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By Nicasio del Castillo

INTRODUCTION The tax structure of foreign mining investment into the United States has a significant impact on the financing and the profitability of the operation. For these reasons, it is critical for the foreign investor to develop and implement a well planned tax strategy that will enable its venture to: (1) reduce its U.S. income tax liability (2) lower U.S. withholding taxes when funds are transferred from the United States, and (3) decrease or defer home country taxation on its U.S. earnings ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF INVESTMENT A threshold business and tax consideration is the form in which the investment is to be made. The most common alternatives include: forming or acquiring a U.S. mining corporation, directly establishing a branch mining operation, or entering into a joint venture or partnership with a U.S. mining company. U.S. Corporations The most common structure through which foreign mining companies engage in business in the United States is to form a U.S. mining corporation. Forming a U.S. Corporation. If the investor decides to establish a new U.S. corporation the organization is relatively simple. No distinctions are made in the United States between "public" and "private" forms of incorporation. Minimum share capital is not usually required and share capital may consist of shares with no par value. Since corporate law is the responsibility of the individual states, the foreign investor must choose a state in which to incorporate. If appreciated mining property is transferred to a corporation solely in exchange for stock or securities in that corporation, and the transferors have control of the corporation (defined as at least 80 percent of all voting shares and at least 80 percent of all other shares) immediately after the exchange, no gain or loss will be recognized. However, if the transferors receive cash or other mining properties in addition to stock, any resulting gain may, in certain situations, be taxed to the extent of the cash and the fair market value of other property received. Acquiring an Existing U.S. Corporation. Acquiring an existing U.S. mining corporation is not as straight-forward as forming a corporation. This alternative may be accomplished through either a stock or an asset acquisition. Generally, with a stock acquisition the purchaser inherits all of the business and tax attributes of the former mining corporation. If the investor is able to acquire mining assets, however, the purchaser will usually be able to avoid any unknown or hidden liabilities that could be attached to an existing corporation. Another principal advantage in acquiring assets is that the purchase price may be directly allocated to the acquired mines or other mineral-related assets with the result that the assets' depreciable base may be increased. Assuming the domestic seller and the foreign purchaser can agree, it is generally advisable to allocate the purchase price in the sales agreement to specific individual assets. From the foreign investor's standpoint, it is preferable to allocate the purchase price to depreciable assets such as buildings and equipment versus an allocation to mineral land holdings or intangibles such as goodwill, which are generally not depreciable. It is not uncommon, however, for a seller mining company being acquired to insist for tax reasons that the investor purchase shares rather than assets. If the foreign

