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By Harold M. Smith

This report presents a complete qualitative picture of knowledge of the composition of petroleum as of April 1965. The material is presented in detai 1 on two imaginative maps--one, the Hydrocarbon Hemisphere, depicts the hydrocarbons that have been identified in petroleum; the other, the Heterogeneous Hemisphere, shows the sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds that have been found. All compounds are placed on the maps according to boiling point. The accompanying text illustrates by structural formulas the several types of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon compounds identified, presents some quantitative data, and points out the possible geochemical significance of a number of the compounds. The possibilities of the Petroleum World of the future are discussed as a function of needed research.

May 1, 1965

By Robert J. Anderson

"Introductory Statement.In founding any kind of castings, even with the best practice, scrap castings are produced because of rejections for certain defects. Casting los¬ses are a serious source of financial loss in iron and steel foundry practice as well as, in brass and bronze, but they are particularly serious in aluminum foundry work because of the high value of aluminum. The indications are that in many aluminum foundries in the United States, the casting losses are at times high, and in some plants they are entirely too high when compared with average practice. Of course, defective castings have a residual value for remelting, but if much machine work has been done on a casting before it is scraped, the labor costs alone may exceed the value of the metal and even that of the rough casting.In a foundry, the monetary losses incurred through the production of waster castings can be ascertained from calculations based upon adequate scrap-loss reports. Such reports, when properly kept and interpreted are a valuable aid in finding foundry costs, but they are primarily useful in diagnosing the causes for casting losses. Many aluminum foundries in the United States do not keep adequate records of strap losses; as a result the causes for defective castings can not be traced, nor preventative measures adopted. However, some of the large aluminum foundries keep excellent records, and it has been found that these involve little extra expense for clerical work. If a foundry man will study his daily production of defective and waster castings, he will be able to trace the causes or losses and then make such corrections in his plant practice as will effect a considerable reduction in these losses -- as much as 50.0 per tent in some foundries. If all the present casting losses of the United States could be reduced 50.0 per cent, by eliminating only the readily preventable defectives, a saving of several million dollars would accrue. In the aluminum-foundry industry alone, the saving would amount to about $600,000."

Apr 1, 1920

By M. G. Zabetakis

Amyl nitrite (C5H11NO2) is a pale-yellow liquid with an ethereal fruity odor and a pungent aromatic taste. Its use in first-aid treatment of cyanide poisoning has been suggested by Chen and his coworkers. Although not the most effective treatment, it is the only one that does not require intravenous injections and is, therefore, very suitable as a preliminary measure, which only involves breaking a capsule near the patient's nose until intravenous injections can be given. In the case of the sodium nitrite -sodium thiosulfate treatment, for instance, such injections require about 15 minutes. As amyl nitrite "Pearls" (small capsules containing liquid amyl nitrite) are placed in many first-aid kits by various companies that handle, store, or use hydrogen cyanide gas, it appeared advisable to investigate the explosion hazards of this material in air and oxygen. Accordingly, tests were made to determine the limits of flammability, temperature range of flammability of amyl nitrite saturated with air and with oxygen, and minimum ignition temperatures of this material in air and in oxygen.

Jan 1, 1952

By A. T. Coumbe

This compilation of statistics covering competitive fuels consumed for heating of residential and commercial buildings is in response to numerous requests for data of this nature to show the relative changes in the demands for the different fuels in recent years. The figures presented cover the amounts of various fuels ant electric energy reported as used for heating dwellings and commercial buildings. However, the totals for gaseous fuels and electricity necessarily include amounts consumed for both cooking and lighting purposes, as these associated household uses could not be readily broken out. [ ] SOURCES OF FUEL AND POWER STATISTICS Liquid fuel: Mineral Market Reports of the Bureau of Mines covering annual Pales of fuel oil and kerosine. The fuel oil figures include grades 1 to h, reported as sold for space heating. Kerosine and grade 1 fuel oil delivered as range oil ore also included. Gaseous fuel: "Gas Facts" published by the Bureau of statistics of the American Gas Association. Thin source was used as It is believed that the data shown are representative of the actual market

