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Bosworth, T. 0. The Mackenzie oilfield of northern Canada. Petroleum Times, vol. 5, Apr. 30, 1921, pp. 489-491. Jour. Inst. Petroleum Technologists, vol. 7, Oct., 1921, pp. 276-290; discussion, pp. 290-297. Gives location of the field, some of its geology, mode of occurrence and character of the oil. See also Oil Trade Jour., vol. 12, June, 1921, pp. 48-108. Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 42, May 27, 1921, pp. 420-422. Oil and Gas Jour., vol. 20, June 3, 1921, pp. 90-90. Petroleum World (London), vol. 18, June, 1921, pp. 233-2.64, 236-238, 240-241. Bull. Canadian Inst. min. and met., July, 1921, pp. 629-638. Mining and Metallurgy, Oct., 1921, pp. 47-48. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Resources of Balkan and Near Eastern countries. Commerce Repts., Oct. 24, 1921, pp. 488-489. Includes summary of the mineral resources of these countries, mentioning petroleum and allied substances in Roumania, Albania, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Palestine, Arabia, Persia.

Jan 1, 1921

By R. R. Sayars

"Carbon monoxide is a gas slightly lighter than air, with which it diffuses readily to make a homogeneous mixture. It will burn and has a wide explosive range, that is, an explosion is possible when the air contains from 15 to 73 per cent of the gas3. This explosive range is about the same as that for hydrogen and over nine times As Tide as that for marsh gas (methane). Like air, it has neither color nor taste and has no odor in concentrations usually encountered, therefore it cannot be detected by the ordinary senses with which men are endowed. It is produced by burning carbon containing fuels, no coal, wood, gasoline, etc., whenever not enough air or oxygen is supplied to burn and oxidize the fuel completely.The human race has probably been exposed to this gas since men first began using fires in confined or sheltered places. The poisoning as usually encountered is an acute condition resulting from breathing atmospheres con¬taining this gas. A number of eases described in the ancient literature Indicate that carbon monoxide was a frequent cause of death by accident, suicide and is a means of punishment or torture. A quotation by Lewin from Aristotle who lived in 384-322 B.C., states that ""animals collapse from harmful odors as men gets a severe headache and often dies through charcoal vapors"". The Roman knew that smoke was poisonous, and used the greenest most smoke-producing wood to put persons to death. The occurrence of carbon monoxide increased in frequency through the years until at the present time it is found in the home as well as in many industries. The following table gives the approximate percentage of carbon monoxide found in gases from various sources of poisoning.4"

Apr 1, 1924

By Laxman S. Sundae

In the vast majority of American coal mines, roof bolt holes are drilled dry, mainly because of mine operator concern with the spent water creating adverse working conditions. Wet drilling, however, can increase drilling rates and the effective lifetime of the drill bits used. This study, carried out as part of an ongoing cooperative research program between the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the University of Missouri-Rolla, shows that the large volumes of water conventionally used in wet drilling are not necessary, and the performance benefits from wet drilling can be achieved with total volume flows on the order of 0.4 L per hole. This conclusion is validated based on the measured respirable dust generated in drilling Berea sandstone. The results are confirmed using a variety of bit shapes, which are also shown to have a significant effect on penetration rate.

Jan 1, 2010

By R. E. Green

The Bureau of Mines undertook a bench-scale study of three different types of oxidized taconites3 from the Lake Superior district to improve the dispersion-selective flocculation-desliming process for beneficiating these materials. The response-surface contours of the effects of dissolved ionic species in the water and of three dispersion systems on the selective flocculation process were studied. Results of metallurgical data and chemical analyses of the aqueous phase showed that the water quality affects the performance of the selective flocculation process.

Jan 1, 1984

By A. L. Johns, M. V. Healey

This paper presents one of a series of digests of foreign mining legis- lation and court decisions which is being prepared in advance of a general report relative to the right of American citizens to explore for minerals and to own and operate mines in various foreign countries. This interpretation of tie laws of Ecuador has been prepared from the best available information in Washington, but is released subject to correction and amplification, if necessary, by the proper American diplomatic and consular officers to whom it is being referred through the courtesy of the Department of State..