Jan 1, 1985

By Harvey T. Kennedy, Charles R. Olson

In many investigations of the performance of petroleum reservoirs the assumption is made that the liquid, if below its bubble-point pressure, is at all times in equilibrium with gas. On the other hand, observations by numerous investigators have indicated that gas-liquid systems including hydrocarbon systems, may exhibit supersaturation to the extent of many hundred psi in the laboratory. Up to the present, there has been no reliable data on which ti judge the actual extent of supersaturation under conditions approaching those existing in petroleum reservoirs. The work reported here deals with observations and measurements on mixtures of methane and kerosene in the presence of silica and calcite crystals. Bubbles were observed to form on crystal-hydrocarbon surfaces in preference to the glass-hydrocarbon interface or to the body of the liquid. Statistically, it was found that the number of bubbles formed per second per square centimeter of crystal surface was a function of the supersaturation only. and the function was evaluated graphically. Supersaturations were observed up to 770 psi, under which condition bubbles formed quickly and with considerable violence. With decreasing degrees of supersaturation, the frequency of bubble formation became less, until at 30 psi supersaturation and lower, no bubbles were observed to form, even though the observation at 30 psi was continued for 138 hours. It was found that silica and calcite crystals had identical effects, within experimental error, in accelerating the formation of bubbles, and that small amounts of water and crude oil had no effect on the results. It is shown that the maximum supersaturation that can exist in a reservoir may be calculated from the data presented and from the area of the rock surface. It is also shown that the number of bubbles formed in the reservoir, in order of magni- tude, may be calculated for any rate of pressure decline imposed on the reservoir by production. The bearing of the number and distribution of bubbles on reservoir performance is discussed. INTRODUCTION A liquid system is supersaturated with gas when the amount of gas dissolved exceeds that corresponding to equilibrium at the existing pressure and temperature. The degree of super-saturation may be conveniently expressed as the difference between the bubble-point of the mixture and the prevailing pressure. Thus, if a mixture having a bubble-point of 1,000 psi at a given temperature exists in single liquid phase at 700 psi at the same temperature. it is supersaturated to the extent of 300 psi. There are many examples of high supersaturations, mostly in aqueous solutions, reported in the literature. Thus, Kenrick, Wismer and Wyatt1 showed that water may be saturated with oxygen, nitrogen or carbon dioxide at 100 atmospheres, and the pressure reduced to one atmosphere without producing bubbles immediately. When liquids are in a state of tension, they may be considered as supersaturated at least to the extent of the tension. The tensile strength of water has been reported as 30 atmospheres by Meyer,1 60 atmospheres bv Budgett. 30 to 50 atmospheres by Temperley and Chambers,4,5 200 atmospheres by Dixon6. and 223 atmospheres by Briggs.7 Vincent8,9 determined the tensile strength of a mineral oil as 45 psi. Gardescu1 maintained pressures for short times in a model reservoir at 115 psi below the bubble-point. It should be noted that the high supersaturations observed were obtained on systems carefully purified to remove particles or surfaces which might promote the formation of bubble; These "nuclei" were considered as contaminants which interfered with the determination of a property of the liquid. In

Jan 1, 1952

By R. A. Swalin, L. A. Neimark

The research work presented in this paper had initially a two-fold goal. First, further data concerning the low-temperature recovery of cold work was desired. Recovery phenomena have been extensively studied in face-centered-cubic metals but at the time of initiation of this research, no investigation concerning the low-temperature recovery in body-centered-cubic metals had been made. During the course of the investigation a paper by Martin on the recovery of point defects in molybdenum appeared.&apos; Comparison of our results on tungsten with Martin&apos;s results on molybdenum will be made. Secondly, knowledge concerning the influence of a particular type of impurity addition on the recovery kinetics was desired. It has been known for a long time that extremely small amounts of certain impurity additions exert a profound influence on the recrystallization behavior and the resulting microstructure of tungsten. Small amounts of potassium silicate and aluminum chloride added prior to the reduction of tungsten oxide to the metal have been found by Smithells to raise the recrystallization temperature markedly,2 and yield an ultimate microstructure in which grains several millimeters long are produced in fine wires of say 10 mil diam. If the impurities are added singly, ordinary secondary recrystallization results with none of the spectacular properties of the wire to which special additions were made. Swalin and Geisler3 and Rieck4 have studied the recrystallization behavior of such doped wire in some detail. The former workers found that small amounts of these impurities raised the recrystallization temperature over 400°C and electron microscopic examination revealed no obvious inclusions in the microstructures. In fact. chemical analysis showed that there was <0.001 pct K, <0.002 pct Al, trace of Si, and <0.0003 pct 0 in the wire studied. The possibility that the role of the special impurities is to keep the structure open by void formation and that submicroscopic porosity acts as the inhibiting agent has been discussed.2&apos;3 Meijering and Rieck5 have suggested that the impurities are strung out as second-phase particles in a direction parallel to the drawing direction. It was thought that a kinetic study of recovery could perhaps elucidate the role of the impurities to some extent. When a metal is deformed by cold work three basic types of defects are thought to be introduced into the crystal lattice, namely, interstitials, vacancies, and dislocations. Van Bueren6 has proposed that recovery of cold-worked metal is a four-stage process, each step being the result of the annealing of a primary defect or a combination of defects and having a unique activation energy. The steps in order of increasing activation energy are attributed to a) the diffusion of interstitials recombining with vacancies, b) diffusion of vacancy pairs, c) the diffusion of single vacancies, and d) climb of dislocations. In metals with relatively low- or medium-range melting points the temperatures for recovery are low enough so that the first three steps may occur during room-temperature deformation. For tungsten, because of the high melting point and subsequently high recovery temperature, it was calculated, using Nowick&apos;s approach7 that this recovery would occur in the temperature range 200" to 600°C. It is also known that recovery of X-ray line broadening, presumably due to dislocation climb, occurs at about 600°C.8 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Two types of cold-rolled 10-mil-diam tungsten wire were used in the investigation; a) pure tungsten, (called undoped) and b) G. E. No. 218 wire (called

