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By K. L. Ford, D. R. Lentz, J. H. Rickard, R. P. Taylor

Abstract - Coupled gamma-ray spectrometric and lithogeochemical studies throughout the Heath Steele Mines area, Bathurst Camp, New Brunswick, indicate that primary and secondary geochemical differences exist between the stratigraphic footwall and hangingwall crystal tuff units which host the massive sulfide deposits. Of particular interest is Th, and to a lesser extent, Zr and Y, which are more concentrated in the hangingwall than the footwall crystal tuffs, whereas the opposite is true for TiO2. This expands on earlier lithogeochemical-chemostratigraphic results concentrated in the eastern part of the Heath Steele belt that led to revision of the local stratigraphy, and necessitated a structural re-interpretation of the area with implications for exploration. Although K depletion (decreased K and K/Th) is typical of chloritized footwall zones of chloritization, these features were not fully apparent here due to the recessive nature of these altered zones. In situ radiometric analysis using a portable gamma-ray spectrometer is a rapid, inexpensive analytical technique for chemostratigraphic characterization of rock units within volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit settings, provided there is a contrast in the distribution of natural radioelements, particularly Th and K.

Jan 1, 1998

By Shila Jafari, Mari Lundström, Aleksei Kritskii, Pia Sinisalo

A typical process adopted at nickel plant is the processing of nickel-copper mattes and converter mattes using the following technology: pressure oxidative leaching (POX), solvent extraction (SX), electrowinning (EW), cobalt recovery, and solutions purification. As a result of multi-stage atmospheric and autoclave process leaching, copper-nickel separation is achieved. Cobalt and nickel are further separated by SX. Copper in the process can be removed as copper cake (Cu-cake), which is a by-product with high content of valuable metals. In the current paper, a method combining atmospheric and pressure leaching of Cu-cake in sulfuric-acid media is discussed. Suggested method allows to obtain high copper extraction (>98%), with leach residue containing precious metals and PGMs. Sulfuric acid media was chosen to make the suggested technology adaptable for the primary POX-SX-EW circuit. The initial Cu-cake was analysed and a range of process parameters (t = 25–190°C; PO2 = 0–7 bar) investigated to achieve the optimal conditions for leaching process at the ambient as well as at increased pressure. As a result, an initial process block diagram for the treatment of Cu-cake with high copper leaching efficiency and low metal losses is provided. INTRODUCTION The conventional technology for nickel sulphide ore processing includes the following main stages: froth flotation, matte smelting and converting. The subsequent processing of nickel converter matte is possible using fundamentally different approaches - hydrometallurgical (Llanos, Queneau & Rickard, 1974; Rademan, Lorenzen & Van Deventer, 1999; Kshumaneva, Kasikov, Neradovskii & Belyaevskii, 2009; Dutrizac & Chen, 2013) and pyrometallurgical (Tsymbulov, Knyazev, Tsemekman & Golov, 2007). Hydrometallurgical approach in comparison with pyro-process has several advantages, such as reduced environmental load, reduced PGM losses, increased copper and nickel extraction. Typically, hydrometallurgical technologies include leaching, solvent extraction as well as nickel and cobalt recovery in metallic form by electrowinning or hydrogen reduction or as valuable metal salts via crystallization process (Crundwell, Moats, Ramachandran, Robinson & Davenport, 2011).

Jan 1, 2019

By Richard J. Haslinger, C. Mark Rebagliati, James L. Oliver

Abstract - Exploration at the Specogna gold deposit has identified a geological resource of 65.0 Mt grading 1.63 g/t Au, which equates to 3 million ounces of contained gold. This resource is hosted in a low-sulfidation epithermal deposit of Miocene age that is localized along the northwesterlytrending Sandspit fault. The fault has juxtaposed Late Cretaceous mudstone of the Haida Formation to the west, with Late Tertiary coarse clastic sediments and lesser andesitic volcanic rocks of the Skonun Formation to the east. A plagioclase porphyritic dacite dike intrudes the Haida mudstone and Skonun sediments along the fault. Gold mineralization, in hydrothermal breccias, veins and stockworks developed mainly in Skonun sediments and dacite. These are formed in an 800 m long zone that roughly parallels the Sandspit fault. The gold zone is funnel-shaped in cross-section, approximately 300 m wide at surface, 220 m above sea level, and narrows to approximately 50 m, at sea level. The deposit lies within an elongate zone of moderate to intense hydrothermal alteration that, at surface, extends over a known area of approximately 2 km2. Its western extent is bounded by the Sandspit fault. There is an asymmetric alteration zonation, with a core of silicic-potassic (adularia) and smectite-illite clay alteration that is bounded to the east by argillic alteration. Similar zoning defined by the distribution of metals reflects the position of the main feeder conduit. Mineralization of altered wallrock is dominated by 1% to 4% auriferous pyrite and marcasite. Gold and silver occur as electrum; individual silver minerals have not been identified. Other sulfides are rare, and are identified only microscopically. The mineral suite is typical of low-sulfidation epithermal systems. Gold occurs in early, multi-phase, variably bladed and banded quartz veins and breccias, which are cut by barren, single phase, drusy quartz veins.