May 1, 1930

By Oliver Bowles

Chalk is defined as a noncrystalline, soft, friable, fine-grained, light-colored type of limestone. It consists essentially of calcareous shells of minute organisms known as "foraminifera," although skeletal remains of molluscs, corals, and sponges are also present. Flint balls which are found so commonly in the chalk cliffs of Europe are regarded as segregations of the remains of certain organisms, such as radiolarians and sponges, that secrete siliceous shells or spicules. The famous chalk beds of northwestern Europe are of Upper Cretaceous age, a geological period that was particularly favorable for the develop- ment and multiplication of foraminifera. The distinguishing physical characteristics of true chalk never have been fully defined; probably its noncrystalline and colloidal properties are most important. The properties of chalk, whiting, and whiting substitutes are not well understood, and much re- search is necessary before definite reasons may be ascribed for the behavior of these materials under various conditions of use. The Bureau of Mines has undertaken a detailed study of chalk and similar materials to determine their exact properties and to establish a basis for classifying formations loosely designated as chalk occurring in various parts of the United States, but the results of this study will not be available for some months. Whiting is a pulverized, purified, and carefully sized chalk. Whiting substitutes consist of finely ground limestone or dolomite, ground marble (marble flour), white marl, and chemically precipitated calcium carbonate.

Jul 1, 1931

By James L. Ash

This report contains the results of a technical and economic evaluation of conceptual systems for the underground mining, rubblization, and in situ retorting of deep oil shale deposits. Study efforts were first directed towards evaluation of the applicable geology, associated minerals, rock mechanics, in situ retorting, access mining, ventilation, rubblization, safety, and environmental impact factors. Conceptual systems were synthesized and then evaluated against these factors from both a technical and limited economic viewpoint. The results of these evaluations were then analyzed and, based upon this analysis, the following two systems were selected for further study: System II: Room and Pillar-Vertical Drill and Blast System IV: Tunnel Boring-Horizontal Ring Drill and Blast Due to the large number of variables to be considered, a computer program was developed and utilized to provide data for the cost trade-off studies and economic analysis. Results of the early computer runs indicated the value of the tool available? in the computer program and led to an extension in the contract to determine the sensitivity of the systems to several of the more apparent significant variables. These results in turn led to a refinement in the design assumptions and a better understanding of the technical and economic options available to an owner-operator of a Vertical Modified In Situ Shale Oil Extraction System. This report is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of Contract Number 50241073 by Fenix & Scisson, Inc. to the Denver Mining Research Center, United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. Work was completed as of November, 1976.

Jan 1, 1976

By H. M. Coggin

The study summarizes the state of the art in rock mechanics, open pit and underground mining, leaching, geology, metallurgy and financial analysis Conceptual design of pit slope caving technique and analyses explore concepts for the exploitation of ore grade remnants in the walls and bottoms of open pit mines and the potential economics of the adaptations Several coded sites were examined for future studies where the feasibility of the method may be demonstrated. An extensive bibliography has been developed

Jan 1, 1977

"SUMMARYThe K.M.A. reservoir was discovered to be oil bearing at a depth of 3,719 feet on March 11, 1931. Extensive development, however, was not begun immediately, because the discovery well had a low initial daily oil production, and market conditions for oil were unfavorable. Development of the field progressed slowly for the next 6 1/2 years. In the latter part of 1937, a wildcat well approximately 2 miles southwest of the discovery well was drilled on a magnetometer high and completed with an initial flowing production of 2,016 barrels of 43° A.P.I.-gravity oil in 12 hours. Rapid development of the southwestern part of the K.M.A. field was begun immediately and continued until over 700 wells were drilled and approximately 12,500 acres proved oil productive.Because of the large size of the entire K.M.A. field, this report is limited in scope to the southwestern part only, and the discussion that follows pertains to this area only. The closing date for production statistics is August 1, 1949.The K.M.A. structure is a complex anticline having a maximum closure of 250 feet, and the K.M.A. formation is composed of sediments that grade from limestone through sandy lime and limy sand to sandstone with thin streaks of shale. Two distinct members of the K.M.A. formation, zone I and zone II, are oil productive. Core analyses indicate the average porosity to be 16.5 percent for zone I and 16.1 percent for zone II. A relationship was established from core data, which showed the correlative permeabilities to be 42.1 millidarcys for zone I and 39.5 millidarcys for zone II, whereas the arithmetical averages of the permeabilities were 84 millidarcys for zone I and 216 millidarcys for zone II. Connate water saturations were 17.5 percent for zone I and 20.0 percent for zone II. The porosity-saturation method, using a thickness-correction factor, was employed to calculate the volume c 168.1 million barrels of stock-tank oil initially in place in the reservoir. Analyses of the reservoir oilIn that, although the initial reservoir pressure was 1,750 p.s.i., the original reservoir oil was saturated to only 1,300 at which pressure 1 barrel of stock,tank oil contained 525 cubic feet of gas in solution.A serious decline in reservoir pressure during the 2 years of rapid development alarmed the operators and caused them to consider a cooperative pressure-maintenance program. In the latter part of 1939, the K.M.A. Pressure Maintenance Association was organized, and the gasoline plants in the field agreed to process the wet gas and return the dry gas to leases having gas-injection wells. Approximately 27 percent of the cumulative volume of produced gas had been returned to the reservoir by August 1, 1949."