Jan 1, 1961

By Elliot P. Rexford

IN the early days of concrete construction, the question of quality of sand or gravel to be used as aggregate in concrete was given little or no consideration. If the construction engineer had sufficient quantity for his structure within a reasonable distance, he was contented and gave no thought to the possibility that the material might have adverse physical, chemical, or thermal properties which could cause future deterioration of his concrete and possible failure of his structure. Today a very different situation exists. With the building of larger and larger concrete structures, with a longer and longer life expectancy, the quality of the aggregate material has become of major importance. Even in small concrete structures aggregate quality cannot be passed off lightly and the quality of the aggregate must be such as to give the anticipated life without costly maintenance. The first question to arise in the selection of an aggregate is what makes a sand or gravel suitable or unsuitable for use in concrete, and how can its quality be judged. No one rock type can be depended upon to furnish sound durable material in all instances. Granitic rocks, for example, make very satisfactory aggregates in some cases, but they are among the most unsuitable of materials when they are fractured, weathered, or highly micaceous. Limestones make excellent concrete aggregates on the one hand, and on the other they may be unsound and lack durability if they contain appreciable clay, they may have a harmful chemical reaction with the cement if they contain amorphous silica, or they may have thermal characteristics which make them highly unsuitable for use in concrete. Each rock, gravel, or sand must be proved on its own merits for the particular job under consideration. The selection of suitable aggregate materials may be divided into two major phases, the geological phase which is carried on largely in the field, and the testing phase which of course is a laboratory problem; both are important. Very often the geological phase alone is sufficient for the selection of satisfactory aggregates for minor structures but for major structures both phases must be thoroughly investigated. Geological Phase In the southwest part of the country nearly every major rock type, igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary, may be found with all imaginable intermediate phases and in all imaginable stages of alteration. Frequently very different rock types, different as to geological age, composition, and condition occur very close together. Alluvium and stream-bed sands and gravels will consist of many different rock types and even ledge rocks may vary radically as to texture and composition within the area of a quarry site. Some of the rocks make suitable aggregate materials whereas others are highly deleterious in concrete. Too often the good and the bad occur together and more than ordinary caution is required in aggregate selection. Aggregate Sources: Concrete aggregates are usually obtained from stream-bed sands and gravels or from ledge rocks. Each has certain favorable and unfavorable characteristics and it is sometimes necessary to investigate both types to determine the most suitable source for a specific structure. Stream Beds: The predominant sources of aggregate materials in southern California and Arizona are stream beds. Vast quantities of sands and gravels are brought from the mountain ranges by the rivers during times of flood but most of these streams are dry a large part of the time and hence these deposits make easily accessible sources of aggregate materials. From many standpoints stream-bed materials make very acceptable aggregates. The gravel pebbles and the sand grains are