Jan 1, 1953

By Andrew M. Leszcykowski

In 1984, personnel from the U.S. Bureau of Mines examined the 9,550-acre Yatahoney Creek Wilderness Study Area (WSA) for mineral resources. This study area, in southwestern Idaho, is underlain by tuffs and basalt of Tertiary age. Owyhee County mining records and U.S. Bureau of Land Management records, and other references were examined prior to the field study. There are no known mines, claims, or prospects in or near the WSA. No evidence of mineral deposits or occurrences was observed. Oil and gas leases or lease applications are in the southern portion and northeast corner of the WSA. Although placer gold exists in the Owyhee River drainage, there are insufficient deposits of gold-bearing gravel in the Yatahoney Creek WSA to enable mining. INTRODUCTION The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conduct mineral surveys of designated wilderness study areas (WSAs) 1/ to ensure mineral values that may be present are considered in wilderness recommendations. The USBM examines known mines, prospects, and mineralized sites, and the USGS performs geologic mapping, and geochemical and geophysical surveys on an areal basis.

Jan 1, 1986

By J. W. Thompson

This work is a codification and annotation of the Congressional enactments relating to minerals, mineral lands, and mining. It covers every enactment of Congress from the original ordinance of 1785 to the present time, as well as all sections of the Revised Statutes of the United States relating to these subjects. These laws are grouped according to their general subject matter, and are arranged thereunder in numerical or chronological order. Many of the mining statutes include matter not pertinent to the subject, and only those parts of such acts are quoted as will properly show their relation to minerals and mineral lands and indicate how they should be construed. Some mining acts have been repealed or have become obsolete, and others have become incorporated substantially in sections of the Re- vised Statutes; but these are retained in order to show the changes made, and the constructions placed thereon by the courts are given as aids in construing the new or repealing acts. The annotations consist of legal propositions abstracted from the decisions of the various courts and executive officers of the Govern- ment that have interpreted the sections and statutes so codified. These legal propositions are arranged under the different sections and acts with appropriate headings, titles, and subtitles, in logical order, exhibiting the present status of each particular section or act and its application to the subject of mines and mineral lands. The annotations do not purport to be abstracts of decisions on the sub- stantive law of mines and mining generally, but are limited strictly to the interpretation placed on a given section or act definitely re- ferred to by a court or executive officer by the number of the section of the Revised Statutes or the volume and page of the Statutes at Large in which the Congressional enactment is found. It may be observed that the legal propositions stated are not always pertinent to the particular section or act under which they are classed and of which they purport to give a construction. The arrangement, however, is not an arbitrary one, but is so made for the reason that the courts or officers in the construction of a particular section or act definitely referred to by number or volume and page incorporated in the decision matter not strictly pertinent to the par- ticular section or act so designated. This statement applies especially to the interpretations placed on the sections of the Revised Statutes. The decisions abstracted for the purpose of this work are those of the United States Supreme Court, 234 volumes; the various Federal courts, 214 volumes; the decisions of the Department of the Interior

Jan 1, 1915

By James L. Fenton

In its unending search for the raw materials that the affluent society of today requires the mining industry has found it necessary to go to great depths, in many cases, to produce these materials. Inherent with this problem is the insufficient technology relating to improving extreme environments that the mine personnel are exposed to. In this dissertation, the sources of heat flow into a mine along with the various effects that this heat has on the mine personnel are investigated. The object of dissertation is to compile all the available published information pertaining to these underground heat and their effects into one paper. This will provide the mining industry with an available easy-to-use to aid in the determination of mine ventilation requirements as the mines are in the phases of original planning or being extended to depth. Areas of significant, deficiencies it knowledge have been disclosed during this overall appraisal. Recommendations on important basic research needs are out lined for future consideration by Federal or industries sponsorship. This thesis should serve as a stimulus lo, future well-organized research efforts in the area of underground heat sources and their control.

Jan 1, 1973

By G. R. FITT, S. R. B. Cooke, C. W. Davis, V. H. Gottschalk, C. G. Maier, C. E. Wood, R. S. Dean, S. B. THOMAS, John Gross, E. P. Barrett, T. L. Joseph

Lack of funds has prevented publication of much of the metallurgical work of the Bureau of Mines during the past 2 years . The present progress report covers studies in the direct production of iron and steel . The experimental work was carried out in cooperation with the universities of California , Minnesota , and Missouri . Complete reports will be published when funds are available .