Jun 1, 1952

By J. W. Thompson

LIMESTONE DEPOSITS. Limestone deposits that have not been demonstrated to be of such quality as to give them any substantial value over other limestone deposits of the same region, are not regarded as minerals. Gray Trust Co., In re, 47 Land Decisions 18, p. 20. OIL AS A MINERAL. Oil is a mineral substance and its removal will greatly impair the value of the land from which it is removed. Texas & Pacific Coal & Oil Co. v. Howard. Southwestern 735, p. 737. Tex. Clv. App. 212 OIL AND GAS AS MINERALS OWNERSHIP. Oil and gas are minerals and so long as they remain in place they belong to the owner of the land under which they are found and such owner has the right to explore for the oil and gas on or under his land and when found to remove and possess the same. Kimbley v. Luckey, Okla. - 179 Pacific 928, p. 831. OWNERSHIP OF MINERALS LACHES NO BAR. The owner of minerals in land can not be barred by laches for failing to assert his ownership where his title had not been ques- tioned and his right invaded. No lapse of time bars one's right to property and it is only in case his right has been invaded that it can be barred by laches.

Jan 1, 1920

By Robert Lee Stahl

Comprehensive field tests were made by the Federal Bureau of Hines at the Conda open pit mine near Soda Springs, Idaho, to determine whether surface geophysical techniques could be used to detect and delineate faults in phosphate deposits. The tests included seismic refraction, magnetometry, electrical resistivity, and airborne photography. Of the several geophysical techniques tested in the field, horizontal resistivity profiling was the most effective method for diagnosing faults. The method is quick, inexpensive, accurate, and can be easily used by mining company personnel to detect and delineate faults.

Jan 1, 1975

By J. Roger Loebenstein

This report presents a U.S. Bureau of Mines study of the flow of arsenic-containing materials in the United States, based on the best data available in 1991, includes a consideration of arsenic as a byproduct of the processing of nonferrous metals, the fate of arsenic in manufacturing wastes, the quantity of arsenic used in products, tile fate of arsenic in dissipative uses, and the useful life of discarded products. Where possible, estimates are given of the amounts of arsenic lost from the materials flow. Arsenic byproduct of mining nonferrous metals. Historically, most U.S. production has been from the states of Montana, Washington, and Utah. The smelters in these states are believed to be the areas of the country where arsenic is most concentrated in the soil, tailings ponds, and waste dumps. Since the closure of the last domestic producer of arsenic in 1985, all arsenic has been derived from imported sources. Historically, arsenic was important in agricultural applications as an insecticide, herbicide, and cotton desiccant. As the environmental movement gained momentum and the toxicity of arsenic became better understood, most of the agricultural uses for arsenic were banned. Beginning about 1975, the use of arsenic as a wood preservative began to grow. After 1980, wood preservative uses became more important than agricultural applications. By 1990, 70% of the arsenic consumed in the United States was used by the wood preservative industry and 20% by the agricultural industry. The major source of domestic arsenic emissions in 1989 was from the U.S. copper processing indus¬try. About 7,800 mt/yr of arsenic was discarded in leach dumps, tailings, and slag. Another 800 mt/yr was liberated to the atmosphere and 1/100 mt/yr was exported in copper concentrates. On the consumption side, 9,200 mt/yr was lost, mostly from dissipative agricultural uses and the disposal of obsolete arsenical products.