Jan 1, 1951

By Elliot P. Rexford

IN the early days of concrete construction, the question of quality of sand or gravel to be used as aggregate in concrete was given little or no consideration. If the construction engineer had sufficient quantity for his structure within a reasonable distance, he was contented and gave no thought to the possibility that the material might have adverse physical, chemical, or thermal properties which could cause future deterioration of his concrete and possible failure of his structure. Today a very different situation exists. With the building of larger and larger concrete structures, with a longer and longer life expectancy, the quality of the aggregate material has become of major importance. Even in small concrete structures aggregate quality cannot be passed off lightly and the quality of the aggregate must be such as to give the anticipated life without costly maintenance. The first question to arise in the selection of an aggregate is what makes a sand or gravel suitable or unsuitable for use in concrete, and how can its quality be judged. No one rock type can be depended upon to furnish sound durable material in all instances. Granitic rocks, for example, make very satisfactory aggregates in some cases, but they are among the most unsuitable of materials when they are fractured, weathered, or highly micaceous. Limestones make excellent concrete aggregates on the one hand, and on the other they may be unsound and lack durability if they contain appreciable clay, they may have a harmful chemical reaction with the cement if they contain amorphous silica, or they may have thermal characteristics which make them highly unsuitable for use in concrete. Each rock, gravel, or sand must be proved on its own merits for the particular job under consideration. The selection of suitable aggregate materials may be divided into two major phases, the geological phase which is carried on largely in the field, and the testing phase which of course is a laboratory problem; both are important. Very often the geological phase alone is sufficient for the selection of satisfactory aggregates for minor structures but for major structures both phases must be thoroughly investigated. Geological Phase In the southwest part of the country nearly every major rock type, igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary, may be found with all imaginable intermediate phases and in all imaginable stages of alteration. Frequently very different rock types, different as to geological age, composition, and condition occur very close together. Alluvium and stream-bed sands and gravels will consist of many different rock types and even ledge rocks may vary radically as to texture and composition within the area of a quarry site. Some of the rocks make suitable aggregate materials whereas others are highly deleterious in concrete. Too often the good and the bad occur together and more than ordinary caution is required in aggregate selection. Aggregate Sources: Concrete aggregates are usually obtained from stream-bed sands and gravels or from ledge rocks. Each has certain favorable and unfavorable characteristics and it is sometimes necessary to investigate both types to determine the most suitable source for a specific structure. Stream Beds: The predominant sources of aggregate materials in southern California and Arizona are stream beds. Vast quantities of sands and gravels are brought from the mountain ranges by the rivers during times of flood but most of these streams are dry a large part of the time and hence these deposits make easily accessible sources of aggregate materials. From many standpoints stream-bed materials make very acceptable aggregates. The gravel pebbles and the sand grains are

Jan 1, 1951

By B. Wilhelmi, W. H. Somerton

Simultaneous measurement of pore and elastic properties of socks under a wide range of triaxial stress conditions may be made with equipment and methods developed in this paper. Tests were run on three outcrop sandstones at several confining pressures and axial stresses up to approximately 80 percent of failure stress. The greater reduction in porosities and permeabilities occurred in the hydrostatic loading portion of the stress cycle, but substantial reductions in both properties did occur upon application of deviator (triaxial) stress. Triaxial elastic moduli were calculated from strain gauge measurements. Both Young&apos;s moduli and shear moduli were found to increase with increasing confining pressure. Poisson&apos;s ratios increased with axial stress but showed no consistent change with confining pressure. Only very general relations were observed between pore and elastic properties. The lesser decrease in porosity and permeability at higher stress values is related to increase in rigidity of rocks at higher stresses. INTRODUCTION Many investigators have studied the effects of hydrostatic stress on the properties and behavior of rocks. A few have studied the effects of triaxial stress fields on individual physical properties of rocks. To our knowledge no one has measured simultaneously pore and elastic properties of rocks under a wide range of triaxial stress conditions. This is the purpose of this work. Rocks exist in the subsurface under what Jaegerl refers to as "polyaxial" stress conditions (all principal stresses unequal). When two of the three principal stresses are equal, this is referred to as triaxial loading. The triaxial method of loading is most commonly used in modern testing work because experimental difficulties in measuring physical properties of rocks are greatly reduced over polyaxial testing. Although triaxial loading may not reproduce subsurface conditions precisely, subsurface stress conditions are never known precisely anyway. Triaxial testing would seem to be more realistic than testing under hydrostatic loading (all principal stresses equal) for application of results to subsurface problems. The objectives of this work were threefold: (1) to develop methods of measuring simultaneously pore and elastic properties of rocks under triaxial stress conditions, (2) to determine whether changes in these properties are of sufficient magnitude to be considered in subsurface calculations and (3) to attempt to relate changes in pore properties and elastic properties since they will have been measured at the same time under identical loading conditions. REVIEW OF EARLIER WORK PORE PROPERTIES Several investigators have studied the effects of stress on the physical properties of rocks. Fatt and Davis2 showed the reduction of permeability of rock with hydrostatic loading. McLatchie et al.3 and Knutson and Bohor4 related permeability reduction to compessibility of reservoir rock, again under hydrostatic loading. Wble,5 and later Redmond,6 evaluated the effects of applied radial pressure on conductivity, porosity and permeability of sandstones. In this latter work, no axial stress was applied. Dobrynin7 reviewed much of the previous work done . on the effects of overburden pressure on physical properties of rocks. He concluded that changes in physical properties are controlled to a large extent by pore compressibility of the rock. Several sets of curves developed from empirical relations are presented. These curves permit estimation of change of properties with net overburden pressure, knowing the pore compressibility and porosity of the rock. Net overburden pressure is defined as (Pe - 0.85 Pi ) where Pe is the