Jan 1, 1998

By A. Roy, T. LeBel, P. Coursol, P. Lind

At the early stage of a mining project, small amounts of concentrates are available for testwork. For gold concentrate or ores containing significant arsenic levels, batch bench scale roasting is often unreliable, leading to highly variable gold recoveries to be used in the project’s financial justifications. With an appropriate bench scale unit using continuous feeding and residence time control for solid and gas phases, reliable numbers can be obtained at small scale with only a few hundred grams per test condition. This paper describes the development of a pilot fluid bed roasting unit by Kingston Process Metallurgy Inc. (KPM) to perform representative trials on gold concentrates containing arsenopyrite, arsenian pyrite and carbonaceous components. Calcines produced under different conditions were characterised by chemical analysis and electron microprobe; the calcine microstructure obtained is described. The most important parameter affecting gold recovery is oxygen content in the roasting atmosphere, with the lowest controlled oxygen level giving the highest gold recoveries. Higher local temperatures in the bed may cause the formation of molten glassy phases which can also reduce the gold recoveries significantly. The impact of roasting conditions in the two inch fluid bed is compared with commercial results obtained in full scale operation.

Jan 1, 2014

By Moatassem Abdallah

Buildings in the United States account for 72% of electricity consumption, 40% of energy consumption, 13% of water consumption, 39% of carbon footprint, and 30% of waste output. In order to minimize these negative environmental impacts, many public and private owners are requesting that their buildings be more sustainable and certified under the widely known programs such as leadership in energy and environmental design for existing buildings (LEED-EB). To accomplish this, buildings are increasingly integrating green building measures including energy efficient lighting, motion sensors, thermal pane glass, geothermal heat pumps, EnergyStar rated HVAC systems, photovoltaic systems, and wind turbines. This research paper presents the development of an automated decision support system (DSS) that is designed to optimize the selection of green building measures which can be used to upgrade existing buildings. The developed DSS incorporates two optimization models that are capable of (i) minimizing the total upgrade costs required to accomplish a specified LEED-EB certification level such as silver or gold; and (ii) maximizing the number of accredited LEED-EB points within a specified budget of upgrade costs. The DSS is designed to identify a set of optimal upgrade decisions that accomplishes these two optimization objectives. An application example is used to illustrate the capabilities of the DSS and to validate its result.

Aug 1, 2013

By J. A. du Plessis, C. Dorfling

Selenium, tellurium and other precious metals (OPMs, namely Rh, Ru and Ir) dissolve in the final leaching stage of base metal refineries. Se and Te are typically removed from the copper sulphate leach solution by precipitation with sulphurous acid. Recovery of dissolved OPMs is desirable because it will reduce OPM inventory and losses. Thiourea is an effective OPM precipitation reagent, but yields insufficient Te removal. Copper is known to enhance Te precipitation when using sulphurous acid as precipitation reagent. The primary objective of this project was to evaluate whether simultaneous precipitation of Se, Te and OPMs using thiourea with metallic copper as precipitation reagents is possible. Batch precipitation tests were performed to evaluate the effect of temperature (50 – 70°C), thiourea addition (160 – 430% excess) and copper addition (2 – 8 g/L) on Se, Te and OPM precipitation. Increasing the temperature from 50°C to 70°C resulted in an average increase of 55.6 percentage points for Se precipitation and 13.5 – 23.5 percentage points for OPM precipitation. The copper addition did not have a significant impact on the precipitation behaviour. Increasing the thiourea addition increased the precipitation of Se and Te, especially when the copper addition was low; Rh and Ru precipitation also increased with up to 10 and 12 percentage points, respectively. Despite these observations, the precipitation of Se was significantly faster when no thiourea was added. It is not currently clear why thiourea appears to inhibit the Se precipitation by reaction with metallic copper. In general, Te precipitation was low (less than 30%) at the conditions investigated. Simultaneous precipitation of Se, Te and OPMs at temperatures below 80°C does not appear to be a viable option; a multiple stage operation for sequential removal of Se and Te with copper followed by OPM precipitation with thiourea would be required.

