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By W. H. Hough, P. B. Leavenworth

Development during 1942 led to the discovery of 26 new fields in the Texas Gulf Coast, as compared with 27 during 1941. Of these, 19 are classed as oil fields, 4 distillate fields, and 3 gas fields. Production from the new fields amounted to 614,467 bbl. to October 1942. Producing Sections.—Discoveries in I942, compared with the previous two years, classified by producing formations, are shown in the following table: It is interesting to note the increase in Wilcox discoveries due to the extensive geophysical campaign that has been con. ducted since 1940. Drilling.—During the year 688 wells were drilled, of which 574 produced oil or gas and 114 were dry. This represents a considerable decline in activity over the previous year, when 1405 wells were drilled in the area, of which 1081 were producers and 324 failures. Jackson County continued to hold the lead, with 222 wells completed. Production.—-Despite curtailed drilling, production amounted to 118,009,451 bbl. for 1942, indicating a slight increase over the 113,726,893 bbl. produced during 1941. The statistics in Tables I and 2 include condensate and distillate as oil production, because many Gulf Coast fields produce oils with a wide variation of specific gravities, all of which are commingled in pipe lines. Table 3 shows by counties most of the activities referred to. The number of wells drilled includes only field wells; not wildcats. Outstanding Fields of 1942 The Texas Gulf Coast covered in this report has 270 more or less active oil and gas fields, including the new discoveries of 1942. Of these the most outstanding from the standpoint of production are listed in Table 4. Each of these fields produced one million barrels or more during 1942. Some of the fields where new extensions are occasionally referred to as separate fields, such as West Columbia and New West Columbia, or Thompson and South Thompson, are combined to give a more accurate outline. Two interesting facts may be noted from this list of some 26 oil fields: (I) that the Lolita field, Jackson County, is the only discovery since 1938 to produce more than one million barrels annually, although there have been 79 discoveries since Jan. I, 1940; (2) that 20 of these 26 fields produce from the Frio. New Fields ALief, Harris County.—Pure Oil Company's No. I Mike Albanese was drilled to 8637 ft. in Cook Mountain shale. After numerous tests the well was completed on Apr. 20, 1942, in a Yegua sand at 7919 to 7924 ft. for 54 bbl. of 52' gravity oil and 3,335,000 cu. ft. of gas through

Jan 1, 1943

By W. H. Hough, P. B. Leavenworth

Development during 1942 led to the discovery of 26 new fields in the Texas Gulf Coast, as compared with 27 during 1941. Of these, 19 are classed as oil fields, 4 distillate fields, and 3 gas fields. Production from the new fields amounted to 614,467 bbl. to October 1942. Producing Sections.—Discoveries in I942, compared with the previous two years, classified by producing formations, are shown in the following table: It is interesting to note the increase in Wilcox discoveries due to the extensive geophysical campaign that has been con. ducted since 1940. Drilling.—During the year 688 wells were drilled, of which 574 produced oil or gas and 114 were dry. This represents a considerable decline in activity over the previous year, when 1405 wells were drilled in the area, of which 1081 were producers and 324 failures. Jackson County continued to hold the lead, with 222 wells completed. Production.—-Despite curtailed drilling, production amounted to 118,009,451 bbl. for 1942, indicating a slight increase over the 113,726,893 bbl. produced during 1941. The statistics in Tables I and 2 include condensate and distillate as oil production, because many Gulf Coast fields produce oils with a wide variation of specific gravities, all of which are commingled in pipe lines. Table 3 shows by counties most of the activities referred to. The number of wells drilled includes only field wells; not wildcats. Outstanding Fields of 1942 The Texas Gulf Coast covered in this report has 270 more or less active oil and gas fields, including the new discoveries of 1942. Of these the most outstanding from the standpoint of production are listed in Table 4. Each of these fields produced one million barrels or more during 1942. Some of the fields where new extensions are occasionally referred to as separate fields, such as West Columbia and New West Columbia, or Thompson and South Thompson, are combined to give a more accurate outline. Two interesting facts may be noted from this list of some 26 oil fields: (I) that the Lolita field, Jackson County, is the only discovery since 1938 to produce more than one million barrels annually, although there have been 79 discoveries since Jan. I, 1940; (2) that 20 of these 26 fields produce from the Frio. New Fields ALief, Harris County.—Pure Oil Company's No. I Mike Albanese was drilled to 8637 ft. in Cook Mountain shale. After numerous tests the well was completed on Apr. 20, 1942, in a Yegua sand at 7919 to 7924 ft. for 54 bbl. of 52' gravity oil and 3,335,000 cu. ft. of gas through

