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When the mining and milling of 1100 copper orebody commenced at Mount Isa a satisfactory grade of copper concentrate was difficult to produce. The major concentrate contaminants were fine pyrite and silica, particularly in the minus 10 microns fraction. Studies of the 1100 orebody showed that much of the fine grained pyrite and a proportion of the silica present in the ore contained carbonaceous matter in the form of complete or partial rims and as internal carbon films disseminated throughout grains. The hydrophobic surface property of the carbonaceous material resulted in inherently flotable fine pyrite and siliceous particles.The addition of a 60:40 mixture of nigrosine and dextrine, initially to a prefloat concentrate of the inherently flotable carbonaceous material and finally to the total copper flotation feed, successfully controlled the flotation rates of the carbonaceous pyrite and silica. The objective of a 25 per cent Cu concentrate grade was then achieved without decreasing copper recovery.

Jan 1, 1971

Two miners were fatally injured when a pillar bump occurred during retreat mining in a southern West Virginia coal mine. The mine was operating in the Eagle seam with overmining in the No. 2 Gas and Powellton seams. A coal bump is defined as a sudden and violent failure of coal caused by the release of stored strain energy in the pillar. While significant strides have been made by academia, industry, and regulatory agencies to better understand bump conditions and mitigation techniques, coal bumps represent a long standing, highly site-specific engineering problem in which the exact failure mechanism(s) is not clearly understood.

Jan 7, 2020

By Dean Nichols, Matt Ortel

Explosive accidents in the United States have brought increased attention to emergency operation plans (EOP) at all facilities that manufacture, transport, or store hazardous materials – particularly explosive materials. Explosions are sudden, powerful, and complex events that are difficult to characterize in terms of the thermal, over pressure, and debris effects. Industry, regulatory, and public officials require emergency response planners to not only anticipate the blast effects of an explosion, but also to prepare an appropriate response.

Jan 1, 2016

By Bruce Richardson

A contractor-manufactured 4.75m (15'-7") diameter EPB shield excavated a 115m (375 ft) long tunnel under the San Antonio River as part of the Salado Creek to Dos Rios Pipeline Interconnect Project in San Antonio, Texas. Lignite, limestone concretions, and sandstone in the face of the tunnel required the use of disc cutters. Less than 7.6m (25 ft) of sand and gravel hydraulically connected the top of the tunnel to the channel of the river. Fully lagged steel ribs with filter fabric were used for initial ground support and water control. This and other contractor manufactured TBMs in the 1.2 to 4.75m (4 to 16 ft) range are presented with descriptions of the jobsites, equipment, performances, and problems.

Jan 1, 2008

The need for the hydraulic transportation of coal in the New South Wales coal industry, both from the coal face to the surface and from the coal mine to the consumer or the port for export, is explained. Details of research projects currently in'progress and involving the hydraulic transportation of New South Wales coals are given together with information on the hydraulic transportation of coal in the United States of America.The potential of hydraulic transportation as a viable alternative to the proposed expansion and upgrading of the New South Wales railway system to meet the projected New South Wales coal production to the year 2000 is described.

Jan 1, 1980

Sustainable development is at odds with reality in the minerals industry. Increasing world population and aspirations are leading to increased energy and mineral consumption. Non-renewable fossil fuels are being exploited at a much faster rate than they are being discovered. Mineral reserves are diminishing and of lower grade. Despite recycling, many of the economic reserves of the rarer metals on which technological society has come to depend are being depleted, and many of the bulk metals are being exploited at ever increasing rates. And yet, mining continues, with a long-term downtrend in commodity prices, matched by more efficient mining and processing. Will society turn to a low carbon economy before fossil fuels are depleted? Will prices come to better reflect the full cost of mineral production? Will technology save us, or is it at the root of the problem? The key drivers continue to be an ever increasing aspirational population and the law of supply and demand, rather than sustainability considerations. The paper illustrates this with examples of worldwide and Australian data.