Jan 1, 2016

By A. Valdivieso

Reducing accident rates keeps getting more and more complex as the usual tools enter a curve of diminishing results. Fortunately, nothing modifies behaviour in a stronger and wider way than having a robust safety culture. On the other hand, managing cultural change is difficult and the risk of back-fire is very high, especially if the workforce does not trust our intentions. A personalized approach of well chosen and targeted actions tends to be the only yet difficult option. We have found, via experience in the metallurgy and chemistry industries, a way of preparing the company and the workforce to accept these sorts of culture changing measures faster and easier. Using company-wide changes based on workplace perception, yields the most optimal acceptance. It is based in the principle that we all use clues in our environment as guides to choose our behaviour. So, controlling the perception that our workplace generates can affect behaviour and simplify our task before it even starts. It is a matter of using the tools that other disciplines such as marketing, social engineering and architecture bring to us and adapting them to a very defined objective: Having our installations “sell” safety so that our people unconsciously believe that they must adapt to safety values in order to “do well” in said environment. INTRODUCTION After decades of improvements in accident rates, we are understandably hitting a diminishing results curve: most actions that spectacularly reduced accidents in the past (e.g., Innovation in Personal Protection equipment, adapting international standards and legislation, and innovative safety programs; Figure 1) now hardly get us the exponential gains we saw years back, regardless of the investment we put on them. Furthermore, the improvements in safety of the last 3 decades have been creating new sets of issues that start to show their face such as: By reducing accidents we can create feelings of invulnerability as we lose view of the consequences. With innovative protection equipment we increase Risk Homeostasis, meaning that people behave in a more dangerous way in order to maintain a constant level of risk in their lives (Getting closer to fire after getting better fire-proof garments for example). Too much Legislation can create a feeling of disengagement from personal responsibility. And despite improvements, we haven’t really solved the production vs safety confrontation, it is now stigmatized and less visible, yet it tends to reappear in moments of weakness.

Jan 1, 2019

By Rodrigo Craig Cerello

The Brazilian economy has always presented a strong correlation with the mineral activity. Since colonization days, due to the territorial expansion caused by the explorers search for gold, mining in Brazil became a basic sector of national economy. Currently, the Brazilian mineral sector¹ estimates a 550% production increment (Figure 1A) in the last 10 years, reaching the US$ 50 billion value, reflecting the increased global demand for raw materials from mineral origin. According to the Brazilian Constitution², mineral resources belong to the Federal State and, consequently, their exploitation must be authorized, under penalty of engendering federal crime. Furthermore, activities of this nature are prone to cause environmental degradation such as, but not limited to, deforestation, pollution, soil deterioration and water contamination. The GPEMA represents the forensics group of the Brazilian Federal Police responsible for the technical analysis of traces related to crimes against the environment and consequently, illegal mining cases.

Aug 1, 2013

By Walter Valery, Sergio Vicuna, Roberto Valle, Hamer Arevalo, Ben Burger, Lui Vargas, Alex Jankovic, Jim Seidel, Eduardo Nozawa

This paper describes the design, the first three years of operation and optimization of a large, single stage SAG mill at Minera Yanacocha’s Gold Mill facility located in northern Peru. The Gold Mill was commissioned in March 2008 with a 32’ x 32’ EGL, 16.5MW single stage SAG mill, to process 5 million tonnes per annum high grade oxide Au/Ag ore. Operational control, feed size distribution, grinding media, mill liner, grate and pulp lifter optimisation have allowed the mill to operate 15-30% above design throughput rates, but with a product P80 coarser than design. As part of the optimization, full grinding circuit surveys were conducted. Historical operating data and survey data were analyzed and used to evaluate possible circuit changes and determine alternative operating strategies. A number of changes were implemented which allowed the SAG mill to operate similarly to a large ball mill and achieve finer mill product that was closer to design. This paper summarizes life to date data analysis and improvements made by Minera Yanacocha as well as the grinding circuit optimisation study conducted by Metso Process Technology and Innovation.