By J. L. Huitt, IM. L. Slusser, E. E. Glenn, M. L. Slusser

This paper is concerned with: (1) an analysis and interpretation of the filtration characteristics of drilling muds on filter paper, and (2) an interpretation of early stage "filtration" on consolidated synthetic porous media, herein referred to as the "surge loss" period. It is shown that water-loss data can be plotted so as to disclose the existence of a surge period, a non-uni-form cake thickness period, and a constant pressure filtration period. The same periods occur during exposure of consolidated porous media to muds. The data on consolidated porous media indicate that: (1) mud particles bridge pores inside porous media during the surge period, and (2) "filter cake" build-up inside porous media occurs during subsequent filtration. The data also show that the surge loss increases with sample permeability and with pressure differential. INTRODUCTION The phenomenon of mud filtrate invasion into porous sands of a drilling well has been recognized for many years.1,2,3,4 Part of API Code 29 is concerned with the filtration testing of a drilling mud to yield data on this subject. In a number of investigations "plastering properties" of muds were studied,5,6,7,8 "plastering" apparently meaning cake forming properties. In such studies the characteristics (thickness, permeability, and toughness) of the cake and the rate at which the liquid phase of the mud was separated from the solids (filtration rate through the cake, commonly referred to as water loss) were measured or at least considered. From the standpoint of its effect on well productivity, filtrate invasion into "clean" water-wet pay sands (i.e., those containing no clay minerals) may not necessarily be a serious problem. An increase in water saturation in the zone immediately around the wellbore would cause loss of oil permeability. However, in such a system, much of this water may be removed by oil production. If filtration occurs into "dirty" sands (i.e., those containing appreciable clay minerals), clay swelling or other mechanisms may cause losses in oil permeability which cannot be overcome by oil production.&apos;.&apos; The phenomenon of mud particle invasion into the pay sand of a drilling well was considered to be a possible serious factor in the early days of rotary drilling. Opinions varied as to whether drilling fluids "mudded up" and "sealed" oil sands. In 1932 Rubel,9 Gill,10 and Parsons," in separate papers, presented differences of opinion together with some laboratory and field data concerning loss of oil production caused by drilling fluid invasion into pay zones. These papers, and the discussions, furnish a large background on this subject and indicate the very clear thinking of many men at a time when petroleum production technology was in its infancy. Jones and Babson,6 and Silent,&apos; experimentally found that the depth to which mud particles invaded water-saturated sand packs was small (no greater than 1/16 in). Arn-quist12 in 1937 observed loss of water permeability due to invasion of mud particles into water-saturated, consolidated, sandstone samples. Williams and Cannon5 studied the filtra-tion properties of drilling muds and mentioned "sludge" which penetrated a short distance into the water-saturated filtering medium (sand pack). Byck5 concluded that formation permeability had no effect on the plas-