Jan 1, 1943

By M. G. Cheney

The purpose of this paper is to review the more important developments in the production of petroleum during 1930 in Texas, excluding the Panhandle and Gulf Coast districts, giving emphasis to trends rather than to statistics. Outstanding Developments Aside from increasing curtailment of drilling operations and general prorating of production by state authority the most noteworthy developments for the year appear to have been: 1. Demonstrations of the fictitiousness of potentials as shown first by Darst Creek pool, rated at 180,000 bbl. and having actually 78,000 bbl. daily, and especially by the Hendricks pool of Winkler County, with potential of about 1,000,000 bbl. daily in mid-year and production of only 52,000 bbl. daily when opened to continuous full production in December. 2. Rapid development of the Darst Creek pool under competitive drilling. 3. Orderly and highly successful development of the Van pool under unit operation. 4. Failure of several highly rated structures southwest and northeast of Van. 5. Extension of the deep Simpson production at Big Lake and increased interest in these pre-Mississippian pays in North Central Texas and West Texas. 6. Discovery of prolific wells in northwest Rusk County from sands of Upper Cretaceous age, portending a rapid and extensive development campaign around the northwest margin of the Sabine uplift. North Central Texas It appears logical to discuss the new developments by districts as set out by the American Petroleum Institute, but North Texas and West Central Texas districts will be treated together. Pre-Mississippian,.—The pre-Mississippian beds, which in previous years yielded a few large wells in Young, Cooke and Callahan counties,

Jan 1, 1931

By H. F. Smiley, Fred Sehmann

The production of the North Central Texas area comes entirely from the Pennsylvanian section with the exception of one pool in Cooke County and one in Young County where oil has been, produced from the weathered surfaces of Pre-Pennsylvanian peaks overlapped by oil-bearing strata of Pennsylvanian age. In the southern part of the area the Strawn and Bend groups furnish the production, the Strawn sands being the predominating horizons at depths from 1500 to 3000 feet. In the northern part of the area including North Young, Archer, Wichita, Wilbarger, and Clay counties, the Cisco group has produced consistently for nearly 30 years from sands ranging in depth from 700 to 2500 ft. To our knowledge there are 13 separate producing sands in t,he Cisco group ranging from 200 to 1800 ft. in Wichita County. During the past three years, deeper drilling has opened three new producing horizons. A Canyon sand in Central Archer County has produced from 400 to 800 bbl. per well at a depth of 2200 ft.; and in the same pool, owned jointly by the Deep Oil Development Co. and Lindsay Drilling Co., a Strawn sand was found at 3600 ft. which produced 75 bbl. per day. In Southern Wichita County the Bend group has been found productive. A very oolitic sandy lime series from 3675 to 3942 ft. has produced in three wells drilled to date. During the past year the district has been producing under an extreme proration which accounts for the small production figures for 1932, as well as the few drilling activities at the end of the year. Table 1 presents the available drilling and production data compiled by the North Texas Oil and Gas Association.

Jan 1, 1933

By H. B. Fuqua, B. E. Thompson

For a very brief description of the North Texas area and the general geological features with which it is associated, the reader is referred to the summary for 1935. As in previous years, the authors have been unable to undertakc the almost impossible task of isolating statistics for the hundreds of productive "spots" which are included within the generally productive areas of the several counties. However, pools that appear to be definitely isolated—as, for example, the Foard County production and the new pool recently developed southeast of Gainesville in Cooke County—are covered separately. During the year 1936, both routine development in proven or scmi-proven areas and exploratory drilling showed a decrease over the year 1935, there having been a total of 1453 wells drilled in the district during 1936, as compared to 1619 in 1935. It is also of interest to note that abandonments exceeded completions in 1936. Developments during 1936 While a number of local productive spots were found in Wilbarger, Archer and Wichita Counties, and numerous minor local extensions to older producing areas were developed in practically all the producing countics in the district, only two discoveries of sufficient importance to justify special mention were made. Anderson and Kerr No. 1 Bruhlmeyer, about two miles southeast of Gainesville in Cooke County, was completed in April, at a total depth of 2014 ft., for an initial production of 315 bbl. daily from a sand of Pennsylvanian (Canyon) age. Development has been rapid and the field is about drilled up. During November the 100 wells in the field averaged about 40 bbl daily. The structure appears to be a small fold associated with the northeast flank of the main uplift, which extends in a northwest-southeast direction across Cooke and Montague Counties.