Jan 1, 2012

By J. R. Kadambi, E. Kucukal, J. Furlan

"Hydrocyclones are used in various industrial applications, including mineral processing and tailings management, to separate or classify solid particles and/or liquid droplets from multiphase feed. The fluid flow in a hydrocyclone (used in mineral processing) was investigated numerically and experimentally using particle-image velocimetry (PIV) and refractive index matching techniques. Two turbulence models were used in the calculations: the k–? model and the Reynolds stress model. Particle image velocimetry measurements were taken at various spatial locations along the cyclone. Computational results were validated globally using pressure and flow-rate readings at the boundaries, and locally by comparing the PIV velocity-vector maps and profiles.RÉSUMÉ On utilise les hydrocyclones dans diverses applications industrielles, dont la minéralurgie et la gestion des résidus, pour séparer les particules solides et/ou les gouttelettes liquides de l’alimentation polyphasée, ou pour les classifier. Une étude numérique et expérimentale sur l’écoulement des fluides dans un hydrocyclone (dont on se sert en minéralurgie) a été menée à l’aide des techniques de vélocimétrie par images de particules (PIV, de l’anglais particle image velocimetry) et d’appariement des indices de réfraction. Deux modèles de turbulence ont été utilisés dans ces calculs, à savoir le modèle de turbulence k–? et le modèle aux tensions de Reynolds (RSM, de l’anglais Reynolds stress model). La valeur de la PIV a été mesurée à diverses positions spatiales le long du cyclone. Les résultats de ces calculs ont été validés globalement à l’aide de relevés des pressions et du coefficient d’écoulement d’une extrémité à l’autre de l’hydrocyclone, et localement à des coordonnées spatiales spécifiques en comparant les cartes et les profils du vecteur vitesse PIV."

Jan 1, 2017

By E. Fiset, T. Hennebel, F. Verbruggen, A. Prévoteau, K. Rabaey

Arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi) and antimony (Sb) are known to affect the quality of copper deposits in copper electrowinning operations. The codeposition of As was previously believed to occur only at current densities far exceeding the range of typical current densities for copper electrowinning. In this study, we investigate the copper electrodeposition on different pretreated stainless steel (SS) substrates from bleed electrolyte in galvanostatic mode at –45 mA/cm². Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs illustrate that during the initial phases of copper nucleation and growth, the current density was locally increased due to the pretreatments. It was reasoned that the codepostion of As could possibly occur in normal electrowinning conditions, but the risk can be substantially reduced by good SS substrate handling and maintenance practices. INTRODUCTION The presence of As, Bi and Sb is known to have a deleterious effect on the copper cathode quality in copper electrowinnings (Hiskey & Maeda, 2003; Hoffmann, 2004; Xiao, Cao, Shen, & Volinsky, 2012; Xiao, Cao, Mao, Shen, & Ren, 2014; Jafari et al., 2017). They are known to influence both the chemical and physical quality of the copper as they can contaminate the copper (Jafari et al., 2017) and affect the copper deposit structure (Hiskey & Maeda, 2003; Kim, Kim, & Chung, 2009), which contributes to a degraded market value of the copper (Tuddenham, 1984). The incorporation mechanisms of these impurities are believed to occur mainly through slime inclusion (F. Xiao et al, 2012) and electrolyte inclusion (Hiskey & Maeda, 2003). Other studies suggested that codeposition of these impurities is possible by their standard reduction potential being close to the one of copper (Xiao et al, 2014). Hiskey and Maeda (2003) investigated the copper electrodeposition on a copper electrode substrate in Cu electrolytes with a Cu, H2SO4, As, Bi, Sb composition representative for commercial copper tankhouses. The combination of voltammographic techniques and Auger electron spectroscopy showed that As was the first impurity to be electrodeposited from this electrolyte, yet at potentials where the limiting current density of the copper electrodeposition reaction is exceeded. The copper tankhouses usually operate at a current density ratio of 0.3 to the limiting current density in order to achieve tolerable copper quality deposits. The codeposition of As could be considered impossible in this current density condition. However, it is known that during the initial phases of electrodeposition on foreign substrates, a substantial part of the reaction proceeds by growth of individual nuclei where the current density is locally high and diffusion limited (Radisic, Ross, & Searson, 2006). Furthermore, it was observed that copper nucleation on TiO substrates occurred preferentially in the scratched oxide free areas which could serve as parts with high localized current densities (Chang, Choe, & Lee, 2005).