May 1, 1934

By Arthur L. Murray

"Oil-shale camps are peculiarly favored, in that before they are establishes it can be ascertained with a degree of certainty, that the life of the project is not limited. Unlike camps at metal mines, where the metal content of a given area is frequently an unknown quantity until after years of development, oil-shale camps should, from the outset, be planned and. built as permanent types of camps. Where this procedure is followed camps will be established which better serve the needs of the industry and the cost of their general care and upkeep will be less.Selection of camp or townsite.The site of the camp or town' whether on company property or not, should be selected with care. It should be separate if possible from the location of the plants of the company so as to be free from noise and fumes and so as to provide a change of environment for employees in going from their work to their homes.The principal features governing the site to be selected are as follows:Drainage. The general contour of the surrounding country should be such that drainage is away from the site. The camp or town should, if practical, be situated on higher ground than that in its immediate vicinity.Soil. The nature of the soil on which the camp or town is located may bear a decided relation to health. A porous, well underdrained top soil of at least four feet in depth insures dryness and facilities the placing of foundations and the laying of water mains and sewer pipes. Such a soil also is an advantage in growing trees, shrubs and grass plots, which are a decided adjunct to making the community attractive.Enviroment. The contiguous territory should afford no unwholesome sur¬roundings such as swamps Or accumulations of stagnant water.General Considerations. The water supply to be provided and the method of disposal of wastes influence to a certain extent the location of the camp or town-site. The means of supplying water, whether by gravity or by pupping, and the disposal of sewage, whether by outfall, system, sewage disposal system through septic tanks, broad irrigation or filter beds, or cesspools will govern the location of the site topographically in relation to source of water and point of disposal of sewage.* This article was prepared as part of the paper ""Use and Supply of Water for the Oil-Shale Industry"" by J. J. Jakowsky, to be published by the Department of Metallurgical Research, University of Utah, in cooperation with the United States Bureau of Mines."

Jul 1, 1921

By F. W. Wessel

Manganiferous carbonate slates of the Cuyuna range, which are part of the unoxidized thin-budded iron formation, represent a large potential source of manganese. This report details recent bench-scale research by the Federal Bureau of Mines in applying mineral-dressing techniques to these materials in order to investigate their potential uses. Work outlined in the report was directed toward the production of concentrates usable as iron-blast furnace feed, but an equally important objective might have been to furnish an enriched feed for extractive processes for recovering manganese. Flotation concentrates were prepared that contained 11.1 percent manganese, 27.8 percent iron, and 12.2 percent silica, with recoveries of 73 percent of the manganese and 48 percent of the iron. Calculated analysis for a simulated sinter suggests a product containing 16.0 percent manganese, 40.2 percent iron, and 17.6 percent silica, with 31 percent recovery of the dry weight of the ore. The silica in the flotation concentrates was due to quartz and iron silicates. Substantial quantities of the iron silicates (stilpnomelane and smaller amounts of minnesotaite) were present in the slate, and the need to reject these minerals limited the recovery of iron. The sintered flotation concentrate would be usable as ferruginous manganese ore for iron blast-furnace feed because of its favorable manganese silica ratio. The unsintered flotation concentrates, representing 45 percent of the feed weight and containing manganese enriched in the ratio of 1.6 : 1, also could be used as feed to processes for extracting manganese.

Jan 1, 1961

By Arthur L. Murray

"Oil-shale camps are peculiarly favored, in that before they are established it can be ascertained with a,of certainty, that the life of the project is not limited. Unlike camps at metal mines, where the metal content of a given area is frequently an unknown quantity until after years of development, oil-shale camps should, from the outset, be planned and built as permanent types of camps. Where this procedure is followed camps will be established which better serve the needs of the industry and the cost of their general care and upkeep will be less.Selection of camp or townsite.The site of the camp or town, whether on company property or not, should be selected with care. It should be separate if possible from the location of the plants of the company so as to be free from noise and fumes and so as to provide a change of environment for employees in going from their work to their homes.The principal features governing the site to be selected are as follows:Drainage. The general contour of the surrounding country should be such that drainage is away from the site. The camp or town should, if practical, be situated on higher ground than that in its immediate vicinity.Soil. The nature of the soil on which the camp or town is located may bear a decided relation to health. A porous, well under drained top soil of at least four feet in depth insures dryness and facilities the placing of foundations and the laying of water mains and sewer pipes. Such a soil also is an advantage in growing trees, shrubs and grass plots, which are a decided adjunct to making the community attractive."