Jan 1, 1958

By M. Semchyshen, A. P. Coldren, W. G. Scholz

A survey of the Fe-Mo-B system was made to determine the extent to which boron might affect the microstructure and strength properties of iron-rich Fe-Mo alloys. Seventeen vacuum-induc tion melted ingots were prepared with approximate mo-lybednum contents 01 2, 4, 9, and 19 wt pct and approximate boron contents of 5, 14,50, and 630 ppm by weight. Phases extracted from annealed specimens and identified by X-ray diffraction analysis included E Fe3MO2, Mo2FeB2, and an oxide hazling a diffraction pattern practically identical to that of MnFez04. Three types of alloy strengthening were observed: a) Fe-2 pct Mo-B alloys were hardenable by a bainitic-type transformtion of austenite to ferrile; b) Fe-4 pct Mo-B alloys were hardened by the solid-solution mechanism; and C) Fe-9 pct Mo-B and Fe-19 pct Mo-B alloys were hardened by precipitation of the E Fe3Moz phase. Boron was observed to have a very strong hardening effect in the Fe-2 pct Mo alloys and a mild strengthening effect on the 1200°F properties of the Fe-4 pct Mo alloys. In the Fe-9 pct Mo alloys there was no consistent effect of boron on strength at either room temperature or 1200° F. The Fe-19 pct Mo alloys were so brittle that meaningful tensile or creep-rupture data could not he obtained. No dispersion hardening from borides was recognized in any of the alloys. THE high-temperature properties of iron-rich Fe-Mo alloys were studied by Reiter and Hibbard.&apos; They found that the strength of the alloys increased markedly as the molybdenum content was raised from 0 to 15.9 pct by weight. The authors explained the various degrees of strengthening in terms of a) solid-solution strengthening, b) strengthening from a martensitic-type transformation, and C) precipitation strengthening. The objective of the present investigation was to conduct a survey of the iron-rich portion of the Fe-Mo-B system to determine whether the beneficial effects of molybdenum on the strength of iron can be enhanced by the presence of boron. It was thought that perhaps fine dispersions of molybdenum- rich borides would be found which could improve the high-temperature strength of ferritic alloys beyond the strengths attainable by molybdenum additions alone. Also, it was considered worthwhile to study the effects of boron in alloys which are essentially free of carbon. Most, if not all, of our present knowledge about boron in high-temperature alloys pertains to alloys containing carbon and carbides. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Alloy Preparation. Seventeen 8-lb ingots were prepared from electrolytic Plastiron, unalloyed molybdenum chips, and boron powder by a vacuum-induction melting procedure employing hydrogen as the main deoxidizer. The alloys were melted in alumina crucibles using 35-lb melts, with each melt being split four ways to achieve varying boron contents within four Fe-Mo base compositions. The results of chemical analyses conducted on chips machined from the chilled ends of the ingots are presented in Table I. The boron analyses were performed by a spectrographic method utilizing primary standards prepared from boric acid. They indicated that in ingots to which no boron was

Jan 1, 1964

By F. D. Wright

Production of a coal preparation plant is governed by many restrictions, such as the tonnage of different products and blends that can be sold within a given period, capacities and output proportions of the cleaning and sizing units, blending proportions, quality specifications, and costs and prices for the various products. Determination of the tonnage of each product and blend that should be made in order to obtain the maximum profit can be difficult unless a systematic method such as linear programming is used. In this paper the basic method of linear programming is described briefly. The Old Ben No. 9 preparation plant is used as an example to illustrate in detail how eqwations can be written to form a linear programming model of a coal preparation plant. Three sample problems, each requiring 56 or more equations and 63 structural variables, were solved with an IBM 650 computer. Linear programming is one of several mathematical tools used for operations research. It has been applied to many fields and has been used by a number of industries either to maximize the profits of certain operations or to minimize costs. P. B. Nalle and L. W. weeks&apos; have described the use of the method by the Riverside Cement Co. to minimize the cost of blending raw materials to make portland cement. Their problem is to obtain at minimum cost a mix with certain specifications from a number of possible materials which have various costs and various amounts of CaO, SiO2, Fe2O3, and other constituents. In a paper on the use of linear programming by the National Coal Board in England, K. B. Williams and K. B. Halley2 describe how the transportation method, a variation of linear programming, is used to minimize the cost of sending 37 grades of coal from 28 mines to seven central washing plants which produce coal for furnace coke and foundry coke. The various coals have different percentages of volatile matter, moisture, sulfur, ash, and phosphorous, so there is considerable choice in how they can be blended to meet the specifications of the two products. The purpose of this paper is to show how linear programming can be used to maximize the profits of a coal washing plant which produces individual final products as well as blends. The Old Ben Corp. furnished assumed sample data from their Old Ben Mine No. 9 preparation plant for this investigation. However, the data that have been used are entirely the author&apos;s responsibility. METHOD OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING Numerous articles and books have been written on the theory and applications of linear programming.3-5 However, since the method has not been widely applied by the mining industry, a brief, nontheo-retical discussion of its basic method seems to be in order. Linear programming (Table I) is used to determine the best possible solution to a number of interdependent activities. It is essentially a method for making systematic selections from a number of possible solutions to determine positively the optimum solution. There may be other equally good solutions but no better ones. Each activity must have linear coefficients and there must be a criterion to judge how good the solution actually is. Linear programming is different from the solution