Jan 1, 2011

By Guowen Dong, Qiyong Li, Qiang Li, Tiejun Chen, Zhihong Wu, Junying Wan

In order to search for a more economical and effective roasting additive for extracting vanadium from stone coal and solve the question of the disposal of PVC waste, PVC waste was proposed as a novel roasting additive to enhance extraction of vanadium from stone coal and realize the comprehensive utilization of resources. By adding this roasting additive, the leaching rate of vanadium reached 94.5% under the conditions that the PVC waste addition was 10 wt%, the roasting temperature was 800 °C, the roasting time was 1 h, the sulfuric acid concentration was 15 vol%, the liquid-to-solid ratio was 1.5 cm3 /g, the leaching temperature was 95 °C, and leaching time was 4 h, which increased by 8.4% compared with that of blank roasting. The thermodynamics calculation showed that the decomposition reaction of mica was performed easier with the participation of HCl produced by pyrolysis of PVC. Meanwhile, The SEM-EDS and aperture test analyses demonstrated that more cracks and voids appeared in the roasted sample by roasting with PVC waste, which could facilitate the release and extraction of vanadium. Additionally, the TG-DSC analyses indicated that PVC could provide large amounts of heat for the roasting process to promote the decarbonization and roasting efficiency of stone coal because of its high calorific value.

By Guowen Dong, Qiyong Li, Qiang Li, Tiejun Chen, Zhihong Wu, Junying Wan

In order to search for a more economical and effective roasting additive for extracting vanadium from stone coal and solve the question of the disposal of PVC waste, PVC waste was proposed as a novel roasting additive to enhance extraction of vanadium from stone coal and realize the comprehensive utilization of resources. By adding this roasting additive, the leaching rate of vanadium reached 94.5% under the conditions that the PVC waste addition was 10 wt%, the roasting temperature was 800 °C, the roasting time was 1 h, the sulfuric acid concentration was 15 vol%, the liquid-to-solid ratio was 1.5 cm3 /g, the leaching temperature was 95 °C, and leaching time was 4 h, which increased by 8.4% compared with that of blank roasting. The thermodynamics calculation showed that the decomposition reaction of mica was performed easier with the participation of HCl produced by pyrolysis of PVC. Meanwhile, The SEM-EDS and aperture test analyses demonstrated that more cracks and voids appeared in the roasted sample by roasting with PVC waste, which could facilitate the release and extraction of vanadium. Additionally, the TG-DSC analyses indicated that PVC could provide large amounts of heat for the roasting process to promote the decarbonization and roasting efficiency of stone coal because of its high calorific value.

Pillars with width to height ratios of less than 1.0 are frequently created in underground hard rock mines. The strength of slender pillars can be estimated using empirically developed equations. However, the equations can provide variable results when the width-to-height ratios approach 0.5. This paper investigates some of the issues affecting pillar strength at low width-to-height ratios in hard brittle rock. The investigation includes an evaluation of empirical pillar strength data presented in the literature and observations of pillar performance in underground limestone mines in the eastern United States, supplemented by numerical modeling in which failure processes and sensitivity of slender pillars to variations in rock mass properties are evaluated. The results showed that the strength of slender pillars is more variable than that of wider pillars. The numerical model results demonstrated the increasing role of brittle rock failure in slender pillar strength. The absence of confinement in slender pillars can result in a fully brittle failure process, while wider pillars fail in a combined brittle and shearing mode. The onset of spalling in slender pillars occurs at or near the ultimate strength, while this is not the case for wider pillars. Slender pillars are shown to be more sensitive to the presence of discontinuities than wider pillars, which can partly explain the increased variability of slender pillar strength. Two examples are presented, which illustrate failure initiation by brittle spalling and the sensitivity of slender pillars to the presence of discontinuities.

Jan 1, 2006

The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) Mae Moh coal mine is an open-cut coal mine in Thailand that produces about 16 Mt of lignite annually to generate 2400 MW of electricity. The surface mine pit covers is 4 km by 7 km with mining depths ranging up to 260 m. A large pit slope is formed with the progression of the mining operation. However, massive slides in the pit slope occur often due to the existence weak planes such as faults and bedding, and the weak mechanical properties of the rocks. Hence, 200 m to 300 m boundaries of rock block including coal seams are left in front of faults in order to prevent slides and maintain the stability of the pit slope. As a result, there are significant coal reserves beneath the abandoned area along the pit slope. Moreover, the mined coal seams are very thick and their thickness range from 15 to 30 m.This paper discusses the application of multi-slicing highwall mining system with stowing to this very thick coal seam left around large pit slopes by means of numerical analysis.