Jan 1, 1994

By Isaac A. Zlochower

This paper presents data on the limiting (minimum) oxygen concentration (LOC), in the presence of added N2, of methane (CH4), propane (C3H8), ethylene (C2H4), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen (H2), and some of their binary mixtures. It also addresses the issue of the flammable concentration (flammability) limits of these pure gases in air. The study is based on spark ignited explosions in large, spherical laboratory vessels (120-L and 20-L) using a 7% pressure-rise criterion for explosion propagation. The results of the study are compared with the older values which used long flammability tubes with a diameter >5 cm together with visual evidence of substantial upward propagation. They are also compared to results reported recently using a 12-L spherical flask with a visual flame propagation criterion. Finally, they are compared to results reported in Europe using more modest flammability criteria and smaller chambers. The findings reported here show excellent agreement between the 120-L and 12-L results, good agreement with the 20-L results, and reasonable agreement with the earlier flammability tube values for the lower flammability limits. They disagree, however, with the more conservative European values. These results and those from the 12-L experiments also feature lower LOCs than are given by traditional flammability tubes. A model for the LOCs of such fuel mixtures based on the Le Chatelier mixture rule for lower flammable limits is seen to reasonably fit the observed results on binary mixtures and can accommodate more complex mixtures as well. One such set of ternary mixtures containing CH4 and 1:1 CO:H2 is well fitted by the model.

Jan 1, 2009

By S. P. Holt

The Salt Chuck mine is on the east bank of the Salt Chuck, a salt-water inlet at the head of Kasaan Bay, Prince Edward Island, Southeestern Alaska. The deposit was worked at intervals from 1905 until. 1941. Early ship-ments of hand-sorted ore are reported to have assayed about 4 percent copper, 0.15 ounce gold, and 0.15 ounce silver. The total mine production up to 1941 is reported to have been 326,000 tons containing 6,200,000 pounds of copper. During December 1942 the Bureau of Mines cut a 15-foot channel sample on the surface and channel samples from headings on the 300-foot level. In July 1943 a development project was started. Thirteen diamond-drill holes totaling 1,550 linear feet were drilled from underground stations on the 200- foot and 300-foot levels.

Jan 1, 1948

By R. E. Perry

To develop new or improved flotation methods for beneficiating low-grade red iron ores, the Bureau made many bench scale and continuous anionic flotation tests on ferruginous sandstones and calcareous iron ores from the north-eastern part of the Birmingham, Ala., iron district. The ores contained about 21 to 36 percent iron, a to 11 percent lime, and 22 to 64 percent silica. Production of iron concentrates containing 48 to 52 percent iron was technically feasible in batch tests, and the iron recoveries ranged from 85 to 92 percent. In continuous tests 49 to 51 percent iron products were obtained with 80 to 90 percent recovery.

Jan 1, 1962

The objectives of this research were to examine and to laboratory performance of several brands of rigid urethane een brands, produced by 13 manufacturers, were examined. was performed in a laboratory under controlled conditions. document the foam. Eight-All testing Preliminary laboratory tests included flame spread evaluations, flame penetration, ignition temperatures, air permeability, and adhesion. Having established arbitrary cutoff values, the original 18 candidates were narrowed to 8. More specialized tests followed. The effects of water immersion and dry aging on flame spread performance and other physical properties were then examined. This Bureau of Mines report was written to provide information for those concerned with using rigid urethane foam as a sealant. Its intent is to describe the various laboratory evaluations performed and to delineate the performance of each candidate. This report neither promotes nor discourages the use of rigid urethane foams. It presents results that will enable those responsible for using or enforcing the use of rigid urethane foams in underground mines to make informed decisions.