Jun 1, 1921

By D. Harrington

Hatch (260) made the following pertinent statement regarding the present status of engineering design of dust-control equipment: Textbooks on ventilation and engineering handbooks devote little or no space to methods of control of industrial dust, and in the technical journals papers on fundamental engineering design of equipment are conspicuous by their absence. In a recent bibliography of the literature on pneumoconiosis less than 1 percent of the articles dealt with the engineering control of the disease. The science of dust control has not developed beyond the stage of trial and error, and the design of structures for the suppression of dust is based almost entirely upon empirical data together with one or two elementary formulas. The latter were derived from the generalized experience in a limited number of Industries such as woodworking, where conditions and requirements are not at all like those, for example, in a sand-pulverizing plant. Wide experience and good judgment are essential to the proper use of the scanty information that has been collected and systematized. Without attempting to minimize the importance of experience in engineering design, it is necessary to point out that most of the past experience obtained in the empirical design of dust-control equipment was not evaluated by means of quantitative studies of the actual reduction in dust , fence, past experience does not necessarily furnish the proper guide for future design. In fact, recent surveys in certain industries, employing modern methods of investigation, have shown that existing equipment is in many cases inadequate.

Jan 1, 1935

By T. A. Lang

Concepts and equations have been developed to quantitatively determine the stability of a rock bolted coal mine roof as a structural (beam-arch) member consisting of reinforced rock units. The equations take into account: rock bolt tension, length, spacing, and orientation; size of opening, strength and physical properties of the rock; and loads from distressed rock, and were critically reviewed using sensitivity analyses and the results available from relevant previous analytical and physical model investigations. It is concluded that they can essentially be validated by using small scale physical models and the full size mine entry model at the USBM Spokane Research Center. However, a comprehensive research program, including analytical and laboratory investigations and field trials in typical mines, will be required to define and validate criteria and standards for using the equations as a basis for a rational design code for rock reinforcement installations to replace the semi-empirical rules now being used. For example, these studies have shown that the practice of installing vertical roof bolts with a uniform spacing equal to the bolt length is inherently unsafe and that the spacing should be reduced near the walls to prevent shear failure of the roof strata. The development of such a rational design code would provide enhanced safety in coal mining operations and warrants a high priority in the Bureau's ground control research program.

Jan 1, 1981

By H. H. Schrenk

Much has been written and said concerning tables of permissible or maximum allowable concentrations of various toxic substances in air, but not enough attention has been given to their limitations and how to use them intelligently . There is a tendency to place too much reliance on figures , with little or no consideration of their real meaning . The repeated publication of a figure often adds significance to it far beyond that intended by the original author or publisher . How are these figures referred to as "maximum allowable concentrations " established? What is their real meaning? To answer these questions it is necessary first to define maximum allowable concentration . The usual definition is somewhat as follows : "The average concentration to which an industrial worker can be exposed for 8- hours daily for an indefinite period without injury or occupational disease . This definition is made up of the following items : ( 1 ) Average concentration, ( 2 ) 8 - hour day , ( 3 ) indefinite exposure period , and ( 4 ) lack of injury or occupational disease . There is some controversy regarding item ( 1 ) , items ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) are usually though not invariably accepted , and there is definite disagreement regarding the interpretation of item ( 4 ) . . To reach a more satisfactory interpretation of maximum allowable concentration , attention is directed to ( 1 ) the development of tables of maximum allowable concentrations , ( 2 ) criteria on which limits are based , and (3 ) methods used to obtain data on which limits are based .

May 1, 1948

This: symposium was sponsored by the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the lnterior, in order to critically examine the state-of-the-art of sulfide flotation chemistry and to define current and emerging problems that should be emphasized in future fundamental research. The topics covered through invited papers include both reviews and recent research results in the areas of thermodynamics of reagent-mineral interactions; collector adsorption processes; the effects of solid-state point defects on flotation; activation and deactivation phenomena; the electrochemical role of oxygen in sulfide flotation; environmental problems in flotation; and selective flocculation of fines. Papers riving perspectives on flotation research in relationship to our national mineral requirements and the relationships between industrial flotation research and academics are also presented. An edited summary of the symposium follows the papers.