Jan 1, 2019

By George W. Bain

The area in Quebec immediately north of the Ottawa river is underlain by a large area of granite gneiss intruded in lit-par-lit fashion into Grenville sediments and low silica intrusives of the Buckingham Series. This complex of metamorphic rocks is intruded by a much later magma found, chiefly, as a very large stock about 20 miles in diameter and extending from Brownsburg to Grenville, and as dykes and small outliers at various places adjacent to its outer margin. 1A similar stock at Rigaud, Quebec, is situated south of the Ottawa river and has been described by O. E. Le Roy. The earliest representatives of the later magma are a series of granodiorite dykes characterized by abundant hornblende, along with primary magnetite and subordinate sulphides scattered as roundish grains through anorthoclase and aligoclase feldspars and subordinate quartz. The rock is found as narrow dykes and shows no prominent secondary structures, either in the field or in thin sections under the microscope.

Jan 1, 1926

By G Zahary

THE most acceptable approacl1 to analyzing rock behaviour, at the present time, is based on the application of principles of mechanics and strength of materials. Analyses have been made in which the criterion of failure is based on maximum stress (1) and on Mohr's rupture theory (2). If such analyses are to be carried out, the mechanical properties of the rock must be known within acceptable limits. Although an adequate correlation of laboratory test results with field conditions has not been established, test results have been published (3) on the basis of their comparative value. That is, test results may be useful for comparing the behaviour of different rocks under similar loading conditions or of a particular rock under different loading conditions. This study aims at establishing some of the mechanical properties of an andesite rock by testing specimens cut _from diamond drill core. Drill core (EX) was provided from run-of-mine drilling by New Dickenson Mines Ltd. and Campbell Red Lake Mines Ltd.

Jan 1, 1963

By Andrew J. Freyman, Graham T. Armstrong

"In September, 1968, a survey of operating mines in the Yukon and the Northwest Territories was undertaken to determine the role of Indigenes (Indian, Metis, Eskimo) on the mines, and the attitude of mine management to these employees. The operating mines in the Territories had (at that date) a total employment of 2,002 men, of which 91 (4.5 per cent) were Indigenes. Indigenes make up 45 per cent of the Territorial population (18 per cent in the Yukon and 63 percent in the Northwest Territories). The paper documents some of the problems associated with indigenous employment in mines. A study was undertaken to determine the role of Indigenes (Indians, Metis, Eskimos) in operating mines in the Yukon and in the North-west Territories. In addition to the mines north of the 60th parallel, the experience of several other Canadian mines was examined. The general picture obtained is considered to be representative of the Canadian mining industry."

Jan 1, 1969

By Andre du Preez

Emergency Fall Arrest System Rio Tinto?s Primary Objective: ?To achieve repeatable controlled safe deceleration rates during emergency fall arrest activation (Ontario OHSA Regulations) ?Must operate effectively on mine specified steel shaft guides.

May 1, 2013

By S. Pauly, U. Kühn, J. Eckert, I. Kaban, G. Wiehl, F. Silze

In the present work, the effect of Ga on the wetting behavior of the Cu-rich braze filler CuGa10 (wt.%) on the steel 304L was investigated. For this, the macroscopic and microscopic effects governing the wetting of pure Ga, pure Cu and CuGa10 alloy (wt.%) on the austenitic steel were analyzed and compared. Contact angle and surface tension measurements were carried out by means of the sessile drop technique and, in addition, the phase formation at the interface was determined. Pure liquid Ga spreads on 304L, which supposedly is related to the formation of intermetallic Fe-Ga phases growing into the liquid Ga. Depending on the annealing time, FeGa3 and Fe14.5Ga12 were identified. In contrast, CuGa10 as well as pure Cu show secondary wetting on the steel surface. Especially, liquid Cu prefers to spread laterally and vertically along the grain boundaries of the steel substrate. In spite of rather similar mechanisms, CuGa10 wets 304L steel at lower rate than pure Cu above the liquidus temperature.