Jan 1, 1985

By Michael J. Friedel

As part of an investigation aimed at improving the health and safety and competitiveness of the mining industry, the U.S. Bureau of Mines evaluated the application of common offset radar profiling, using a 250-MHz ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system, for the detection of fractures in igneous rock. A series of radar reflection surveys were conducted to detect and delineate the extent of fracturing at various granodiorite and gabbro quarries and outcrops located in Minnesota. The application of radar profiling for detecting joints, sheeting fractures, shear zones, and depth to water table was demonstrated to be feasible with minimal processing. Radar reflection interpretations were verified by visual inspection of the rock mass and field mapping of local structure. The radar reflection section provides a simple, rapid, and cost-effective means for mapping of shallow (less than 10 m) small-scale fractures (greater than 0.25 cm) in igneous rock masses (characteristic of velocities between 0.061 m/ns for gabbro and 0.125 m/ns for granodiorite). Depth or distance estimates to fractures are within 10 pct of the actual, and time-shift compensation is necessary only when topographic irregularities exceed 30 cm.

Jan 1, 2010

"U.S. Bureau of Mines Publications and Articles, 1994 with Subject and Author Index Compiled by Office of Public Information U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) Department of the InteriorINTRODUCTIONThe U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) was established in 1910 to conduct inquiries and scientific and technological investigations on mining and the preparation, treatment, and use of mineral substances; to promote health and safety in the mineral industries; to conserve material resources; to promote economic development; to increase efficiency in the mining, metallurgical, quarrying, and other mineral industries; and to inquire into the economic conditions affecting those industries. The organic act of the Bureau, as amended by Congress and approved February 25, 1913, made it the province and duty of the Bureau of Mines to ""disseminate information concerning these subjects in such manner as will best carry out the purpose of this Act.""In accordance with this directive, USBM reports the findings of its research and investigations in its own series of publications and also in articles that appear in scientific, technical, and trade journals; in proceedings of conventions and seminars; in reference books; and in other non-USBM publications. This edition describes reports and articles published during calendar year 1994. It supplements the 50-year list of Bureau publications issued from July 1, 1910, to January 1, 1960; 1 the 50-year list of articles by Bureau authors published outside the Bureau from July 1, 1910, to January 1, 1960; 2 andthe 5-year lists of publications and articlesfrom January 1, 1960, to December 31, 1964,3from January 1, 1965, to December 31, 1969,4from January 1,1970, to December 31,1974,5from January 1,1975, to December 31,1979,6from January 1,1980, to December 31,1984/and from January 1, 1985, to December 31,1989.8"

May 1, 1995

By Jean J. Tancous

Chromium recovery from wet-blue offal trimmings and shavings can be done with substantial chemical cost gains by incineration at 600° C for 5 hr. Pretreating the offal with 0.5 M Na2C03 and air-drying prior to incineration produce Cr04 .By simply incinerating the offal, without pretreatment, an ash containing water insoluble Cr203 was produced. The Cr203 in the ash was purified by leaching with water. Chromium and crude protein were efficiently extracted from offal using 5 pct Na103, 5 pct H2S04, and 3 pct NaCl at 40° C. This procedure was effective but expensive. Satisfactory leather as to odor, appearance and shrinkage temperature was made from chromium recovered from wet-blue offal by incineration and by extraction. Chromium conservation is possible by recycling chromium liquors and by precipitating chromium from spent tanning liquors prior to combining these liquors with other tannery wastes. Combining chromium liquors with other wastes introduces contaminants that make chromium recovery and reuse difficult. Leaching sludges with H2SO4 produced marginal chemical cost gains. Leather tanned with these solutions had satisfactory shrinkage temperature but the sludge odors and iron contamination were objectionable.

Jan 1, 1979

By Wilson Blake

Increased application and interest in the use of microseismic monitoring to deal with ground control problems, Particularly those resulting in violent failures, has brought about the need for practical guidelines with respect to all phases of microseismic monitoring. This report presents the results of an 18-month effort to review the microseismic method and develop needed practical guidelines. Microseismic activity and properties of microseismic events are treated so that these parameters can be taken into account when developing monitoring equipment. Microseismic equipment is discussed to provide familiarization with the components of monitoring systems. Factors to be considered and procedures for developing a microseismic monitoring system are presented. Both physical and electrical considerations for the installation of a monitoring system are discussed in detail. The operation of a microseismic system including data analysis procedures is presented. Field examples to illustrate use of microseismic data in evaluating ground control problems are presented in a number of case histories.

Jan 1, 1982