Jan 1, 1937

By R. B. Gilmore

The North Texas district, as herein defined, includes the counties of Archer, Baylor, Clay, Cooke, Foard, Hardeman, Jack, Kiiox, Montague, Wichita, Wil-barger, and Young. Jack and Young Counties are included for the first time so that this district will correspond with District No. 9 of the Texas Railroad Commission. This area covers generally the crest and south flank of a system of buried mountains known as the Red River uplift. The oil and gas accumulations along this feature are in traps, which, although localized by structures incident to the regional uplift, usually are modified by stratigraphic changes in the sediments. The structural deformation caused by the Red River uplift is modified by the Rend arch, which is a broad anticline plunging northward from the Llano uplift in central Texas through Young and into Archer Counties. The fields in southern Archer, southeastern Baylor, southwestern Clay, and western Jack Counties arc on the extreme north end and along the flanks of the Bend arch and have generally the same type of oil and gas accumulation as the other fields in this district. Recent exploration has been along the flanks of the Fort Worth syncline, which is east of the Bend arch and south of the Red River uplift and extends into southeastern Clay and southwestern Montague Counties and along the eastern part of Jack County. The larger part of past oil and gas produc- tion has come from Pennsylvanian strata, with less important amounts lrom the Permian, and minor quantities from the Mississippian and Ordovician. Developments during 1943 About 1100 wells were drilled in the district during 1943 and more than 500 oil wells were completed, an increase from 1942. of approximately 12 per cent in the number of successful drilling operations of the total wells drilled. The addition of Jack and Young Counties to this district accounts for part of this increase, almost 150 wells being completed in the two counties. Production increased slightly over the previous year as a result of an increase in the number of producing wells and a greater demand for this high-gravity, sweet crude oil. The average depth of discovery wells was about 400 ft. deeper than in 1942. Although more discoveries produced from horizons below the base of the Strawn series than from those above the Straw, the deeper horizons, including the Bend series of the Pennsylvanian, the Mississippian limestone and Ellenburger of the Ordo-vician, largely were dissappointing from the viewpoint of major additions to oil reserves. The largest single addition to the reserves was in the basal Strawn sand in the Walnut Bend field, Cooke County. During the year, 31 wells were completed, both in the field and as cxtensions. The most active arca Was Jack County, in which five fields or potential fields were discovered, although only 44 oil wells were completed.