Dec 6, 2010

Pressure for Better Safety Practices ? Increase Government Regulation ? Safety practices evolve from: ? Increased efficiency and performance ? More knowledgeable workforce ? Focus on decreasing risk to shareholder value In Order to achieve this ? Focus Points: ? Skill Development ? Best practices ? Situation-based decision making ? Enablers: ? Adoption of new technologies ? Transformed miner education ? Delivering on-demand information to the point of work Results: Miners empowered to improve mine safety

Aug 1, 2013

By G Metzner, R Rodriguez, C Savage

OK Tedi Mining Ltd. (OTML) is in the process of optimising the concentrator performance. One aspect that has been recently implemented is an upgrade of the existing expert control philosophy on the grinding circuit and this will be the topic of this paper. Ore grinding in SAG mills is a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) process subject to several disturbances, most typical being quick acting disturbances such as changes in ore characteristics like hardness and particle size and slow acting disturbances such as ball charge variations and liner wear. The OTML SAG mills treat ore from diverse ore bodies and receive fresh feed subject to large changes in particle size. These circumstances make these mills particularly challenging to control. In this paper, a comparative analysis is presented between the performance of the OTML SAG mill #2 before and after the commissioning of a hybrid control strategy. The strategy uses Expert Knowledge combined with advanced disturbance rejection to reduce the variability of the main process variables, especially pressure and power. It further optimises the overall operation by driving the SAG mill #2 against process constraints (e.g. high power, high motor temperature and high scats recycle rate) and maintaining the operation at or near this point. This strategy is implemented by a combination of the manipulated variables (i.e. fresh feed tonnage and % solids) at any given time.The paper will present trends and a statistical analysis of the comparative results of the mill operation over a period of months, showing a 30% reduction in mill power / pressure variability and a 12% improvement in average power drawn. An increase in throughput was also observed, but cannot be conclusively attributed to the change in mill control due to other changes that were made to the SAG mill #2 during the period of comparison. An additional benefit includes better acceptance from the operators with improved consistency of the SAG mill #2 operation across shifts.The paper will also discuss further improvements envisaged in the continued optimisation of the grinding control circuit.CITATION:Savage, C, Rodriguez, R and Metzner, G, 2013. Hybrid process control strategy for the Ok Tedi Mining Ltd semi-autogenous grinding mill #2 - A comparative analysis, in Proceedings MetPlant 2013 , pp 202-214 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 15, 2013

By Hongbo Zhu, Kun Yang, Jingyan Jia, Jinhui Peng, Libo Zhang, Yi Xia

"Titanium dioxide is broadly considered as the most potential useful photocatalytic material. In this work, titanium dioxide was synthetized by microwave solid-state method and characterized by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result demonstrates that through microwave solid-state synthesis, we can obtain uniform size and anatase TiO2 photocatalyst, with the precursor being Ti(C2O4)2·2H2O. And its degradation kinetic parameter of MO can reach to 0.21232.IntroductionSince Fujishima and Honda found the photovoltaic property of titanium dioxide TiO2 [l], it has been widely used in the field of pollutant degradation, virus killer and environment protection [2-5]. Compared to other semiconductors, TiO2 has the advantage of low toxicity/cost, chemical stability, excellent photocatalytic activity, and long lifetime of electron/hole pairs, thus it is considered to be a most potential useful photocatalyst material [ 6]. Solid-state synthesis of oxide nanoparticle is a new method developed in recent years, which not only overcomes the shortcomings of easily aggregation existing in traditional hydrometallurgical process, but also fully demonstrates the unique technologic advantages of without solvents, high yield, easy control, less environmental pollution in solid-state reaction [7-11]. Researches show that the new method of microwave synthesis shows a lot of advantages such as fast reaction rate, efficient, high purity of product, uniform morphology, energy-efficient, and nonpolluting [12-15].In this work, we associated microwave heating and solid-state synthesis to prepare TiO2 photocatalyst material. Its photocatalytic activity was studied in the degradation of MO queous solution. Meanwhile, the formation process as well as the crystal structure and morphology of the synthesized powders were characterized by means of chermogravimetrydifferential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques."

Jan 1, 2014

By D Kotzen

Online cyanide analysers have been successfully used to control free cyanide in the gold/silver leach process for over 15 years. Use of such analysers leads to cyanide savings and improvement in recoveries. Plants with leach cyanide analysers show both lower and more consistent cyanide levels in tailings. Cyanide code compliance requires meeting residual cyanide targets in tailings. Monitoring and logging of the residual cyanide in plant tailings and effluent is required. Meeting targets may require cyanide recovery/destruction processes to be implemented. The operating cost of destroying cyanide is often the same order of magnitude as the cyanidation cost. Various cyanide destruction and/or recovery processes are reviewed. Choice of a process consistent with the environmental and operational requirements is illustrated. Online weak acid dissociable cyanide (CNWAD) analysers have recently been developed and introduced on gold plants. The application of a WAD 1000 online CNWAD analyser at a large gold plant is presented. The analyser ensures code compliance, reduces cyanide destruction process operating costs and forms a historical record of CNWAD values in tailings.