Jan 1, 2014

By Helmut Lerchs

An open-pit mining operation can be viewed as a process by which the open surface of a mine is continuously deformed. The planning of a mining program involves the design of the final shape of this open surface. The approach developed in this paper is based on the following assumptions: 1. the type of material its mine value and its extraction cost is given for each point; 2. restrictions on the geometry of the pit are specified (surface boundaries and maximum allowable wall slopes); 3. The objective is to maximize total profit-total mine value of material extracted minus total extraction cost. Two numeric methods are proposed: A simple dynamic programming algorithm for the two-dimensional pit (or a single vertical section of a mine), and. a more elaborate graph algorithm for the general three-dimensional pit. ASURFACE mining program is a complex operation that may extend over many years, and Involve huge capital expenditures and risk. Before undertaking such an operation, it must be known what ore there is to be mined

Jan 1, 1965

By E. Lehtila, J. J. Talja, R. Jahila

Kopar Oy is acknowledged for engineering and manufacturing of robust systems for bulk material handling, especially at power plants and non-ferrous smelters. We have over thirty years of experience with systems specifically designed for hot and abrasive conditions, aiming at low cost of ownership, low operational expenses and high availability. Although Kopar has numerous applications in mechanical conveying, there is an increasing number of pneumatic conveying applications at copper smelters. They relate to conveying of concentrate, and primary and secondary flue dusts. Challenges of pneumatic conveying for concentrate are mechanical and do relate to broad particle size distribution and high abrasivity of the concentrate and the silica. Therefore, special attention shall be paid to system design and ceramically lined bends in the pipeline. Challenges of pneumatic conveying of primary flue dust relate predominantly to material stickiness and poor flowability which are mainly due to fine particle size and formation of sulphates and furthermore, crystalline water. Additional challenges of secondary dust, the white converter dust, are primarily due to the extremely fine 0.1–1.5 µm particle size and problems which come with this. Effect of material characteristics like size distribution, morphology and chemical composition in pneumatic conveying are discussed in detail. INTRODUCTION Fine materials like concentrate, feed mix, flue dusts (from waste heat boiler and electrostatic precipitator) and secondary dusts need to be conveyed at smelters. Both horizontal and vertical conveying and combination of those are used. For the purpose, both mechanical and pneumatic conveying are applied. Most widely used equipment are drag chain conveyors and various combination of pneumatic systems, e.g. air lift, dense-phase and dilute phase pneumatic conveyors. Kopar has 30 years’ experience with multiple material handling systems. Furthermore, acquired companies like Elmomet Oy and SITE Oy (both currently fully merged and integrated into Kopar Oy) have even longer history, especially in pneumatic conveying. It is commonly known that the finer the dust the more difficult it is to be conveyed pneumatically. Sulfates with crystal water makes it all even more difficult, if not ineligible. Challenges related to pneumatic conveying of various fine materials is discussed in detail in the paper.

Jan 1, 2019

By Frank Condon

?Location ?Background ?Drilling Program ?Mineral Resources ?Geology ?Economic Assessment ?Strategic Partner ?Located in Nunavik, Québec ?160 km northwest of Schefferville ?240 km south of Kuujjuaq ?160 km northeast of Brisay ?Magnetic Anomaly ?Property Boundary ?Diamond Drill Holes

May 1, 2011

By Richard E. J. Putman

THE MINERALS INDUSTRY has always been a heavy user of energy in most of its unit operations: power in the mining, comminution, flotation and electro-winning processes; fuel in its smelting and other metallurgical processes; and, of course, fuel in the on-site generation of power and steam. Many of the techniques for using computers to perform energy management and conservation tasks have been known for some time, but they have not been widely implemented because the return on investment has hitherto been insufficient. Recent trends, however, have not only caused the dollar return to rise due to higher purchased energy costs, but the cost of the investment to fall. One trend has been the generally lower cost of computer control systems themselves, due to vendors having adopted the newer, lower-cost and more reliable electronic component technologies now becoming universally available. The second trend is the development of low-cost, but high-speed, remote multiplexing devices, which have reduced considerably the expense of bringing data from points scattered over a wide area, which is typically the case when applying energy management systems to a minerals processing plant. By taking advantage of these and related developments, computer control systems can now have a rewarding impact on plant energy management and conservation practices, and recent advances in application technology have opened up new and additional opportunities for energy cost reduction and control.

Jan 1, 1978