Jan 1, 1944

By R. B. Gilmore

The North Texas district, as herein defined, includes the counties of Archer, Baylor, Clay, Cooke, Foard, Hardeman, Jack, Kiiox, Montague, Wichita, Wil-barger, and Young. Jack and Young Counties are included for the first time so that this district will correspond with District No. 9 of the Texas Railroad Commission. This area covers generally the crest and south flank of a system of buried mountains known as the Red River uplift. The oil and gas accumulations along this feature are in traps, which, although localized by structures incident to the regional uplift, usually are modified by stratigraphic changes in the sediments. The structural deformation caused by the Red River uplift is modified by the Rend arch, which is a broad anticline plunging northward from the Llano uplift in central Texas through Young and into Archer Counties. The fields in southern Archer, southeastern Baylor, southwestern Clay, and western Jack Counties arc on the extreme north end and along the flanks of the Bend arch and have generally the same type of oil and gas accumulation as the other fields in this district. Recent exploration has been along the flanks of the Fort Worth syncline, which is east of the Bend arch and south of the Red River uplift and extends into southeastern Clay and southwestern Montague Counties and along the eastern part of Jack County. The larger part of past oil and gas produc- tion has come from Pennsylvanian strata, with less important amounts lrom the Permian, and minor quantities from the Mississippian and Ordovician. Developments during 1943 About 1100 wells were drilled in the district during 1943 and more than 500 oil wells were completed, an increase from 1942. of approximately 12 per cent in the number of successful drilling operations of the total wells drilled. The addition of Jack and Young Counties to this district accounts for part of this increase, almost 150 wells being completed in the two counties. Production increased slightly over the previous year as a result of an increase in the number of producing wells and a greater demand for this high-gravity, sweet crude oil. The average depth of discovery wells was about 400 ft. deeper than in 1942. Although more discoveries produced from horizons below the base of the Strawn series than from those above the Straw, the deeper horizons, including the Bend series of the Pennsylvanian, the Mississippian limestone and Ellenburger of the Ordo-vician, largely were dissappointing from the viewpoint of major additions to oil reserves. The largest single addition to the reserves was in the basal Strawn sand in the Walnut Bend field, Cooke County. During the year, 31 wells were completed, both in the field and as cxtensions. The most active arca Was Jack County, in which five fields or potential fields were discovered, although only 44 oil wells were completed.

Jan 1, 1944

By W. G. Sinclair

The wartime momentum of exploration continued throughout the year 1945 despite the end of hostilities in mid-August. The table below illustrates drilling activity in the various categories: Completed wells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Wildcats.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Wildcat discoveries, oil.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Wildcat discoveries, gas-condensate.. . . . . . . 4 Development wells.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297

Jan 1, 1946

By R. Benemelis

The existence of resins in some coal deposits in various parts of the world has been known for many years. These resins vary considerably in chemical structure and properties. The resin that is found in Utah coal, however, is rather unique, and has properties particularly attractive for the manufacture of printing ink mastics and adhesives. This resin is a rather dark, very high melting point, low molecular weight hydrocarbon resin. Its typical properties are shown in Table I. Its largest use by far, has been in the printing ink industry. The history of Utah coal resin is interesting, but unfortunately one of disappointment and failure.

Jan 1, 1990

By Graham P. Crutchfield

The W. I. Cook pool in Shackelford County, Texas, has been the subject of a number of papers and articles. Its unique position both as to operation and development has made it an ideal location for unit repressuring. The major portion of the pool is located on the W. I. Cook ranch and most of the oil leases are owned by Roeser & Pendleton, Inc. and the Continental Oil Co. and operated by Roeser & Pendleton, Inc. The Humble Oil & Refining Co. and Tom James operate producing leases which have a vital bearing on the unity of the pool. Both have cooperated in the repressuring project. Practically the entire royalty is owned by Mrs. W. I. Cook and she has given the operators her entire cooperation in all phases of unit repressuring.

Jan 1, 1931

By Frederic H. Lahee

After abandoning two dry holes, on the Mrs. Daisy Bradford land, C. M. Joiner finally completed his No. 3 on Sept. 8, 1930, at a total depth of 3592 ft. This well is 735 miles somewhat north of west of the town of Henderson, in Rusk County. Between Oct. 2 and Oct. 6, this well made numerous heads which indicated that it would produce about 300 bbl. daily. By Nov. 27, two dry holes,' completed near the Joiner well, taken in conjunction with the small production from this well, served to dampen any enthusiasm among those who hoped for a major pool; but by December 18 three other producers had been completed. On Dec. 28, 1930, E. W. Bateman's Lois Della Crim No. 1 drilled itself in with an estimated daily yield of between 10,000 and 15,000 bbl. from a depth of 3650 ft. This well, 10 miles north of the Joiner well, also in Rusk County, initiated the leasing campaign that led to the later orgy of drilling. On Jan. 25, 1931, Moncrief, Farrell and others completed their J. K. Lathrop 1 as another big producer, 7 miles east of Gladewater in Gregg County and 14 miles N. 20" E. from the Bateman Crim well. The Lathrop well, 3574 ft. deep, flowed 320 bbl. in 1 hr. through a ½in. choke. The first well completed in Smith County was Cook No. 1, drilled by Guy Lewis et al. in the James Jordan Survey, 4.7 miles west of the Joiner discovery well. On Mar. 30, 1931, it flowed 137 bbl. in 33 min, through a ¾-in. choke. The top of the pay sand was found at 3672 ft. Finally, in Upshur County, on May 5, the Mudge Oil Co. et al. completed the Richardson No. 1, which flowed 274 bbl. through a 4 2/64-in. choke in 2 hr. This well is 4 miles northwest of the Lathrop producer. Development It is unnecessary to give a lengthy description of the rapid development of the area discovered in these five far-separated wells, or to discuss the speculations offered as to whether there were several pools or only one.