Jan 1, 1980

By Lloyd L. Farnham

This paper is one of a series describing the mineral resources of the Nation, including location, history, production, ownership, geologic setting, and mining methods for most of the known manganese deposits in New Mexico, With few exceptions these descriptions are the result of field examinations by the writer. Of 32 counties, the 12 which occupy the western half of the State contain all the known manganese deposits, These counties are Catron, Dona Ana, Grant, Hidalgo, Luna, Rio Arriba, Sandoval, Santa Fe, Sierra, Socorro, San Juan, and Taos. (See fig. 1.)

Jan 1, 1961

By Bertrand L. Johnson

Langbeinite, a comparatively rare mineral that has been reported from only five countries in the entire world, has recently attained considerable economic importance in the United States and Poland. Since September 1940, several hundred thousand tons have been produced in one of the Carlsbad (N. Mex.), potash mines for chemical and fertilizer use. As it is a newcomer in this field, and as it is the source of fertilizers possessing special advantages, notably for soils deficient in magnesium or requiring sulfate fertilizers, a discussion of its properties, occurrences, uses, mining, and treatment is appropriate at this

Jan 1, 1944

By David A. Benjamin

In 1986, at the request of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Bureau of Mines studied part of the 24,600-acre Orejana Canyon Wilderness Study Area (OR-001-078), in order to evaluate its identified mineral resources. The study area, located in Harney County, 76 mi northeast of Lakeview, OR, is underlain by Miocene basalt, rhyolite flows, tuffs, and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks. No mines, prospects, or claims were found within the study area. According to the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, the tuffaceous rocks have a moderate favorability for the occurrence of diatomite and a low favorability for zeolite resources. Also, the rhyolite flows have a low favorability for the occurrence of perlite resources. However, U.S. Bureau of Mines' studies indicate that no metallic or nonmetallic resources are present in the study area.

Jan 1, 1987

1. BOYD, JAMES. Statement on the Investigation of Natural Resources. Hearings before National Re-sources Economic Subcommittee, Committee on Public Lands, U.S. Senate, 80th Cong., 1st sess., on Investigation of the Factors Affecting Minerals, Fuels, Forestry, and Reclamation Projects, May 15, 16, and 20, 1947, pp. 125-131. 2. BUCH, J. W., HENDRICKS, T. A., AND TOENGES, A. L. Statement on the Investigation of Natural Resources. Hearings before National Resources Economic Sub-committee, Committee on Public Lands, U.S. Senate, 80th Cong., 1st sess., on Investigation of the Factors Affecting Minerals, Fuels, Forestry, and Reclamation Projects, May 15, 16, and 20, 1947, pp. 231-235. 3. CONGRESS, U.S. An Act to Provide for the Establishment and Operation of a Research Laboratory in the Pennsylvania Anthracite Region for Investigation of the Mining, Preparation, and Utilization of Anthracite, for the Development of New Uses and Markets, for Improvement of Health and Safety in Mining, and for a Comprehensive Study of the Region to Aid in the Solution of Its Economic Problems and to Make Its Natural and Human Resources of Maxi-mum Usefulness in the War Effort. Public, No. 812, 77th Cong., 2d sess. (S-357), ch. 764, approved Dec. IS, 1942, 2 pp.

Jan 1, 1962

By Oliver Bowles

Manufacture of lime is one of the oldest industries. Plants are distributed widely and furnish an essential raw material for numerous commodities. Use of lime in hundreds of manufacturing and chemical processes, by the building trades, and in agriculture has created a demand for large production and has necessitated exhaustive research on methods of manufacture and uses. The bibliography of publications on lime is extensive; but, for the most part, each publication has dealt with individual operations. The purpose of this paper is to present a general picture of the industry as a whole. The abundant literature has been abstracted and quoted freely, and the National Lime Association has furnished valuable data for certain sections. Publications containing more-detailed information on the various branches of the industry are referred to in the footnotes and bibliography.

Jan 1, 1952