniques, and distribution of elements and phases were investigated. Ilmenite, pseudorutile, and rutile were the main phases detected in the ilmenite concentrate sample, and depending on the weathering degree of the particles, different fractions of the phases were identified in their microstructure. It was found that irregular rutile grains dispersed in a pseudobrookite matrix is the morphology of the oxidized ilmenite phase. However, increasing microcracks and porosities were the only microstructural changes in the pseudorutile phase after oxidation in air. Studying the specific types of the ore particles and their oxidized and reduced forms indicated that the phase distribution in the ilmenite ore particles dictates the phase distribution in the oxidized and reduced ones. Results show that the morphology of the reduced particles includes a titanium (III) oxide matrix in which reduced iron globules are dispersed.

Feb 8, 2021

By Russell Frith

The entire subject area of micro-seismic events due to stored strain energy, as distinct from gas-driven coal outbursts, can be readily sub-divided into firstly events with their energy source from within the coal seam (termed “bursts”) and secondly, event with their energy source outside of the coal seam in either the overburden and/or floor strata. The reason for sub-dividing micro-seismic events in this manner is that if the causation mechanisms and associated geotechnical conditions are materially different, then effective pre-mining predictions and subsequent operational controls may also differ. Attempting to explain a multitude of micro-seismic event types without consideration of varying source mechanisms will inevitably lead to inadequate causal explanations and effective controls.

By Suprakash Gupta, Pawan Kumar Yadav, Deepak Kumar, Debasis Jana

Draglines are extensively used in Indian mines. A dragline has more than hundreds of components, and it is complex in design. This study involves the evaluation of the reliability of a draglines system using a Bayesian network (BN) model mapped from a fault tree. Based on the BN inference, the reliability estimation, the diagnosis, and the sensitivity analysis are performed. In this paper, the overall reliability of the dragline is estimated as well as the contribution of the subsystems or components in the overall reliability evaluation is presented. The results showed that the three subsystems of the dragline, namely, the dragging mechanism, electrical auxiliary subsystem, and swing mechanism, have the lowest reliability (82.17%, 87.98%, and 91.30%, respectively) after an hour of operation. The overall reliability at the first hour of machine operation is estimated to be 62.03%. The study may provide a reference for future work related to the dragline machine’s reliability design and maintenance.

Jan 14, 2023

By R. K. Sinha, B. S. Choudhary, Desh Deepak, A. K. Mishra, Hemant Agrawal, Shankar Kumar

There are several methods (empirical, statistical, and machine learning tools) to calculate blast-induced ground vibration. Still, due to complications in the blasting procedure, under varying blasting loads and strata conditions, it is not easy to predict and simulate blast vibration precisely. Therefore, a study was conducted to simulate the field blast data in Ansys software using explicit dynamics. For this study, monitoring of ground vibration for 20 single hole blasts was carried out. The density of emulsion explosives was in the range of 0.9 to 1.15 g/cc. In the laboratory, rock properties were determined from the rock sample collected from the mine site before blasting. The in-hole velocity of detonation (VoD) and the density of the emulsion explosive were also determined. These parameters were used for numerical analysis to know the ground vibrations at specified points. The results of ground vibration predicted by the model are validated using field data.