Jan 1, 1932

By W. H. Echols

An oil-emulsion mud, consisting of a mixture of oil-base mud and bentonitic water-base mud, has been used experimentally in drilling 8 of the 35 wells in the Sivells Bend field, Cooke County, Texas. Experience indicates the oil-emulsion mud can be controlled in much the same manner as a water-base mud, and the "drilling" functions of the two types of mud are comparable. The average water-loss for the oil-emulsion mud was 3.8 cu cm per well. When using oil-emulsion mud to drill the last 2000 ft of 7000 ft wells, the mud costs were approximately 2½ times that of water-base mud. There is nothing to indicate well productivities have been affected through the use of oil-emulsion mud. However, drilling time and bit footages were increased and the holes were maintained more closely to bit guage. The apparent advantages gained through the use of oil-emulsion mud in the Sivells Bend field do not appear to justify the increase in mud costs. Introduction until a comparatively few years ago most of the development of drilling mud was directed toward improving the functions of the mud as related to actual drilling operations. The industry has long recognized that one disadvantage of rotary drilling over cable-tool drilling is the possibility of injury to producing zones through the blocking effect resulting from the infiltration of water or mud into the sands. Recognizing this disadvantage, considerable attention has been diverted toward the development of muds that will improve the quality of well com-pletions through the reduction or elimination of water into the sands, but without sacrificing too many of their "drilling" functions and at a cost commensurate with the benefits derived from their use. This phase of mud research has already found practical application, for example, in the development of the Rangely field, Colorado, it appears the use of oil-base mud during drilling-in operations will contribute appreciably toward making this exploitation more profitable. Much of the discussion to follow will be better understood if a brief sketch of the Sivells Bend field is given. The Sivells Bend field, discovered by The Texas Co. in 1944 and still in the process of development, is in a large bend on the Texas side of the Red River about 85 miles north of Dallas. Geologically, the structure is an unsymmetrical anticline, with faulting having contributed to its development. The productive sands are of the Strawn series of Pennsylvanian age, the sands being lenticular in character and varying considerably in development from well to well. At Present there are 35 producing wells in the field, producing from seven different sand lenses. The productive sand lenses vary from 15 to 50 ft in thickness and the individual sands have average permeabilities of from 75 to 375 md. The presently productive sands are encountered at depths of from 6300 to 7300 ft, but testing has indicated that commercial production might be obtained from other sands as high as 5200 ft. Histories of older Strawn