Jan 1, 1961

By AIME AIME

FOLLOWING careful study of the relations of the Institute to students and the younger members of the profession, the Membership Committee recommended to the Board a change of plans abolishing the Junior Associate class of membership, substituting a -Junior membership and providing for Student Associates. The Board adopted this report at its meeting on Nov. 23, and asked Counsel to draft the necessary amendments to the By-laws, and gave formal notice of intentions to amend as provided in Section I, Article XI1 of the existing By-laws. The By-laws as it is proposed to amend Article I, 11, 111, IV, X, and XI follow. The new plan requires no changes in the other Articles. The matter will come before the Board for vote on Jan. 25.

Jan 1, 1929

By RAY J. CORFIELD

IN a previous paper, "Electric Shovel Operation at Utah Copper Mine," which was read before the Western Division of the American Mining Congress, the problem of electrifying a fleet of steam shovels was described. This paper deals with the electrification of the haulage system which, when completed, will make the mining operation completely electric, with the exception of drilling operations which will continue to be performed by air. The general layout of the haulage system involves the use of heavy curves in addition to heavy grades of between 4 and 5 per cent. In a mining operation of this kind no trackage can be called permanent; this complicates the overhead construction somewhat and makes it necessary to design special forms of trolley construction, some of which will be described in detail below.

Jan 1, 1929

By Sheldon P. Wimpfen

RESEARCH is undertaken to find out what must be done when what we are doing now is no longer adequate. To accomplish this end, researchers apply the truths of nature to industrial evolution. A survey conducted with the co-operation of 58 universities and colleges offering degrees in mineral engineering was the basis for the table accompanying this article. This survey was undertaken with the object of presenting to faculties and student bodies, as well as to industry, all available information on what action the educational institutions of the country have taken to provide the properly trained researchers so vitally needed. A hoped for result is that the great variety of opportunities available will encourage some undergraduate students to continue in their field beyond attainment of a B.S. degree.

Jan 1, 1947

By Chas. F. Jackson

IN these days the headlines and spotlight have been focused largely upon the new processes developed and new plants erected to meet the multiplied demands for mineral products required for prosecution of the war. By comparison, the less spectacular achievements of the miner, who is meeting the demand for raw material without which these processes and plants would be useless, have received little attention. Attendance at the mining meetings here reported was small, averaging about 35 to 40, but interest was as keen as ever, and evidenced to your reporter that the miner is no less on the job than is the metallurgist. It is evident that the mine operators are not neglecting any improved methods and practices in their struggle to produce more in the face of diminishing labor supply.

Jan 1, 1943

By Edmund J. Pryor

DURING the war years restrictions on travel, pressure of work, and the irregular arrival of technical literature from abroad combined to severely isolate Great Britain in a period of intense war expansion of the art and practice of mineral dressing. Many British technicians were fully occupied with the day-to-day problems of improvising substitutes as regular sources of supply failed. and with mastering the strange demands and working conditions of wartime. After a long day spent between ones laboratory and production work, the rest of the waking hours were often filled with fire watching or home guard patrol activities, substituting for a night-shift manager, or "resting" in a dugout while the bombs came down. There was no time for serious study of such technical literature as survived the Atlantic crossing.