Jan 1, 2007

A device is described which is suitable for the automatic sampling of dust in dust laden flue gases. This device, called a Venturi Sampler, consists of two pipes each fitted with a suitably designed venturi.Both pipes are placed in the flue where one acts as an open-ended reference tube and the other as the actual sampling tube.The gas sampling rate is automatically controlled so as to maintain a zero differential pressure between pressure tappings in the two venturi throats. The venturies are so designed that under these conditions the gas velocity in the sampling pipe is always equal to the free gas velocity in the flue-that is isokinetfc sampling conditions are maintained.INTRODUCTIONThere is a constant need in industry for regular and accurate assessments of dust losses, both to assist in improving operating efficiencies in order to minimize losses, and to obtain accurate metallurgical balances. In many cases where sampling is carried out in dust laden gases, the existing sampling methods are both laborious and inaccurate, and often make no provision for changes in flue gas velocity while sampling is in progress.In the majority of cases where a measurement of dust losses in a stack or flue is required, a preliminary velocity survey is made with a pitot tube to establish the gas velocity at each of the points at which samples are to be taken. The sample of gas (and dust) is withdrawn through a tube connected via a flowmeter to an exhausting apparatus. Some means of removing the dust from the gas sample is placed in circuit ahead of the exhausting apparatus. This is often an alundum or paper thimble housed in a gas-tight container.The purpose of the flowmeter is to measure the actual flow of gas during sampling so that the sampling velocity at the inlet to the sampling tube may be calculated, and the flow corrected so that the sampling velocity will agree with...

Jan 1, 1959

Construction of the Boddington Mine 130 km (81 miles) southeast of Perth, is about 89 percent complete. When the $2.9-billion development is finished, it will be the largest gold mine in Australia, producing 31 t/a (1 million oz/year), according to project majority owner Newmont Mining. Newmont?s acting regional group executive for Asia Pacific, Philip Stephenson, told a gold conference in Australia that the project would be ?the biggest thing for Newmont this year.? The project has been in the works for more than 10 years, but because of a three-sided ownership and fluctuating gold prices, it struggled to get started. However, Newmont is set to become the full owner of the project and is moving ahead on the low-grade project. ?We are targeting annual production of 31 t/a (1 million oz/year) for each of Boddington?s first five years. When it is in full production, Boddington will be the largest gold mine in Australia,? Stephenson said. ?The mine?s costs applicable to sales will be around US$9.64/g (US$300/oz) and that puts Boddington into the bottom quartile of the global cost curve. ?Strategically for Newmont, Boddington coming on-line will improve Newmont?s overall global geopolitical risk profile as it delivers greater exposure to an AAA-rated country.? Boddington has a projected mine life of 20 plus years. It has current total reserves of 622 t (20 million oz) and rising. Stephenson said Boddington has the largest reserve base of all gold projects in production or those that are about to go into production in A-rated countries or better. And it will be an important asset for many years to come. Newmont will acquire the remaining 33 percent share held by AngloGold Ashanti in a deal that should be concluded in the next two months. Australian miner Newcrest Mining Ltd. had exited the joint venture several years ago. Newmont had come into the project through the take-over of then Australia?s leading gold miner Normandy Mining, while AngloGold Ashanti gained entry through

Jan 1, 2009

By Rolf Birger Pedersen, Alden Ross Denny

"Synthetic Aperature Sonar (SAS) is a powerful tool for ultra-high resolution marine survey. The Kongsberg HiSAS system deployed on the HUGIN AUV has a rangeindependent resolution of 3x3 cm for sonar image and ~10x10cm for the interferometric bathymetry product [1]. This resolution is achievable for areas up to 50 km2 on a single survey mission providing huge multi-attribute datasets. This technology, originally designed for military and oil-industry applications, has the potential to revolutionize scientific seafloor mapping. The extreme resolution of this technique allows for deposit mapping in and around seafloor hydrothermal systems, including the discovery of extinct venting structures. By clearly distinguishing between volcanic and hydrothermal landscapes based on features below the resolution of conventional multibeam systems, SAS enables an entirely new level of hydrothermal deposit survey. Additionally due to the extreme resolution of this survey technology, repeat survey and change detection should allow centimeter-scale changes in deposit morphology to be routinely detected over an entire hydrothermally venting region. In collaboration with the EU funded MIDAS project, the Centre for Geobiology at the University of Bergen will deploy the HUGIN AUV this summer at two distinct shallow venting systems on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge system. The AUV will collect repeat bathymetry at the Jan Mayen Vent Field, and extend the SAS coverage to include newly discovered venting sites. We will present the preliminary findings of this expedition, including the first deposit estimations made from full-resolution SAS mosaics."