Jan 1, 1948

By W. H. Echols

An oil-emulsion mud, consisting of a mixture of oil-base mud and bentonitic water-base mud, has been used experimentally in drilling 8 of the 35 wells in the Sivells Bend field, Cooke County, Texas. Experience indicates the oil-emulsion mud can be controlled in much the same manner as a water-base mud, and the "drilling" functions of the two types of mud are comparable. The average water-loss for the oil-emulsion mud was 3.8 cu cm per well. When using oil-emulsion mud to drill the last 2000 ft of 7000 ft wells, the mud costs were approximately 2½ times that of water-base mud. There is nothing to indicate well productivities have been affected through the use of oil-emulsion mud. However, drilling time and bit footages were increased and the holes were maintained more closely to bit guage. The apparent advantages gained through the use of oil-emulsion mud in the Sivells Bend field do not appear to justify the increase in mud costs. Introduction until a comparatively few years ago most of the development of drilling mud was directed toward improving the functions of the mud as related to actual drilling operations. The industry has long recognized that one disadvantage of rotary drilling over cable-tool drilling is the possibility of injury to producing zones through the blocking effect resulting from the infiltration of water or mud into the sands. Recognizing this disadvantage, considerable attention has been diverted toward the development of muds that will improve the quality of well com-pletions through the reduction or elimination of water into the sands, but without sacrificing too many of their "drilling" functions and at a cost commensurate with the benefits derived from their use. This phase of mud research has already found practical application, for example, in the development of the Rangely field, Colorado, it appears the use of oil-base mud during drilling-in operations will contribute appreciably toward making this exploitation more profitable. Much of the discussion to follow will be better understood if a brief sketch of the Sivells Bend field is given. The Sivells Bend field, discovered by The Texas Co. in 1944 and still in the process of development, is in a large bend on the Texas side of the Red River about 85 miles north of Dallas. Geologically, the structure is an unsymmetrical anticline, with faulting having contributed to its development. The productive sands are of the Strawn series of Pennsylvanian age, the sands being lenticular in character and varying considerably in development from well to well. At Present there are 35 producing wells in the field, producing from seven different sand lenses. The productive sand lenses vary from 15 to 50 ft in thickness and the individual sands have average permeabilities of from 75 to 375 md. The presently productive sands are encountered at depths of from 6300 to 7300 ft, but testing has indicated that commercial production might be obtained from other sands as high as 5200 ft. Histories of older Strawn

Jan 1, 1948

By Lee W. Saperstien

At the heart of the mining process are a number of basic and fundamental tasks whose regular and repeated performance constitute the mining cycle. As will be discussed presently, these tasks are the basic components of the mining system. Section 9, Production Operations, provides the mine designer and engineer with an understanding of these tasks and with sufficient design principles to allow this person to create an efficient mine system. This section is meant to be an introduction and adjunct to subsequent sections that describe specific mining systems. However, sufficient design information is included here for the independent design of mine systems that may not be described elsewhere or for subsequent verification of existing designs. For the purposes of this section, mining subsumes excavation; thus this material applies to any excavation process. Accordingly, this section is written in general enough terms to include both surface and underground mining. It may be used also for civil engineering excavations that often involve the same steps. Obviously, the actual procedures undertaken in any specific mining system will appear to be very different from those taken in any other system. This is certainly true when comparing surface with underground methods. Yet the fundamental principles are often the same. This segment is written to explicate the basics. Wherever appropriate, the section will suggest the differences between the application process to surface or to underground mining.

Jan 1, 2008

By Wallace W. Wilson

The Cook Ranch Field produces from a very permeable lens of Cook Sand of lower Permian or upper Pennsylvanian age, occurring at an average depth of 1.300 ft. The field was discovered in 1926, and has been operated with low pressure gas injection since July, 1927, one of the first such projects in Texas. Cumulative recovery to Dec. 31. 1950, was 14,701,131 bbl of crude oil, an average of 1,013 bbl per acre-ft of oil rection. and 72.5 per cent of the oil originally in place. Analysis of the reservoir performance indicates that grav-ity drainage has been an important factor in the producing mechanism. The high permeability and uniformity of the reservoir were extremely Favorable tor this type of operation. INTRODUCTION The Cook Ranch Field is the largest of a number of relatively small, shallow producing areas near .Albany, in Shackelford County, Texas. This field is one of the first to be operated by gas injection in Texas, and probably is the most successful low pressure gas injection project ever attempted. The field is owned entirely by Koeser and Pendleton, Inc., and Continental Oil Co., and has been operated by Roeser and Pendleton, Inc., since it was discovered. This study has been made possible through the cooperation of Roeser and Pendleton, Inc.. in making availahle a remarkably complete set of records covering all phases of their operations. The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of the history of the operations through Dec. 31, 1950, and to analyze some of the factors which appear to be responsible for the success of the project. Information concerning the physical plant and the early gas injection history has been presented in an earlier paper.' RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS production in the Cook Ranch Field is from a large lens of Cook Sand. of lower Permian or upper Pennsylvanian age, occurring at an average depth of 1.300 ft. The average dip of the sand body, as shown in Fig. 1. is only about 50 ft per mile to the northwest. The reservoir has an area of 930 acres and contains 15,512 acre-ft of Sand, consisting of about 14.512 acre-ft of produc-tive oil zone. and an estimated 1.000 acre-ft of primary gas-cap. The iso-pachous map (Fig. 2) was prepared from drillers' logs. Recent coring in the field has proven these logs to be quite accurate. The productive limits of the field are defined by shale on all sides but the southwest where a small zone of edgewater was encountered. This water does not appear to have encroached into the reservoir, and water production has been small. A smaller producing area to the south of the Cook Ranch Field also produces from the Cook Sand. but is separated from the reservoir under consideration by a band of shale. The sand consists of well sorted, coarse grained. rounded and subangu-lar quartz fragments. very poorly cemented. The analysis of 46 chip-core samples from two recently completed test wells indicates a range of porosity values between 12.5 and 28.2 per cent. wit11 an arithmetic average of 24.0 per cent. Air permeability values range between 50 and 2,300 md, with an arithmetic average of 1.200 md. The reservoir where cored is a Solid sand body. with no discernible major shale breaks or impermeable streaks. Vertical permeability appears to be of the same magnitude as the horizontal permeability. A core of the Cook Sand was cut ill the smaller field to the south, using lubricating oil as drilling fluid. The connate water content of the sand in this core was found to average about ten per cent, and the porosity and permeability were comparable with the values reported above. No analysis was made of subsurface or recombined hydrocarbon samples,