Jan 1, 1947

By AIME AIME

MOST of us are far .from home, and yet our Japanese hosts- have made us feel very much at home. Here in the Orient we engineers are .learning a new meaning for the word "orientation"- hereafter that engineering term will be a synonym for gracious hospitality, and "to orient" will mean to turn a whole country over to the World Engineering Congress. Mere geographic distance is no longer able to separate nations, for the conquest of distance is one of the triumphs of &apos;modern engineering. We of the Americas are fortunate in the position of our continents: with their shores lapped by the waves of two oceans, we face&apos; two great civilizations, the&apos; Occidental and the Oriental, and thus we can share the intellectual resources of these two older cultures.

Jan 1, 1929

By Oscar Lee

RESERVE Mining Co., owned jointly, by Armco Steel Corp. and Republic Steel Corp., controls 9% miles of magnetic taconite ore on the eastern end of the Mesabi Range lying between Mesaba and Birch Lake. The ore reserve which can be mined by open pit methods is conservatively estimated at 1.5 billion tons under a shallow, loose overburden requiring no rock stripping. Taconite now being mined is in the upper cherty horizon. It has been metamorphosed by the intrusion of gabbro and most of the iron oxide is altered to magnetite. The nonmagnetic portion of the iron is practically all in the form of silicate. The magnetic iron is finely disseminated through the rock and requires grinding -150 mesh for clean liberation of the iron oxide from the gangue.

Jan 5, 1954

By W. M. Peirce

WITH the supply of zinc, like that of most other nonferrous metals, inadequate to meet the demand, efforts to increase domestic ore supplies and production capacity have been of primary interest. No major sources of new ore have been disclosed during the year but improvements have been reported in facilities for mining and concentrating ores from existing mines. The American Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co. has announced its intention of erecting a new mill in the Ouray district of Colorado. The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada is reported to be planning improvements costing $3,000,000 to its Sullivan mine and concentrator at Kimberley, B.C., where the sink-float process is to be used for preliminary ore treatment. In the reduction field, the St. Joseph

Jan 1, 1947

By AIME

THE history of the Mine La Motte area covers a greater period of time than any other mining operation west of the Mississippi, for it was almost exactly four centuries ago that the white man first visited the region. In May 1541 a few men from the party of Fernando de Soto traversed the place looking for silver which they understood the Indians had found in the vicinity. Some historians say that De Soto himself visited the place sometime later. No other white man came through again until the early 1700&apos;s. In 1712 King Louis XIV of France granted to Antoine Crozat a charter for transacting all business and government in the vast domain of the New Continent stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward indefinitely. This

Jan 1, 1947

By Ezequiel Ordonez

MOST spectacular of Nature&apos;s contributions to the making of the postwar world is the Paricutin volcano, in Mexico, which I described in the July issue of this magazine last year, a few months after it was born. Now, after more than a year of continuous eruption, it is still and perhaps will remain a comparatively small though no less interesting volcano. The cone on April 1 had an altitude of nearly 1200 ft. above the level of the small flat field from which it began to grow on Feb. 20, 1943. This cone is now almost entirely surrounded by the lava flows that poured out at different dates, from its base or from outlets on the slopes near its base. To the north and northwest these lavas were

Jan 1, 1944

By Larry A. Shiprnan

DEMANDS upon power plants by the war program in 1941 intensified problems of coal utilization. It was an outstanding year in that field. The domestic heating stove witnessed outstanding development; the research folks progressing so rapidly that the design of the "perfect" stove is just around the corner. Use of colored motion pictures in analyzing fuel-bed performances has reached a new high with the colored pictures taken at minute intervals and projected at sixteen frames a second as shown by the Koppers Coal Co. and the Anthracite Institute (on domestic stokers) and the Consolidated Edison Co. (industrial stokers). Continued efforts of this kind will be beneficial in analyzing further some of the "Code for Testing Coal" problems confronting Subcommittee No. 2 of the Joint A. I. M. E. - A. S. M. E. Committees.

Jan 1, 1942