Sep 1, 2014

Recently discovered Carboniferous bentonites are variable in charadeI and thickness, but being altered aeolian, ash-fall tuffs, they are probably extensive. Most are the Ca-montmorillonite type without the natural swelling characteristics of the Wyoming deposits, but their situation, thickness, and response to beneficiation through cation exchange may give them some potential as sources of future economic deposits.INTRODUCTIONLoughnan and See (1959) gave an account of bentonites and fuller's earth deposits of New South Wales. The most likely potential industrial sources were those occurring in the uppermost formations of the Newcastle and Singleton Coal Measures (Permian) in the Hunter Valley and deposited during epochs not marked by strong contemporary vulcanicity.One feature of the record of known occurrences at that time was the absence of bentonites from the thick volcanic sequences of the Carboniferous, but since this paper appeared, many bentonite beds have been discovered by the writer in the Carboniferous facies formerly known as the "Kuttung Series".The purpose of this contribution is to report briefly on the occurrence, genesis, mineralogy, and economic potential of these deposits which augment possible sources of bentonite near major industrial centres on the eastern seaboard.The potential world demand for bentonite would increase markedly with the trend to pelletization in the steel industry, if its use in this field became more general. More detailed mineralogical studies will be presented in later publications.STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONBentonite occurs at irregular intervals throughout a thick sequence of dominantly continental, plant bearing strata...

Jan 1, 1965

By S M. Loewen, J J. Fuykschot

Located in the north-west of Kazakhstan is a world-class podiform chromite deposit. Donskoy mining and beneficiation complex (DGOK), a branch of Kazchrome TNC, which is a subsidiary of the Eurasian Resources Group (ERG) operates two underground mines in this area, one of which is the ‘10th Anniversary of Kazakhstan Independence’ (DNK) mine.The mine currently applies the gravity caving mining method, producing 1.8 Mt/a of ore utilising a slusher layout and rail transport to the hoisting shafts. The deeper zones form the largest mineral resources at the DNK mine and are planned to be developed in the next several years. At this depth, the generally poor ground conditions, combined with the high in situ stress state will potentially lead to extremely challenging mining conditions.This paper describes a technical study undertaken by SRK to determine the possibility of increasing the maximum production rate from the currently envisaged 6.0 Mt/a to 7.2 Mt/a, and to reduce the time taken to steady state production.Based on a newly created 3D model, the inclined caving method was proposed for the largest orebodies. This method, presently not implemented at any operating mine, although planned for two other projects, was deemed very suitable to deal with the weak rock mass characteristics and the plunging morphology of the mineralisation.Dassault Systèmes’ GEOVIA’s Footprint Finder software (a module of GEOVIA’s PCBC™) was used to determine the caving zones and production schedules. The total mine design was completed in Deswik software, and resulting schedules combined in Excel.In addition to the use of an inclined caving method, several other suggestions were made to increase the productivity of the mine, such as the application of a conveyor belt system transporting multiple material types, teleremote technologies and the application of thin sprayed liners to reduce the swelling of the rock mass.CITATION:Fuykschot, J J and Loewen, S M, 2016. Inclined caving option for the DNK mine, Kazakhstan, in Proceedings Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining (MassMin 2016), pp 669–682 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2016

By Hugo Julien

According to OSHA 29 CFR Part 1910.119 (Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals), Canadian Provincial Safety Standard Acts or Federal laws, the owner of stationary equipment (Boilers, stacks, piping, pressure vessel, etc.) should follow a complete inspection plan and follow an Integrity Operating Windows (IOW’s) adapted for each of them. Some important variables shall be included in the inspection plan such as specific damage mechanisms versus alloy used in the original design, process conditions, etc. Some North American’s standards exist, like the one listed in ASME PTB-2-2009, to help owner to create such inspection program. The new API RP 584, Integrity Operating Windows (IOW’s) can guide Mining & Metals owners to find out their specific IOW’s. Inspection frequencies are often described in the Jurisdiction Safety Acts such as the British Columbia B.C. Reg. 104/2004, etc. but often left in the owner representative responsibility (Bill C-21, federal Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act). Every deficiency should be repaired according to recognized Codes such as ASME PCC-2, etc.. If flaws not conforming to the original Code of construction are found, this article will introduce the Fitness-For- Service assessment principles to be able to accept it without any repairs.

Jan 1, 2014