Jan 1, 1952

By V. Kecojevic

The objective of this research was to establish the relationship between production, consumption and energy cost in the surface mining of bituminous coal. Specific energy sources such as diesel, gasoline, electricity, explosives and bituminous coal were considered in this study. Gain in net energy, proportion of the cost of energy consumption and total energy cost relative to total revenue of extracted coal were determined, and a new energy efficiency index and a new energy-cost ratio were established. A case study on an operating surface coal mine was carried out to demonstrate the application of the newly developed method. The results of this study can be used by the mine operators in establishing strategies for the optimization of energy production and consumption, and for reducing the cost of bituminous coal extraction.

Jan 1, 2014

About Barrick Paste Backfill at Barrick Goldstrike Rodeo Paste Plant Cyclone Lab Testing Challenges and Lessons Learned Future Barrick Projects

May 1, 2013

In 1973, US Borax & Chemical Corp. began investing three days wages and about $20 in training materials in every new employee before having him report to his first job. The result? Accidents involving new employees in the past two years have dropped by more than half from the 1972 level. What made this success possible was safety training done with programmed instruction materials-which, incidentally, US Borax also uses for vocational training.

Jan 4, 1976

By E. M. Wilde

Through the USGS's National Coal Availability program, coal resource appraisals have been completed for three 7.5-minute quadrangles (Willow Crossing, Colstrip East, Colstrip SW) in the Powder River Basin area of southeastern Montana. Available coal reserves (original reserves minus tonnages affected by current restrictions) vary from 44 to 70 percent of the original reserves. Major restrictions impacting each area also vary. In each area, one or two beds contain most of the reserves, but up to eleven beds contain available coal. The main beds in completed studies are the Knobloch, Rosebud, Sawyer and Flowers-Goodale. Three additional areas (six 7.5-minute quadrangles) are in preparation.

Jan 1, 2001

By W. A. Lang

Introduction In this review, which is the fifth of the series on the Progress in Coal Technology, an attempt has been made to outline some of the more important developments that have taken place in coal carbonization during the last decade. Research into both high-and low-temperature carbonization has been active for three principal reasons: (1) the growing shortages in most countries of high-quality coking coals; (2) the demand for smokeless fuels for domestic purposes; (3) the need for metallurgical coke for the increased output of steel in the post-war years. The growing importance of coal tars as a source of chemicals for the preparation of synthetic products and of coal gases for the recovery of sulphur is evident. Many of the researches initiated because of wartime necessity have been continued .and even expanded in the post-war years. High-temperature carbonization with a suitable coal yields a strong coke which is used primarily for metallurgical purposes, a tar with good marketable value, and a large yield of gas of medium calorific value. Low-temperature carbonization gives a more free-burning solid product suitable for a domestic fuel, a high yield of a tar which is generally regarded as superior to high-temperature tar for chemical purposes, and a smaller yield of a higher-heat-value gas.

Jan 1, 1951